Determinants of Repeating an HIV Test Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who have Sex with Men, and Transgender People Who Use an Online-Requested Self-Sampling Program and Attending Community-Based Testing Venues in Spain (2018-2021).

Our aims were: (1) to characterize gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and transgender (TG) populations using internet-based self-sampling services in the TESTATE project or attending community-based STI/HIV voluntary counselling and testing (CBVCT) services as alternative strategies to formal HIV testing within the Spanish national health system, and (2) to identify factors associated with repeat use of the same screening strategy from November 2018 to December 2021. Demographic, health, and behavioral characteristics of users using complementary strategies were analyzed. We developed a cross-sectional study, with descriptive analysis, HIV cascade, and a multivariate logistic model to identify factors associated with participants' repeated use of the same screening strategy. We included 9939 users, of whom 94.1% were GBMSM (n = 9348) and 5.9% TG (n = 580), with a high representation of migrants. Reactive results were 3.4% (n = 340), with 3.0% in GBMSM (n = 277/9348) and 10.7% in TG (n = 63/591). 73.8% (n = 251) were confirmed HIV positive and 76.7% (n = 194) were linked to health services. Users repeated the online screening strategy more than CBVCT (44.3% vs. 31.8%), but TG population used face-to-face community services more (8.4% vs. 0.6%). Factors influencing the repetition of the online self-sampling strategy included older age, non-migrant status, and recent HIV testing. In the CBVCT strategy, factors included older age, TG identity, non-migrant status, condom use during the last sexual encounter, and recent HIV testing. In conclusion, both CBVCT and online-requested self-sampling at home are important alternatives to the health system for the provision of HIV testing to GBMSM and TG.

An Online HIV Self-Sampling Strategy for Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men and Trans Women in Spain.

We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of an online self-sampling pilot intervention for HIV testing addressed to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and trans women (TW) users of dating apps in Spain. The website https://www.testate.org/ was designed to offer self-sampling kits for HIV testing and online consultation of the results. It was advertised on gay dating apps. Participants requested the delivery of a saliva self-sampling kit by mail and a postage-paid envelope to send the sample to the reference laboratory. An anonymous acceptability survey was conducted. The cascade of care was estimated. From November 2018 to December 2021, 4623 individual users ordered self-sampling kits, 3097 returned an oral fluid sample to the reference laboratory (67.5% return rate). 87 reactive results were detected. 76 were confirmed to be HIV-positive, we estimated an HIV prevalence of 2.45% (95% CI 1.9-3.0%). 100% of those referred to specialized care are in treatment. 45.8% of participants took more than one test. 23 incident cases were detected among repeat testers, of which 20 were confirmed. The estimated incidence was 1.00 confirmed case per 100 individual-years of follow-up. 98.01% of participants would recommend it to a friend. The most identified advantages were convenience and privacy. We demonstrated that the online offer of oral self-sampling kits for HIV detection and reporting results online among GBMSM and TW users of dating apps is feasible. The intervention counted with a high acceptability and high efficacy (in terms of reactivity, confirmation and linkage to care rates).

Egocentric sexual network analysis among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men with and without mpox infection.

