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1.
FASEB J ; 33(8): 9235-9249, 2019 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31145643

ABSTRACT

Cancer cells can switch between signaling pathways to regulate growth under different conditions. In the tumor microenvironment, this likely helps them evade therapies that target specific pathways. We must identify all possible states and utilize them in drug screening programs. One such state is characterized by expression of the transcription factor Hairy and Enhancer of Split 3 (HES3) and sensitivity to HES3 knockdown, and it can be modeled in vitro. Here, we cultured 3 primary human brain cancer cell lines under 3 different culture conditions that maintain low, medium, and high HES3 expression and characterized gene regulation and mechanical phenotype in these states. We assessed gene expression regulation following HES3 knockdown in the HES3-high conditions. We then employed a commonly used human brain tumor cell line to screen Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds that specifically target the HES3-high state. We report that cells from multiple patients behave similarly when placed under distinct culture conditions. We identified 37 FDA-approved compounds that specifically kill cancer cells in the high-HES3-expression conditions. Our work reveals a novel signaling state in cancer, biomarkers, a strategy to identify treatments against it, and a set of putative drugs for potential repurposing.-Poser, S. W., Otto, O., Arps-Forker, C., Ge, Y., Herbig, M., Andree, C., Gruetzmann, K., Adasme, M. F., Stodolak, S., Nikolakopoulou, P., Park, D. M., Mcintyre, A., Lesche, M., Dahl, A., Lennig, P., Bornstein, S. R., Schroeck, E., Klink, B., Leker, R. R., Bickle, M., Chrousos, G. P., Schroeder, M., Cannistraci, C. V., Guck, J., Androutsellis-Theotokis, A. Controlling distinct signaling states in cultured cancer cells provides a new platform for drug discovery.


Subject(s)
Glioblastoma/metabolism , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Discovery , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Glioblastoma/genetics , Humans , RNA Interference , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Signal Transduction/genetics , Signal Transduction/physiology
2.
Stem Cells ; 33(6): 2037-51, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25802118

ABSTRACT

The neural crest-derived adrenal medulla is closely related to the sympathetic nervous system; however, unlike neural tissue, it is characterized by high plasticity which suggests the involvement of stem cells. Here, we show that a defined pool of glia-like nestin-expressing progenitor cells in the adult adrenal medulla contributes to this plasticity. These glia-like cells have features of adrenomedullary sustentacular cells, are multipotent, and are able to differentiate into chromaffin cells and neurons. The adrenal is central to the body's response to stress making its proper adaptation critical to maintaining homeostasis. Our results from stress experiments in vivo show the activation and differentiation of these progenitors into new chromaffin cells. In summary, we demonstrate the involvement of a new glia-like multipotent stem cell population in adrenal tissue adaptation. Our data also suggest the contribution of stem and progenitor cells in the adaptation of neuroendocrine tissue function in general.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Adrenal Medulla/cytology , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Chromaffin Cells/cytology , Multipotent Stem Cells/cytology , Neurons/cytology , Stress, Physiological , Animals , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Neuroglia/cytology
3.
J Biol Chem ; 289(51): 35503-16, 2014 Dec 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25371201

ABSTRACT

The transcription factor Hes3 is a component of a signaling pathway that supports the growth of neural stem cells with profound consequences in neurodegenerative disease models. Here we explored whether Hes3 also regulates pancreatic islet cells. We showed that Hes3 is expressed in human and rodent pancreatic islets. In mouse islets it co-localizes with alpha and beta cell markers. We employed the mouse insulinoma cell line MIN6 to perform in vitro characterization and functional studies in conditions known to modulate Hes3 based upon our previous work using neural stem cell cultures. In these conditions, cells showed elevated Hes3 expression and nuclear localization, grew efficiently, and showed higher evoked insulin release responses, compared with serum-containing conditions. They also exhibited higher expression of the transcription factor Pdx1 and insulin. Furthermore, they were responsive to pharmacological treatments with the GLP-1 analog Exendin-4, which increased nuclear Hes3 localization. We employed a transfection approach to address specific functions of Hes3. Hes3 RNA interference opposed cell growth and affected gene expression as revealed by DNA microarrays. Western blotting and PCR approaches specifically showed that Hes3 RNA interference opposes the expression of Pdx1 and insulin. Hes3 overexpression (using a Hes3-GFP fusion construct) confirmed a role of Hes3 in regulating Pdx1 expression. Hes3 RNA interference reduced evoked insulin release. Mice lacking Hes3 exhibited increased islet damage by streptozotocin. These data suggest roles of Hes3 in pancreatic islet function.


