In Silico Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Enantiopure Isoxazolidines as Promising Dual Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase.

Isoxazolidine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes to treat diabetes. All synthesized derivatives demonstrated a varying range of activity, with IC50 values ranging from 53.03 ± 0.106 to 232.8 ± 0.517 µM (α-amylase) and from 94.33 ± 0.282 to 258.7 ± 0.521 µM (α-glucosidase), revealing their high potency compared to the reference drug, acarbose (IC50 = 296.6 ± 0.825 µM and 780.4 ± 0.346 µM), respectively. Specifically, in vitro results revealed that compound 5d achieved the most inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 5.59-fold and 8.27-fold, respectively, toward both enzymes, followed by 5b. Kinetic studies revealed that compound 5d inhibits both enzymes in a competitive mode. Based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, it was concluded that various substitution patterns of the substituent(s) influenced the inhibitory activities of both enzymes. The server pkCSM was used to predict the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties for 5d, which afforded good oral bioavailability. Additionally, compound 5d was subjected to molecular docking to gain insights into its binding mode interactions with the target enzymes. Moreover, via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis, it maintained stability throughout 100 ns. This suggests that 5d possesses the potential to simultaneously target both enzymes effectively, making it advantageous for the development of antidiabetic medications.

Photochemical Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Influence of Metal Salt Concentration on Size and Distribution.

This paper explores the photochemical synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, specifically gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, using a one-component photoinitiator system. The synthesis process involves visible light irradiation at a wavelength of 419 nm and an intensity of 250 mW/cm2. The radical-generating capabilities of the photoinitiators were evaluated using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The main objective of this study was to investigate how the concentration of metal salts influences the size and distribution of the nanoparticles. Proposed mechanisms for the photochemical formation of nanoparticles through photoinitiated radicals were validated using cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the concentration of AgNO3 significantly impacted the size of silver nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 1 to 5 nm at 1 wt% and 3 wt% concentrations, while increasing the concentration to 5 wt% led to an increase in the diameter of silver nanoparticles to 16 nm. When HAuCl4 was used instead of AgNO3, it was found that the average diameters of gold nanoparticles synthesized using both photoinitiators at different concentrations ranged between 1 and 4 nm. The findings suggest that variations in HAuCl4 concentration have minimal impact on the size of gold nanoparticles. The photoproduction of AuNPs was shown to be thermodynamically favorable, with the reduction of HAuCl4 to Au0 having ∆G values of approximately -3.51 and -2.96 eV for photoinitiators A and B, respectively. Furthermore, the photoreduction of Ag+1 to Ag0 was demonstrated to be thermodynamically feasible, with ∆G values of approximately -3.459 and -2.91 eV for photoinitiators A and B, respectively, confirming the effectiveness of the new photoinitiators on the production of nanoparticles. The synthesis of nanoparticles was monitored using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and their sizes were determined through particle size analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images.

Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Coumarin Hybrid Glycosides and Their Tetrazolyl Analogues: Design, Anticancer Evaluation and Molecular Docking Targeting EGFR, VEGFR-2 and CDK-2.

This study represents the design and synthesis of a new set of triazole-coumarin-glycosyl hybrids and their tetrazole hybrid analogues possessing various sugar moieties and modified analogues. All the newly synthesized derivatives were screened for their cytotoxic activities against a panel of human cancer cell lines. The coumarin derivatives 10, 13 and 15 derivatives revealed potent cytotoxic activities against Paca-2, Mel-501, PC-3 and A-375 cancer cell lines. These promising analogues were further examined for their inhibitory assessment against EGFR, VEGFR-2 and CDK-2/cyclin A2 kinases. The coumarin-tetrazole 10 displayed broad superior inhibitory activity against all screened enzymes compared with the reference drugs, erlotinib, sorafenib and roscovitine, respectively. The impact of coumarin-tetrazole 10 upon cell cycle and apoptosis induction was determined to detect its mechanism of action. Additionally, it upregulated the levels of casp-3, casp-7 and cytochrome-c proteins and downregulated the PD-1 level. Finally, molecular docking study was simulated to afford better rationalization and gain insight into the binding affinity between the promising derivatives and their targeted enzymes, which could be used as an optimum lead for further modification in the anticancer field.

Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Activity and Molecular Docking of New 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Glycosides Bearing 1,3,4-Thiadiazolyl, Indolyl and Arylacetamide Scaffolds.

New 1,3,4-thiadiazole thioglycosides linked to a substituted arylidine system were synthesized via heterocyclization via click 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The click strategy was used for the synthesis of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,3-triazole hybrid glycoside-based indolyl systems as novel hybrid molecules by reacting azide derivatives with the corresponding acetylated glycosyl terminal acetylenes. The cytotoxic activities of the compounds were studied against HCT-116 (human colorectal carcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines using the MTT assay. The results showed that the key thiadiazolethione compounds, the triazole glycosides linked to p-methoxyarylidine derivatives and the free hydroxyl glycoside had potent activity comparable to the reference drug, doxorubicin, against MCF-7 human cancer cells. Docking simulation studies were performed to check the binding patterns of the synthesized compounds. Enzyme inhibition assay studies were also conducted for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the results explained the activity of a number of derivatives.

New 1,2,3-Triazole-Coumarin-Glycoside Hybrids and Their 1,2,4-Triazolyl Thioglycoside Analogs Targeting Mitochondria Apoptotic Pathway: Synthesis, Anticancer Activity and Docking Simulation.

Toxicity and resistance to newly synthesized anticancer drugs represent a challenging phenomenon of intensified concern arising from variation in drug targets and consequently the prevalence of the latter concern requires further research. The current research reports the design, synthesis, and anticancer activity of new 1,2,3-triazole-coumarin-glycosyl hybrids and their 1,2,4-triazole thioglycosides as well as acyclic analogs. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized products was studied against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Compounds 8, 10, 16 and 21 resulted in higher activities against different human cancer cells. The impact of the hybrid derivative 10 upon different apoptotic protein markers, including cytochrome c, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-7 along with its effect on the cell cycle was investigated. It revealed a mitochondria-apoptotic effect on MCF-7 cells and had the ability to upregulate pro-apoptotic Bax protein and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and thus implies the apoptotic fate of the cells. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities against EGFR, VEGFR-2 and CDK-2/cyclin A2 kinases for 8, 10 and 21 were studied to detect the mechanism of their high potency. The coumarin-triazole-glycosyl hybrids 8 and 10 illustrated excellent broad inhibitory activity (IC50= 0.22 ± 0.01, 0.93 ± 0.42 and 0.24 ± 0.20 µM, respectively, for compound 8), (IC50 = 0.12 ± 0.50, 0.79 ± 0.14 and 0.15± 0. 60 µM, respectively, for compound 10), in comparison with the reference drugs, erlotinib, sorafenib and roscovitine (IC50 = 0.18 ± 0.05, 1.58 ± 0.11 and 0.46 ± 0.30 µM, respectively). In addition, the docking study was simulated to afford better rationalization and put insight into the binding affinity between the promising derivatives and their targeted enzymes and that might be used as an optimum lead for further modification in the anticancer field.

A facile approach synthesis of benzoylaryl benzimidazole as potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor with antioxidant activity.

Synthetic routes to a series of benzoylarylbenzimidazol 3a-h have been derived from 3,4-diaminobenzophenone and an appropriate arylaldehyde in the presence of ammonium chloride or a mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium metabisulfite as catalyst. The antioxidant activity of targeted compounds 3a-h has been measured by four different methods and the overall antioxidant evaluation of the compounds indicated the significant MCA, FRAP, and (DPPH-SA) of the compounds except for the compound 3h. In vitro antidiabetic assay of α-amylase and α-glucosidase suggest a good to excellent activity for most tested compounds. The target benzimidazole 3f containing hydroxyl motif at para-position of phenyl revealed an important activity inhibitor against α- amylase (IC50 = 12.09 ± 0.38 µM) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 11.02 ± 0.04 µM) comparable to the reference drug acarbose. The results of the anti hyperglycemic activity were supported by means of in silico molecular docking calculations showing strong binding affinity of compounds 3a-h with human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) and human lysosomal acid-α-glucosidase (HLAG) active sites that confirm a good to excellent activity for most of tested compounds.