OBJECTIVES: Recent outbreaks of the mpox (monkeypox) virus have been detected in dense sexual networks of gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (GBMSM). The objective of this study is to describe and compare the epidemiological and behavioural characteristics, as well as the sexual networks, of GBMSM diagnosed with mild mpox in Spain. METHODS: A prospective case-control study was conducted in Spain from July 2022 to February 2023. The study targeted a key population of GBMSM aged 18 years or older. Study participants were categorised into cases, those who were diagnosed with mpox virus infection; and controls, those who were not diagnosed. We examined and compared the sexual network characteristics of the two groups-mpox-positive (mpox-P) and mpox-negative (mpox-N) egos-using χ2, t-test and Wilcoxon test to examine the differences between the two groups in each section. Finally, we conducted univariable and multivariable logistic regressions to determine the factors associated with mpox infection. RESULTS: Among the 105 participants, 35 (33.3%) were mpox-P. Compared with mpox-N, mpox-P respondents more frequently reported syphilis (mpox-P: 31.4%; mpox-N: 12.9%) and HIV (mpox-P: 45.7%; mpox-N: 18.6%), and mpox-P individuals to have had at least one sexual contact with a confirmed mpox case (mpox-P: 62.5%; mpox-N: 8.3%). In the egocentric network analysis, mpox-P respondents had a higher prevalence of group sex with alters (mpox-P: 18.5%; mpox-N: 8.9%) and one-time sexual partners (mpox-P: 46.1%; mpox-N: 31.7%). Multivariable logistic regressions showed that reporting stranger/client ties (adjusted OR (aOR)=10.3, 95% CI 1.39 to 76.6) with alters, being vaccinated for mpox (aOR=0.07, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.24) and tie strength heterogeneity (aOR=0.01, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.42) were associated with mpox infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the role of demographic, epidemiological and sexual network characteristics in the transmission of mpox virus during the outbreak in Spain. These findings have important implications for future prevention efforts.

Efficacy of an electronic reminder for HIV screening in primary healthcare based on indicator conditions in Catalonia (Spain).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an electronic reminder in primary healthcare in patients diagnosed with an indicator condition (IC) to improve HIV screening. METHODS: We developed a prospective interventional study in 51 primary healthcare centres in Barcelona randomly assigned into one of two study groups: control and alert. Between June 2018 and May 2019, an electronic reminder appeared in the electronic medical record each time a diagnosis of an IC in patients aged 16-65 years was registered in the alert group. We assessed HIV testing rates within 4 months following the diagnosis of an IC. RESULTS: In all, 13 000 patients were diagnosed with at least one IC. HIV testing was more likely in the alert group than in the control group. The electronic reminder multiplied the odds of being tested in men by 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.52, p = 0.019], by 1.77 (95% CI: 1.33-2.38, p < 0.001) among patients aged < 50 years , and by 1.51 (95% CI: 1.20-1.92, p < 0.001) in diagnoses of IC other than a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or an AIDS-defining illness. Five (0.08%) cases of HIV were detected in the control group and 10 (0.17%) in the alert group. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing an electronic reminder had a positive impact on HIV screening rates in patients diagnosed with an IC. The alert was more effective among older patients, those living in less socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods, and those with an IC other than an STI or an AIDS-defining illness.

Substance use in sexual context among Spanish resident men who have sex with men. / Consumo sexualizado de drogas entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres residentes en España.

We analysed patterns of sexualized drug use (SDU) and pinpointed the one with the highest risk for the acquisition/transmission of HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) residing in Spain. Additionally, we also identified the most affected subpopulations by highest risk SDU pattern. In 2016, we promoted an online survey in gay dating apps. We estimated the prevalence of several HIV/STI risk indicators for each identified SDU pattern. We built two different Poisson regression models identifying factors associated to the pattern associated with the highest risk. All analyses were carried out by HIV status. Of 2,883 MSM, 21.9% self-reported SDU in the last 12 months. All patterns of SDU were more frequent in HIV+ MSM. Of the four SDU patterns identified (chemsex, recreational drugs, sexual performance enhancing drugs, and cannabinoids), the most frequent was chemsex (21.9% in HIV+ vs 6.6% in HIV-). It also comprised the highest risk profile for HIV/STI. Among HIV-, chemsex was associated with living in a city of > 1,000,000 inhabitants, living sexuality in an open way and having been paid for sex, having had unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in the last 12 months and having ever received an STI diagnosis. Among HIV+, it was associated with being 30-49 years old, having paid for sex, having had UAI and having been diagnosed with an STI in the last 12 months. Given its high prevalence, especially among HIV positive individuals, and its association with subpopulations with high-risk behaviour, chemsex could be playing a relevant role in the acquisition/transmission of HIV and other STIs.

