[ALFA-1 antitrypsin deficiency, a commonly missed cause of chronic liver disease in theadult: presentation of 9 cases with review of current literature]. / Déficit de Alfa-1 antitripsina, una causa de hepatopatía crónica comúnmente insospechada en el adulto: presentación de 9 casos con revisión de literature.

INTRODUCTION: Alfa 1-antitrypsin deficiency is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases in the human being, sadly it is not a commonly suspected clinical entity. With more than 100 known mutations, those associated with hepatic disease are the Z homocygote allele mutations in the gene a1AT which occur in every 2000-3500 births. Opposing to the pulmonary disease, in which de sequelae are caused by the deficit of this protein which in turn fastens the enzymatic destruction of the airway microstructure, the hepatic compromise is secondary to the intracellular accumulation of the aberrant misfolded protein. This accumulation causes cellular damage, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of a series of mechanisms which culminate in hepatocitary apoptosis, regeneration and chronic cellular injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 9 cases of confirmed a1AT deficiency are presented, from different ages ranging from adolescence through elderly patients. RESULTS: Each of one of them with different clinical presentation going from asymptomatic liver enzyme elevations to transplanted cirrhosis in which the diagnosis was post procedural. CONCLUSION: We comment about the management of the chronic liver disease and the evolution of these patients through time in the liver clinic.

Wilson disease in Costa Rica: Pediatric phenotype and genotype characterization.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of Wilson disease (WD) in Costa Rica is among the highest reported in the world, 4.9:100 000. Previous investigators have also described a burden of autosomal recessive conditions in this country. Genetic testing for WD began in 2010 as a strategy for earlier detection due to the country's high prevalence. Here we describe what we have learned about the genotype and phenotype of the Costa Rican pediatric population with WD. METHODS: We completed a retrospective review of medical records from pediatric individuals (<18 years of age) with molecular testing for ATP7B between 2010 and 2015. We documented phenotype and genotype for cases with WD as defined by the international scoring system. RESULTS: Thirty-four WD cases from 28 families were included, 15 female and 19 male patients. The most frequent pathogenic variant in ATP7B was NM_000053:c.3809A>G, p.Asn1270Ser, with 58.8% of affected individuals homozygous for this variant. Age of diagnosis ranged from 1 to 17 years, with an average of 8.8 ± 3.6 years. All individuals who presented with acute liver failure (n = 6) were homozygous for the p.Asn1270Ser variant (Chi-squared, P < .05). DISCUSSION: Molecular testing has facilitated the detection of presymptomatic patients with WD in Costa Rica. We hope that ongoing efforts in the delivery of clinical services lead to optimized molecular screening for WD and other genetic conditions in Costa Rica.

Caso clínico: Paciente doble heterocigoto para Hemoglobina New York (HB Kaohsiung) y Alfa Talasemia (­α3.7/αα) / Double heterozygous patient for New York Hemoglobin (HB Kaohsiung) and Alpha Thalassemia (­α3.7/αα)

Resumen Se reporta el caso de una paciente adulta, asintomática, sin historial familiar de anemia o enfermedades crónicas, atendida en el Laboratorio Clínico del Área de Salud de Aserrí que acude a control salud por seguimiento a tratamiento de anemia. Se revisa el histórico del expediente médico del propositus, donde se evidencia que el VCM por debajo del límite de referencia normal, hace incurrir al médico tratante en el error de asociar microcitosis con anemia ferropriva. Sin embargo, el Laboratorio Clínico de Aserrí cuenta con un algoritmo de donde se deriva que los índices y la morfología obtenidos en este hemograma son sugestivos de Talasemia, por lo que se envía la muestra al Laboratorio de Estudios Especializados e Investigación del Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera para realizar una electroforesis de hemoglobina. En este análisis se detecta una variante de hemoglobina. A nuestro buen saber, no se ha descrito anteriomente un caso de doble heterocigota como el aquí mencionado, por lo que se reporta el primer caso en Costa Rica de un doble heterocigota hemoglobina New York/-3.7 Alfa Talasemia.

Abstract An asymptomatic adult female, with no previous family history of anemia or chronic diseases, goes to consultation at Aserrí ´s Clínic for anemia follow up. A history review of the medical record shows that MCV is below the lower reference range. This MCV value induces the physician to treat the patient for iron deficiency anemia. Using the algorithm of the Clinical Laboratory in Aserrí, such erythrocytic indices are suggestive of Thalassemia. For these reason a blood sample is sent for hemoglobin electrophoresis and molecular analysis at the specialized hematology laboratory at the National Children´s Hospital. A variant hemoglobin is detected. To our knowledge, this is the first case of compound heterozygous for Hemoglobin New York/-3.7 Alfa Thalassemia in Costa Rica.

Déficit de Alfa-1 antitripsina, una causa de hepatopatía crónica comúnmente insospechada en el adulto: presentación de 9 casos con revisión de literatura / ALFA-1 antitrypsin deficiency, a commonly missed cause of chronic liver disease in the adult: presentation of 9 cases with review of current literature

Introducción: El déficit de alfa-1 Antitripsina (a1AT) es una de las enfermedades genéticas más prevalentes en el ser humano, lastimosamente como entidad clínica tiende a ser pobremente sospechada. Con más de 100 mutaciones conocidas, las que se encuentran asociadas a enfermedad hepática son los homocigotos Z en el alelo del gen a1AT que ocurre en 1 a 2000- 3500 nacimientos. A diferencia de la enfermedad pulmonar donde las secuelas ocurren primordialmente por el déficit propio de la a1AT con destrucción enzimática de la microestructura de la vía aérea, el compromiso hepático ocurre por acúmulo intracelular de la proteína Z mutante, que se desdobla de forma aberrante, en vez de ser secretada. Esta acumulación produce lesión celular, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) por desencadenar una serie de eventos que culminan con la apoptosis hepatocitaria, regeneración e injuria crónica. Materiales y métodos: Se presentan 9 casos de pacientes que se han encontrado bajo nuestro cuidado, con edades variadas desde infantes hasta adultos mayores. Resultados: Cada uno con una presentación clínica distinta que va desde la elevación de enzimas hepáticas y otros como cirrosis que se han trasplantado con diagnóstico confirmatorio postquirúrgico. Conclusión: Se comenta acerca del manejo de la hepatopatía y su progresión a lo largo del tiempo que se han mantenido en la clínica de hígado a nuestro cargo.

Introduction: Alfa 1-antitrypsin deficiency is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases in the human being, sadly it is not a commonly suspected clinical entity. With more than 100 known mutations, those associated with hepatic disease are the Z homocygote allele mutations in the gene a1AT which occur in every 2000-3500 births. Opposing to the pulmonary disease, in which de sequelae are caused by the deficit of this protein which in turn fastens the enzymatic destruction of the airway microstructure, the hepatic compromise is secondary to the intracellular accumulation of the aberrant misfolded protein. This accumulation causes cellular damage, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of a series of mechanisms which culminate in hepatocitary apoptosis, regeneration and chronic cellular injury. Materials and methods: 9 cases of confirmed a1AT deficiency are presented, from different ages ranging from adolescence through elderly patients. Results: Each of one of them with different clinical presentation going from asymptomatic liver enzyme elevations to transplanted cirrhosis in which the diagnosis was post procedural. Conclusion: We comment about the management of the chronic liver disease and the evolution of these patients through time in the liver clinic.