Multifunctional isoxazolidine derivatives as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

A series of novel isoxazolidines based on benzaldehyde derivatives have been synthesized from the cycloaddition of chiral menthone-based nitrone and allyl phenyl ethers. All synthetic compounds were assessed for their in vitro PPA, HPA and HLAG inhibitory activity. The results revealed that all targets exhibited better inhibitory effect against PPA (12.3 ± 0.4 < IC50 < 38.2 ± 0.9 µM), HPA (10.1 ± 0.4 < IC50 < 26.8 ± 0.2 µM) and HLAG (65.4 ± 1.2 < IC50 < 274.8 ± 1.1 µM) when compared with the reference inhibitor, acarbose (IC50 = 284.6 ± 0.3 µM for PPA, 296.6 ± 0.8 µM for HPA, 780.4 ± 0.3 µM for HLAG) with the highest PPA inhibitory activity was ascribed to compound 3g against both PPA and HPA, and 3b against HLAG enzymes, respectively. Structural activity relationships (SARs) were also established for all synthesized compounds and the interaction modes of the most potent inhibitors (3g for PPA and HPA, 3b for HLAG) and the active site with residues of three enzymes were confirmed through molecular docking studies. Furthermore, a combination of molecular docking analysis with the in vitro activities can help to improve prediction success and encourages the uses of some of these molecules as potential alternatives toward the modulation of T2D.

One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Novel 7-Substituted-5-(1H-Indol-3-yl)Tetrazolo[1,5-a] Pyrimidine-6-Carbonitrile.

A series of novel 7-substituted-5-(1H-indol-3-yl)tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile was synthesized via a one-pot, three-multicomponent reaction of appropriate aldehydes, 1H-tetrazole-5-amine and 3-cyanoacetyl indole in catalytic triethylamine. The cytotoxic activity of the new synthesized tetrazolopyrimidine-6-carbonitrile compounds was investigated against HCT-116, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549 human cancer cell lines and one human healthy normal cell line (RPE-1) using the MTT cytotoxicity assay. Compounds 4h, 4b, 4c, 4i and 4a showed potent anticancer activities against human colon cancer. Additionally, all the compounds showed potent anticancer activities on human lung cancer.

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of New 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Thioglycosides and 1,2,3-Triazolyl-1,3,4-Thiadiazole N-glycosides.

New 1,3,4-thiadiazole thioglycosides linked to substituted arylidine systems were synthesized via glycosylation of the prepared 1,3,4-thiadiazole thiol compounds. Click strategy was also used for the synthesis of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,3-triazole hybrid glycosides by reaction of the acetylenic derivatives with different glycosyl azids followed by deacetylation process. The cytotoxic activities of the prepared compounds were studied against HCT-116 (human colorectal carcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines using the MTT assay. The results showed that the key thiadiazolethione compounds 2 and 3, the triazole glycosides linked to p-methoxyarylidine derivatives 14 and 15 in addition to the free hydroxyl glycoside 20 were found potent in activity comparable to the reference drug doxorubicin against MCF-7 human cancer cells. The acetylenic derivative 2 and glycoside 20 were also found highly active against HCT-116 cell lines.

Monitoring pesticide residues in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: Occurrence, quality, and risk evaluations.

The Al-Qassim region, a prominent agricultural hub in Saudi Arabia, significantly contributes to the national production of vegetables and fruits. This study validated the standard EN-QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine 90 multiple pesticide residues in three categories of peppers: green bell, green hot and red chilli peppers. Validation criteria, including linearity range, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ), were within the acceptance range of the SANTE/11312/2021 guideline. The validated method was then used to analyse 536 pepper samples collected in 2023 from the Al-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The analysis of 536 pepper samples revealed that 394 samples (73.51 %) contained pesticide residues, with 126 (23.51 %) exceeding the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). The most frequently identified pesticide was imidacloprid (171 samples, 31.9 %) and acetamiprid (94 samples, 17.54 %), followed by bifenazate and difenoconazole, which were each detected in 66 samples (12.31 %). Among the remaining 32 pesticides, 24 were detected in 1%-10 % of the samples, whereas 8 were detected in <1 %. The 36 pesticides detected were classified into 14 insecticides (38.9 %), 14 fungicides (38.9 %) and 8 acaricides (22.2 %). Notably, the overall detection rate of the pesticides was relatively higher in red chilli peppers (232 %) compared with bell peppers (165 %), followed by green hot peppers (132 %). Red chilli peppers also showed the highest residue concentrations of various pesticides. Neonicotinoids and triazoles exhibited the highest detection rates in this study. The residue quality index (IqR) of the samples analysed fell into the categories excellent (26.49 %), good (31.72 %), and adequate (14.06 %), with 28.73 % of the samples deemed inadequate. Long-term dietary exposure was examined for adults and children. This study highlights the crucial role of continual observation in defending public health and securing the trade standardisation and safety.