Analizar los patrones de consumo sexualizado de drogas (CSD) e identificar cual es el de mayor riesgo para la adquisición/transmisión del VIH y de otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en una muestra de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) residentes en España. Adicionalmente, también se identifican las subpoblaciones más afectadas por el patrón de CSD de mayor riesgo. En 2016, se realizó una encuesta online en app de contacto gay. Se identificaron los patrones de CSD y se estimaron las prevalencias de varios indicadores de riesgo para el VIH/ITS para cada uno.  Se construyeron dos modelos multivariantes de Poisson identificando factores asociados al patrón de mayor riesgo. Todos los análisis se realizaron en función del estado serológico frente al VIH. De 2883 HSH, el 21,9% refirió CSD en los últimos 12 meses. Todos los patrones de CSD fueron más frecuentes en los VIH+. De los cuatro patrones identificados (chemsex, drogas recreacionales, drogas para mejorar el rendimiento sexual y cannabinoides) el más prevalente y de mayor riesgo, fue el chemsex (21,9% en VIH+ vs. 6,6% en VIH-). En los VIH- el chemsex se asoció con: ciudad de residencia > 1 000 000 habitantes, vivir la sexualidad abiertamente, haber cobrado por tener sexo, haber mantenido relaciones anales desprotegidas (RAD) en el último año y haber sido diagnosticado de una ITS. En los VIH+ se asoció con: tener 30-49 años, haber pagado por tener relaciones sexuales, haber tenido RAD y haber sido diagnosticado de ITS en el último año. Dada su elevada prevalencia especialmente en VIH+ y a que se observa fundamentalmente en poblaciones con perfiles de alto riesgo, el chemsex podría estar jugando un papel relevante en la adquisición y/o transmisión del VIH y otras ITS.

Association of Sexualized Drug Use Patterns with HIV/STI Transmission Risk in an Internet Sample of Men Who Have Sex with Men from Seven European Countries.

We estimated the prevalence of overall sexualized drug use (SDU) and of chemsex in particular, assessed patterns of drug use, and identified subpopulations of men who have sex with men (MSM) where SDU and chemsex are more frequent. Using data from an online survey of 9407 MSM recruited during 2016 in 7 European countries, we calculated the proportion of participants who reported SDU and chemsex (mephedrone, methamphetamine, and/or GHB/GBL) in the last 12 months. We grouped the different drug-use combinations in patterns and described sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted infections (STI), and HIV seropositivity for each one of them. Factors associated with SDU and chemsex were assessed with two logistic regression models. SDU was reported by 17.7% and chemsex by 5.2%. Risk indicators increased through the different SDU patterns but were higher within those including chemsex drugs. In the multivariate analysis, chemsex was independently associated with living in Slovenia. Both SDU and chemsex were independently associated with living in Spain; being < 50 years old; living in cities of > 500,000 inhabitants; being open about their sex life; reporting transactional sex; condomless anal intercourse; having received an STI diagnosis and with being HIV positive or having been tested ≤ 12 months ago. Magnitude of associations was higher in the chemsex model. One in five participants reported SDU, but prevalence of chemsex was notably lower. However, the risk profiles and higher prevalence of HIV/STIs among those involved in chemsex suggest the existence of a subpopulation of MSM that could be playing a relevant role in the HIV and STI epidemics, especially in very large cities of some countries.

The role of socio-demographic determinants in the geo-spatial distribution of newly diagnosed HIV infections in small areas of Catalonia (Spain).

