Understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects associated with protein and gene based biomarkers in breast cancer.

Cancer is one of the most widespread and severe diseases with a huge mortality rate. In recent years, the second-leading mortality rate of any cancer globally has been breast cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers found in women. Detecting breast cancer in its initial stages simplifies treatment, decreases death risk, and recovers survival rates for patients. The death rate for breast cancer has risen to 0.024 % in some regions. Sensitive and accurate technologies are required for the preclinical detection of BC at an initial stage. Biomarkers play a very crucial role in the early identification as well as diagnosis of women with breast cancer. Currently, a wide variety of cancer biomarkers have been discovered for the diagnosis of cancer. For the identification of these biomarkers from serum or other body fluids at physiological amounts, many detection methods have been developed. In the case of breast cancer, biomarkers are especially helpful in discovering those who are more likely to develop the disease, determining prognosis at the time of initial diagnosis and choosing the best systemic therapy. In this study we have compiled various clinical aspects and signaling pathways associated with protein-based biomarkers and gene-based biomarkers.

Investigation of Cochlospermum religiosum leaves for antidepressant and anxiolytic activities and its synergistic effect with imipramine and fluoxetine.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Cochlospermum religiosum (CSR) in animal models of depression and anxiety. The CSR leaves are well known for their sedative, antibacterial, antifungal antioxidant, memory enhancing, anxiolytic and antidepressant potential. In present study, the extract of the leaves is used to relieve the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential. The leaves of CSR were investigated for antidepressant and anxiolytic activities in mice behavioural models namely, spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA), forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), elevated plus maze (EPM) and marble burying behaviour (MBB). The mechanism was supported by reserpine-induced hypothermia (RIH). Further, the in vivo synergistic evaluation of the CSR leaf extract was evaluated with imipramine and fluoxetine. The treatment of mice with ethanolic extract of CSR leaves for 7 days resulted significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects (p < 0.05 for 50 mg/Kg p.o / p < 0.01 for 100 mg/kg p.o) with null impact on baseline locomotor activity. Further, the study on rat RIH model revealed that the CSR (50 mg/kg p.o) predominantly antagonized the effect (p < 0.05) of reserpine. Furthermore, synergic action was screened by co-administration of leaf extracts of CSR with fluoxetine (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) and imipramine (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) at below therapeutic dose levels using FST, TST, EPM and MBB. The synergistic effect was significant (p < 0.05) for both antidepressant and anxiolytic activities as compared to therapeutic doses of extract, imipramine and fluoxetine.

Exploring the effect of Crinum latifolia in obesity: possible role of oxidative, angiogenic, and inflammatory pathways.

Obesity is a multifaceted disease encompassing deposition of an unnecessary amount of fat which upsurges the possibility of other complications, viz., hypertension and certain type of cancers. Although obesity results from combination of genetic factors, improper diet and inadequate physical exercise also play a major role in its onset. The present study aims at exploring the anti-obesity activity of Crinum latifolia leaf extract in obese rats. The leaves were extracted using hydroalcoholic extraction which was later diluted with water and given to obese rats. The dosing was started from the 4th week (by oral administration of extract of Crinum latifolia (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and combination of Crinum latifolia leaf extract 200 mg/kg and orlistat 30 mg/kg) till the 10th week. Various angiogenic, antioxidant, biochemical, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at the end of the study. The obese symptoms were progressively reduced in treatment groups when compared to disease control groups. The angiogenic parameters and inflammatory parameters were consequently reduced in treatment groups. The oxidative parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were gradually increased, while levels of TBARS were reduced in treatment groups showing antioxidant nature of leaf hydroalcoholic extract. The Crinum latifolia leaf extract possesses anti-obesity properties and therefore can be used as a therapeutic option in the management of obesity.