RETRACTED: Alminderej et al. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Potential of a New Chemotype from Piper cubeba L. Essential Oil and In Silico Study on S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase Protein. Plants 2021, 10, 205.

The journal retracts the article, 'Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Potential of a New Chemotype from Piper cubeba L. Essential Oil and In Silico Study on S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase Protein' [...].

Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogels Boosted with Cross-Linked Chitosan and Silver Nanoparticles for Efficient Adsorption of Congo Red and Crystal Violet Dyes.

In our previous work, three different weight ratios of chitosan/PVA (1:3, 1:1, and 3:1) were blended and then cross-linked with trimellitic anhydride isothiocyanate (TAI) at a concentration depending on their chitosan content, obtaining three hydrogels symbolized by H13, H11, and H31. Pure chitosan was cross-linked with TAI, producing a hydrogel symbolized by H10. Further, three H31-based silver nanoparticles composites (H31/AgNPs1%, H31/AgNPs3%, and H31/AgNPs5%) were also synthesized. They were investigated, for the first time in this study, as adsorbents for Congo Red (CR) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes. The removal efficiency of CR dye increased with increasing H10 content in the hydrogels, and with increasing AgNP content in the composites, reaching 99.91% for H31/AgNPs5%. For CV dye, the removal efficiency increased with the increase in the PVA content. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of CV dye increased with an increasing AgNP content, reaching 94.7% for H31/AgNPs5%. The adsorption capacity increased with the increase in both the initial dye concentration and temperature, while with an increasing pH it increased in the case of CV dye and decreased in the case of CR dye. The adsorption of CV dye demonstrated that the Freundlich isotherm model is better suited for the experimental results. Moreover, the results were best fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Preparation and Characterization of a New Bis-Uracil Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Anionic Congo Red Dye.

A new hydrogel, based on chitosan crosslinked with 2-chlorophenyl-bis(6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl) methane, (2Clph-BU-Cs), has been successfully created. Various instrumental techniques such as elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD were used to prove its structure. Its removal efficiency for anionic Congo red (CR) dye under different conditions for industrial wastewater treatment was studied. For optimizing the conditions to maximize CR dye removal, the impacts of temperature, contact time, pH, and initial concentration of the dye on adsorption capacity were investigated. The removal of the dye was pH-dependent, with a much higher value achieved at pH 4 than at pH 7 and 9. The maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogel was 93.46 mg g-1. The model of adsorption process was fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The intraparticle diffusion demonstrated the multi-step nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption process was endothermic because of the positive value of enthalpy (43.70 kJ mol-1). The process of adsorption at high temperatures was spontaneous, according to the values of ∆G0. An increase in randomness was seen in the value of ∆S°. Generally, the investigated hydrogel has the potential to be used as a promising effective reusable adsorbent for industrial wastewater remediation.

Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Bis-Uracil Chitosan Hydrogels Modified with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Boosting Their Antimicrobial Activity.

A new series of hydrogels was successfully prepared by incorporating various substituted bisuracil (R-BU) linkages between chitosan Schiff's base chains (R-BU-CsSB) and between chitosan chains (R-BU-Cs). After protection of the amino groups of chitosan by benzaldehyde, yielding chitosan Schiff's base (CsSB), the reaction with epichlorohydrin was confined on the -OH on C6 to produce epoxy chitosan Schiff's base (ECsSB), which was reacted with R-BU to form R-BU-CsSB hydrogels, and finally, the bioactive amino groups of chitosan were restored to obtain R-BU-Cs hydrogels. Further, some R-BU-Cs-based ZnO nanoparticle (R-BU-Cs/ZnONPs) composites were also prepared. Appropriate techniques such as elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX were used to verify their structures. Their inhibition potency against all the tested microbes were arranged as: ZnONPs bio-composites > R-BU-Cs hydrogels > R-BU-CsSB hydrogels > Cs. Their inhibition performance against Gram-positive bacteria was better than Gram-negative ones. Their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values decreased as a function of the negative resonance effect of the substituents in the aryl ring of R-BU linkages in the hydrogels. Compared with Vancomycin, the ZnONPs bio-composites showed superior inhibitory effects against most of the tested Gram-negative bacteria, all inspected Gram-positive ones, and all investigated fungi.