BACKGROUND: Spatial visualization of HIV surveillance data could improve the planning of programs to address the HIV epidemic. The objectives of the study were to describe the characteristics and the spatial distribution of newly diagnosed HIV infection in Catalonia and to identify factors associated with HIV infection rates. METHODS: Surveillance data from the national registry were presented in the form of descriptive and ring maps and used to study the spatial distribution of new HIV diagnoses in Catalonia (2012-2016) and associated risk factors at the small area level (ABS, acronym for "basic health area" in Catalan). Incident cases were modeled using the following as predictors: type of municipality, prevalence of young men and migrant groups, GBMSM activity indicators, and other variables at the aggregated level. RESULTS: New HIV diagnoses are heterogeneously distributed across Catalonia. The predictors that proved to be significantly associated with a higher rate of new HIV diagnoses were ABS located in the city of Barcelona (IRR, 2.520; P < 0.001), a higher proportion of men aged 15-44 years (IRR, 1.193; P = 0.003), a higher proportion of GBMSM (IRR, 1.230; P = 0.030), a higher proportion of men from Western Europe (IRR, 1.281; P = 0.003), a higher proportion of men from Latin America (IRR, 1.260; P = 0.003), and a higher number of gay locations (IRR, 2.665; P < 0.001). No association was observed between the HIV diagnosis rate and economic deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Ring maps revealed substantial spatial associations for the rate of new HIV diagnoses. New HIV diagnoses are concentrated in ABS located in urban areas. Our results show that, in the case of HIV infection, the socioeconomic deprivation index on which the Catalan government bases its budget allocation policies among the ABS should not be the only criterion used.

Potential of HIV Self-Sampling to Increase Testing Frequency Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men, and the Role of Online Result Communication: Online Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Late HIV diagnosis remains frequent among the gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) population across Europe. HIV self-sampling could help remove barriers and facilitate access to testing for this high-risk population. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the capacity of HIV self-sampling to increase the testing frequency among GBMSM living in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Portugal, Romania, and Spain, and evaluated the role of new technologies in the result communication phase. METHODS: We analyzed a convenience sample of 5019 GBMSM with prior HIV testing experience who were recruited during 2016 through gay dating websites. We estimated the proportion of GBMSM who reported that the availability of self-sampling would result in an increase of their current testing frequency. We constructed a Poisson regression model for each country to calculate prevalence ratios and 95% CIs of factors associated with an increase of testing frequency as a result of self-sampling availability. RESULTS: Overall, 59% (between country range 54.2%-77.2%) of the participants considered that they would test more frequently for HIV if self-sampling was available in their country. In the multivariate analysis, the increase of testing frequency as a result of self-sampling availability was independently associated with reporting a higher number of unprotected anal intercourse events in all countries except for Greece. Independent associations were also observed among GBMSM who were not open about their sex life in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Spain; those with a lower number of previous HIV tests in Denmark, Greece, Portugal, and Spain; and for those that took their last test more than 3 months previously in Germany, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. In addition, 58.4% (range 40.5%-73.6%) of the participants indicated a preference for learning their result through one-way interaction methods, mainly via email (25.6%, range 16.8%-35.2%) and through a secure website (20.3%, range 7.3%-23.7%). Almost two thirds (65%) of GBMSM indicated preferring one of these methods even if the result was reactive. CONCLUSIONS: Availability of HIV self-sampling kits as an additional testing methodology would lead to a much-needed increase of testing frequency, especially for the hidden, high-risk, and undertested GBMSM population. Online-based technologies without any personal interaction were preferred for the communication of the results, even for reactive results.

[Early diagnosis of HIV in Primary Care in Spain. Results of a pilot study based on targeted screening based on indicator conditions, behavioral criteria and region of origin]. / Diagnóstico precoz del VIH en atención primaria en España. Resultados de una prueba piloto de cribado dirigido basado en condiciones indicadoras, criterios conductuales y de origen.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of HIV infection in patients diagnosed with an indicator condition (IC) for HIV and/or risk behavior for their acquisition and/or coming from high prevalence countries. To determine the acceptability and feasibility of offering HIV testing based on IC and behavioral and origin criteria in Primary Care (PC). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in a convenience sample. LOCATION: Six PC centers in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: The inclusion criteria were: patients between 16 and 65years old who presented at least one of the proposed ICs and/or at least one of the proposed behavioral and/or origin criteria. A total of 388 patients participated. INTERVENTION: HIV serology was offered to all patients who met the inclusion criteria. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Description of IC frequency, behavioral and origin criteria. Prevalence of HIV infection. Level of acceptability and feasibility of the HIV screening based on IC and behavioral and origin criteria. RESULTS: A total of 174 patients had an IC (44.84%). The most common behavioral criterion was: having unprotected sex at some time in life with people who did not know their HIV status (298; 76.8%). Four HIV+ patients (1.03%) were diagnosed. All had an IC and were men who had sex with men. The level of acceptability in PC was high. CONCLUSIONS: Offering HIV testing to patients with IC and behavioral criteria is feasible and effective in PC.