Surface Modification of PP and PBT Nonwoven Membranes for Enhanced Efficiency in Photocatalytic MB Dye Removal and Antibacterial Activity.

In this study, we developed highly efficient nonwoven membranes by modifying the surface of polypropylene (PP) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) through photo-grafting polymerization. The nonwoven membrane surfaces of PP and PBT were grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) in the presence of benzophenone (BP) and metal salt. We immobilized tertiary amine groups as BP synergists on commercial nonwoven membranes to improve PP and PBT surfaces. In situ Ag, Au, and Au/Ag nanoparticle formation enhances the nonwoven membrane surface. SEM, FTIR, and EDX were used to analyze the surface. We evaluated modified nonwoven membranes for photocatalytic activity by degrading methylene blue (MB) under LED and sunlight. Additionally, we also tested modified membranes for antibacterial activity against E. coli. The results indicated that the modified membranes exhibited superior efficiency in removing MB from water. The PBT showed the highest efficiency in dye removal, and bimetallic nanoparticles were more effective than monometallic. Modified membranes exposed to sunlight had higher efficiency than those exposed to LED light, with the PBT/Au/Ag membrane showing the highest dye removal at 97% within 90 min. The modified membranes showed reuse potential, with dye removal efficiency decreasing from 97% in the first cycle to 85% in the fifth cycle.

A New, Extremely Sensitive, Turn-Off Optical Sensor Utilizing Schiff Base for Fast Detection of Cu(II).

Throughout this research, a unique optical sensor for detecting one of the most dangerous heavy metal ions, Cu(II), was designed and developed. The (4-mercaptophenyl) iminomethylphenyl naphthalenyl carbamate (MNC) sensor probe was effectively prepared. The Schiff base of the sensor shows a "turn-off" state with excellent sensitivity to Cu(II) ions. This innovative fluorescent chemosensor possesses distinctive optical features with a substantial Stocks shift (about 114 nm). In addition, MNC has remarkable selectivity for Cu(II) relative to other cations. Density functional theory (DFT) and the time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) theoretical calculations were performed to examine Cu(II) chelation structures and associated electronic properties in solution, and the results indicate that the luminescence quenching in this complex is due to ICT. Chelation-quenched fluorescence is responsible for the internal charge transfer (ICT)-based selectivity of the MNC sensing molecule for Cu(II) ions. In a 1:9 (v/v) DMSO-HEPES buffer (20 mM, pH = 7.4) solution, Fluorescence and UV-Vis absorption of the MNC probe and Cu(II) ions were investigated. By utilizing a solution containing several metal ions, the interference of other metal ions was studied. This MNC molecule has outstanding selectivity and sensitivity, as well as a low LOD (1.45 nM). Consequently, these distinctive properties enable it to find the copper metal ions across an actual narrow dynamic range (0-1.2 M Cu(II)). The reversibility of the sensor was obtained by employing an EDTA as a powerful chelating agent.

Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Coriandrum sativum Seeds: Hepatoprotective Effect against Cadmium Toxicity In Vivo.

Coriandrum sativum is one of the most widespread curative plants in the world, being vastly cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions as one of the oldest spice plants. The present study explored the extraction of polysaccharides from Coriandrum sativum seeds and the evaluation of their antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects in vivo. The polysaccharide from coriander seeds was extracted, and the structural characterization was performed by FT-IR, UV-vis, DSC, NMR (1D and 2D), GC-MS, and SEC analysis. The polysaccharide extracted from Coriandrum sativum (CPS) seeds was characterized to evaluate its antioxidant and hepatoprotective capacities in rats. Results showed that CPS was composed of arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, fructose, galactose, and glucose in molar percentages of 6.2%, 3.6%, 8.8%, 17.7%, 5.2%, 32.9%, and 25.6%, respectively. Further, CPS significantly hindered cadmium-induced oxidation damage and exercised a protective effect against Cd hepatocytotoxicity, with a considerable reduction in MDA production and interesting CAT and SOD enzyme levels. Results suggest that CPS might be employed as a natural antioxidant source.