Economic evaluation of HIV testing for men who have sex with men in community-based organizations - results from six European cities.

The non-decreasing incidence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) has motivated the emergence of Community Based Voluntary Counselling and Testing (CBVCT) services specifically addressed to MSM. The CBVCT services are characterized by facilitated access and linkage to care, a staff largely constituted by voluntary peers, and private not-for-profit structures outside the formal health system institutions. Encouraging results have been measured about their effectiveness, but these favourable results may have been obtained at high costs, questioning the opportunity to expand the experience. We performed an economic evaluation of HIV testing for MSM at CBVCT services, and compared them across six European cities. We collected retrospective data for six CBVCT services from six cities (Copenhagen, Paris, Lyon, Athens, Lisbon, and Ljubljana), for the year 2014, on the number of HIV tests and HIV reactive tests, and on all expenditures to perform the testing activities. The total costs of CBVCTs varied from 54,390€ per year (Ljubljana) to 245,803€ per year (Athens). The cost per HIV test varied from to 41€ (Athens) to 113€ (Ljubljana). The cost per HIV reactive test varied from 1966€ (Athens) to 9065€ (Ljubljana). Our results show that the benefits of CBVCT services are obtained at an acceptable cost, in comparison with the literature (values, mostly from the USA, range from 1600$ to 16,985$ per HIV reactive test in clinical and non-clinical settings). This result was transversal to several European cities, highlighting that there is a common CBVCT model, the cost of which is comparable regardless of the epidemiological context and prices. The CBVCT services represent an effective and "worth it" experience, to be continued and expanded in future public health strategies towards HIV.

Level of impact on the public health of universal human immunodeficiency virus screening in an Emergency Department. / Estudio del impacto a nivel de salud pública del cribado universal del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en un servicio de Urgencias.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV and the acceptability of rapid testing in an emergency department (ED), Barcelona (6/07/2011 to 8/03/2013). METHOD: A convenience sample was used, depending on nurse availability in the ED. Participants signed an informed consent. Results were confirmed by conventional methods. RESULT: A total of 2,140 individuals were offered testing, and 5% rejected taking part (107/2,140). Three subjects (3/2,033 [0.15%]) had confirmed reactive test. Individuals with a higher education were more likely to perform a rapid HIV test in ED (P<.005). CONCLUSION: A low prevalence of new HIV diagnoses was found among participants, although there was a high acceptability rate to perform rapid testing in the ED.

Missed opportunities for HIV testing of patients diagnosed with an indicator condition in primary care in Catalonia, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HIV testing among patients diagnosed with an indicator condition (IC) for HIV, seen in primary care (PC) in Catalonia, and to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection among those patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and population-based study in patients aged between 16 and 65 diagnosed with an IC within PC in Catalonia. METHODS: Data used in this study were extracted from a large population-based public health database in Spain, the Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP). All participants registered in SIDIAP from 1 January 2010 to 31 August 2012 and with a diagnosis of an IC were screened to identify those with an HIV test within the following 4 months. RESULTS: 99 426 patients were diagnosed with an IC during the study period. In these patients, there were 102 647 episodes in which at least one IC was diagnosed. An HIV test was performed within 4 months in only 18 515 of the episodes in which an IC was diagnosed (18.5%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 1.46%. Women (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.39), people aged 50 or over (OR 2.85, 95% CI 2.69 to 3.00) and patients having a single IC (OR 3.59. 95% CI 3.20 to 4.03) had the greatest odds of not having an HIV test. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the persistence of missed opportunities for HIV testing within PC in Catalonia. Urgent engagement with PC professionals is required in order to increase HIV testing and prevent late HIV diagnoses.

Knowledge and use of unauthorized HIV self-test kits among men who have sex with men in Spain, following approval of an over-the-counter self-test in the U.S: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Shortly after the approval of an over-the-counter HIV self-test in the US, we conducted a study to estimate the proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Spain who knew that unauthorized HIV self-tests could be purchased online, and the proportion that had already used these tests, as well as their socio-demographic and behavioural correlates. METHODS: Between September 2012 and February 2013, MSM users of gay dating websites were invited to complete an online questionnaire. We calculated estimates of the knowledge and use of unauthorized HIV self-testing and assessed the associated factors by rare event logit regression models. RESULTS: Among 8620 participants, 4.2 % (95 % CI:3.8-4.6) knew they could buy an unauthorized HIV self-test kit online, and 12.7 % (95 % CI:12.0-13.4) thought that such a test might exist, although they had never seen one. Only 0.7 % (95 % CI:0.5-0.9) had ever self-tested. In the multivariable analysis, knowledge of online availability of self-tests was associated with being a non-Latin American foreigner, having at least two previous HIV tests, intending to test for HIV in the next year, and knowing about U.S. approval of self-testing. Ever-use of HIV self-testing was associated with being over 34 years of age, living outside Spain during the last 12 months, and knowing about U.S. approval of self-testing. CONCLUSIONS: Both knowledge and use of unauthorized HIV self-testing among MSM in Spain was very low among HIV negative or untested MSM in Spain. The recent approval in the United Kingdom and France might increase the number of MSM seeking such testing and possibly using unauthorized test kits not meeting quality standards.

[Problems in diagnosing sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus in primary health care in Spain]. / Barreras para el diagnóstico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en Atención Primaria en España.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical practice of the General Practitioner (GP) in HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the obstacles they face in diagnosing them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was distributed online to members of two Spanish GP Societies. RESULTS: A total of 1.308 GP took part in the survey, which showed that 39.3% had received training on HIV/STI in the last three years, and 21.2% felt uncomfortable talking about sex with the patient. CONCLUSIONS: We identified important deficiencies in the resources needed for diagnosis of HIV/STI and in the circuits for referral.

Determinants of Depressive Symptoms in People Living with HIV: Findings from a Population-Based Study with a Gender Perspective.

Depressive symptoms are common among people living with HIV (PLWH). The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of depressive symptoms in PLWH in Spain. A total of 1060 PLWH participated in this cross-sectional study and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The odds ratios for the presence of depressive symptoms were analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model, including sociodemographic data, comorbidities, health-related behaviors, and social-environment-related variables. We found an overall prevalence of depressive symptoms of 21.42%; by subgroup, namely men, women, and transgender persons, prevalence was 18.13%, 32.81%, and 37.14%, respectively. Moreover, social isolation (OR = 1.05 [CI, 1.02-1.08]) and poor physical and mental quality of life (OR = 1.06 [CI, 1.02-1.09] and OR = 1.13 [CI, 1.09-1.17], respectively) were associated with depressive symptoms. As protective factors, we identified serodisclosure to more people (vs. none; OR = 0.39 [CI, 0.17-0.87]), satisfaction with social roles (OR = 0.86 [CI, 0.79-0.94]), better cognitive function (OR = 0.92 [CI, 0.89-0.95]), and sexualized drug use once in a lifetime (OR = 0.52 [CI, 0.29-0.93]). This study showed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in PLWH, especially among women and transgender people. The association between psychosocial variables and depressive symptoms highlights the multidimensionality of the problem and identifies areas for intervention. This study found that the management of mental health issues is an area that needs to be improved and tailored to specific groups, with the aim of enhancing the well-being of PLWH.