Light-Assisted Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by New Benzophenone Derivatives.

Benzophenone derivatives were evaluated as new photoinitiators in combination with triethylamine (TEA) and iodonium salt (Iod) for very rapid and efficient formation of metal nanoparticles in an organic solvent, by which silver and gold ions were reduced under light at 419 nm (photoreactor) with an irradiation intensity of 250 microwatts/cm2. The new benzophenone derivatives combined with TEA/Iod salt showed good production of metal nanoparticles (Au0 and Ag0) and a small size of nanoparticles of around 4-13 nm. The photochemical mechanisms for the production of initiating radicals were studied using cyclic voltammetry, where a negative ΔG of around -1.96 eV was obtained, which made the process favorable. The obtained results proved the formation of amine and phenyl radicals, which led to the reduction of gold III chloride or silver ions to the gold and silver NPs. The UV-vis spectroscopy technique was used as a very beneficial tool for the surface plasmon resonance band detection of metal nanoparticles. To sum up the results, we have observed that nanoparticles (NPs) were distributed differently in different photoinitiator systems and the particle size also changed by changing the system of initiation. In comparison to the system alone, not only were the nanoparticles smaller but they were also generated within a shorter period of irradiation time for the system BP\Iod\TEA. Finally, the quenching process of benzophenone fluorescence by the gold and silver nanoparticles was investigated.

Copper II Complexes Based on Benzimidazole Ligands as a Novel Photoredox Catalysis for Free Radical Polymerization Embedded Gold and Silver Nanoparticles.

The copper II complex's novel benzimidazole Schiff base ligands were manufactured and gauged as a new photoredox catalyst/photoinitiator amalgamated with triethylamine (TEA) and iodonium salt (Iod) for the polymerization of ethylene glycol diacrylate while exposed to visible light by an LED Lamp at 405 nm with an intensity of 543 mW/cm2 at 28 °C. Gold and silver nanoparticles were obtained through the reactivity of the copper II complexes with amine/Iod salt. The size of NPs was around 1-30 nm. Lastly, the high performance of copper II complexes for photopolymerization containing nanoparticles is presented and examined. Ultimately, the photochemical mechanisms were observed using cyclic voltammetry. The preparation of the polymer nanocomposite nanoparticles in situ was photogenerated during the irradiation LED at 405 nm with an intensity of 543 mW/cm2 at 28 °C process. UV-Vis, FTIR, and TEM analyses were utilized for the determination of the generation of AuNPs and AgNPs which resided within the polymer matrix.

Terminal Residues and Risk Assessment of Spiromesifen and Spirodiclofen in Tomato Fruits.

Insecticides are important to increase crop yields, but their overuse has damaged the environment and endangered human health. In this study, residues of spiromesifen and spirodiclofen were determined in tomato fruit using a simple and efficient analytical procedure based on acetonitrile extraction, extract dilution, and UPLC-MS/MS. The linearity range was 1-100 µg/kg and 0.5-100 µg/kg, and the correlation coefficient (R2) and residuals were ≥0.9991 and ≤16.4%, respectively. The limit of determination (LOD) was 0.26 and 0.08 µg/kg, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) was verified at 5 µg/kg. The relative standard deviation of spiked replicates at 5 µg/kg analyzed in one day (RSDr, n = 6) was ≤8.35%, and within three different days (RSDR, n = 18) it was ≤15.85%, with recoveries exceeding 91.34%. The method recovery test showed a satisfactory value of 89.23-97.22% with an RSD of less than 12.88%. The matrix effect was determined after a 4-fold dilution of the raw extract and was -9.8% and -7.2%, respectively. The validated method was used to study the dissipation behavior of the tested analytes in tomato fruit under field conditions. First-order kinetics best described the dissipation rates. The calculated half-lives were 1.49-1.83 and 1.91-2.38 days for spiromesifen and spirodiclofen, respectively, after application of the authorized and doubled authorized doses, indicating that spiromesifen dissipated more rapidly than spirodiclofen. The final residue concentrations of spiromesifen and spirodiclofen were 0.307-0.751 mg/kg and 0.101-0.398 mg/kg, respectively, after two or three applications, and were below the European Union (EU) maximum residue limits. The chronic risk assessment indicates that both insecticides are safe for adult consumers.