Feasibility and impact of online HIV/STI screening addressed to men who have sex with men and transgender women users of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Spain (TESTATE PrEP): a study protocol for a non-blinded randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of the study are: to design and implement a pilot intervention to offer self-sampling kits to detect HIV, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Treponema pallidum (TP) among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and transgender women users of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as part of PrEP follow-up. To evaluate if the pilot intervention causes a reduction of the retention to PrEP follow-up among the target population. To analyse the capacity of the intervention to reduce the healthcare burden on the PrEP service. To evaluate the acceptability of the intervention among PrEP users and PrEP service healthcare workers and; to validate dried blood samples for treponemal and non-treponemal antibody detection using the Dual Path Platform syphilis screening and confirmatory assay compared with blood drawn by venous puncture. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will perform a non-blinded randomised controlled non-inferiority trial among PrEP users on follow-up. Participants on the control arm will follow the usual follow-up protocol with quarterly face-to-face visits where they will be tested for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Participants in the experimental arm will alternate face-to-face meetings with online screening of HIV and STIs. The website https://testate.org/ will include a module for online follow-up visits of participants. Participants of the experimental arm will order self-sampling kits for HIV, CT, NG and TP through the website, will send the samples to the laboratory and check their results online. We will compare the retention to follow up and the healthcare burden in both arms. The acceptability of the intervention among participants and healthcare workers will be assessed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The project has been approved by the CEIC-HUGTIP (Reference: PI-22-051). Subjects will be included after giving their informed consent. Final conclusions and recommendations will be shared with stakeholders. Two publications in peer-reviewed journals are expected. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05752643.

Corrigendum: Feasibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen self-testing in school and summer camp attendees.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.975454.].

Self-sampling monkeypox virus testing in high-risk populations, asymptomatic or with unrecognized Mpox, in Spain.

The recent monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak was of global concern and has mainly affected gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Here we assess prevalence of MPXV in high-risk populations of GBMSM, trans women (TW) and non-binary people without symptoms or with unrecognized monkeypox (Mpox) symptoms, using a self-sampling strategy. Anal and pharyngeal swabs are tested by MPXV real-time PCR and positive samples are tested for cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell culture. 113 individuals participated in the study, 89 (78.76%) were cis men, 17 (15.04%) were TW. The median age was 35.0 years (IQR: 30.0-43.0), 96 (85.02%) individuals were gay or bisexual and 72 (63.72%) were migrants. Seven participants were MPXV positive (6.19% (95% CI: 1.75%-10.64%)). Five tested positive in pharyngeal swabs, one in anal swab and one in both. Six did not present symptoms recognized as MPXV infection. Three samples were positive for CPE, and showed anti-vaccinia pAb staining by FACS and confocal microscopy. This suggests that unrecognized Mpox cases can shed infectious virus. Restricting testing to individuals reporting Mpox symptoms may not be sufficient to contain outbreaks.

Feasibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen self-testing in school and summer camp attendees.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 screening is one of the pillars of non-pharmaceutical preventive strategies to early identify and isolate infected individuals and therefore decrease community incidence. Methods: We assessed the feasibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 self-testing with antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests in attendees of educational settings. Results: A total of 305 students (88.15%) and 41 staff (11.85%) from 9 to 56 years old participated in the self-testing procedure and answered the survey at the end of the study. 91.3% (n = 313) did not need help, 96.1% of participants reported the same outcome as the healthcare workers. 94.5% strongly or slightly agree with the statement "I would repeat the experience". Conclusion: The study demonstrates that self-testing is acceptable and usable in children, adolescents and adults when the epidemiological situation may require a systematic screening of these populations, although supervision by health care or previously trained personnel is recommended for younger age groups.