Subject(s)
Cell Proliferation , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Gene Expression , Insulin/metabolism , Islets of Langerhans/metabolism , Transcription Factors/genetics , Adult , Animals , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Nucleus/drug effects , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Exenatide , Gene Expression Profiling , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Insulin/genetics , Insulin Secretion , Insulinoma/genetics , Insulinoma/metabolism , Insulinoma/pathology , Islets of Langerhans/cytology , Islets of Langerhans/drug effects , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Mutant Strains , Mice, Obese , Microscopy, Confocal , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics , Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Peptides/pharmacology , RNA Interference , Repressor Proteins , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trans-Activators/genetics , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Venoms/pharmacology
4.
Hepatology ; 60(4): 1196-210, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24845056

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: The low-grade inflammatory state present in obesity contributes to obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and insulin resistance. Intercellular interactions between immune cells or between immune cells and hepatic parenchymal cells contribute to the exacerbation of liver inflammation and steatosis in obesity. The costimulatory molecules, B7.1 and B7.2, are important regulators of cell-cell interactions in several immune processes; however, the role of B7 costimulation in obesity-related liver inflammation is unknown. Here, diet-induced obesity (DIO) studies in mice with genetic inactivation of both B7.1 and B7.2 (double knockout; DKO) revealed aggravated obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, reduced insulin signalling in the liver and adipose tissue (AT), glucose intolerance, and enhanced progression to steatohepatitis resulting from B7.1/B7.2 double deficiency. The metabolic phenotype of B7.1/B7.2 double deficiency upon DIO was accompanied by increased hepatic and AT inflammation, associated with largely reduced numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in these organs. In order to assess the role of B7 costimulation in DIO in a non-Treg-lacking environment, we performed antibody (Ab)-mediated inhibition of B7 molecules in wild-type mice in DIO. Antibody-blockade of both B7.1 and B7.2 improved the metabolic phenotype of DIO mice, which was linked to amelioration of hepatic steatosis and reduced inflammation in liver and AT. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a dual role of B7 costimulation in the course of obesity-related sequelae, particularly NASH. The genetic inactivation of B7.1/B7.2 deteriorates obesity-related liver steatosis and metabolic dysregulation, likely a result of the intrinsic absence of Tregs in these mice, rendering DKO mice a novel murine model of NASH. In contrast, inhibition of B7 costimulation under conditions where Tregs are present may provide a novel therapeutic approach for obesity-related metabolic dysregulation and, especially, NASH.


Subject(s)
B7 Antigens/physiology , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/physiopathology , Obesity/physiopathology , Animals , B7 Antigens/deficiency , B7 Antigens/genetics , Cell Communication/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Liver/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Phenotype , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
5.
Nature ; 442(7104): 823-6, 2006 Aug 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16799564

ABSTRACT

The hope of developing new transplantation therapies for degenerative diseases is limited by inefficient stem cell growth and immunological incompatibility with the host. Here we show that Notch receptor activation induces the expression of the specific target genes hairy and enhancer of split 3 (Hes3) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) through rapid activation of cytoplasmic signals, including the serine/threonine kinase Akt, the transcription factor STAT3 and mammalian target of rapamycin, and thereby promotes the survival of neural stem cells. In both murine somatic and human embryonic stem cells, these positive signals are opposed by a control mechanism that involves the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Transient administration of Notch ligands to the brain of adult rats increases the numbers of newly generated precursor cells and improves motor skills after ischaemic injury. These data indicate that stem cell expansion in vitro and in vivo, two central goals of regenerative medicine, may be achieved by Notch ligands through a pathway that is fundamental to development and cancer.


Subject(s)
Receptors, Notch/metabolism , Second Messenger Systems , Stem Cells/cytology , Stem Cells/metabolism , Animals , Brain/cytology , Brain/drug effects , Brain/pathology , Brain/physiopathology , Cell Count , Cell Differentiation , Cell Division , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Embryo, Mammalian/cytology , Humans , Ligands , Mice , Phosphorylation , Protein Kinases/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Rats , Regenerative Medicine , STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
6.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 106(32): 13570-5, 2009 Aug 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19628689

ABSTRACT

In Parkinson's disease, multiple cell types in many brain regions are afflicted. As a consequence, a therapeutic strategy that activates a general neuroprotective response may be valuable. We have previously shown that Notch ligands support neural precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Here we show that neural precursors express the angiopoietin receptor Tie2 and that injections of angiopoietin2 activate precursors in the adult brain. Signaling downstream of Tie2 and the Notch receptor regulate blood vessel formation. In the adult brain, angiopoietin2 and the Notch ligand Dll4 activate neural precursors with opposing effects on the density of blood vessels. A model of Parkinson's disease was used to show that angiopoietin2 and Dll4 rescue injured dopamine neurons with motor behavioral improvement. A combination of growth factors with little impact on the vasculature retains the ability to stimulate neural precursors and protect dopamine neurons. The cellular and pharmacological basis of the neuroprotective effects achieved by these single treatments merits further analysis.


Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Dopamine/metabolism , Neurons/pathology , Stem Cells/cytology , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Blood Vessels/drug effects , Blood Vessels/metabolism , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Cell Death/drug effects , Cytoprotection/drug effects , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism , Stem Cells/drug effects , Stem Cells/metabolism
7.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 105(39): 14891-6, 2008 Sep 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18809919

ABSTRACT

A fundamental issue in stem cell biology is whether adult somatic stem cells are capable of accessing alternate tissue sites and continue functioning as stem cells in the new microenvironment. To address this issue relative to neurogenic stem cells in the mouse mammary gland microenvironment, we mixed wild-type mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with bona fide neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from WAP-Cre/Rosa26R mice and inoculated them into cleared fat pads of immunocompromised females. Hosts were bred 6-8 weeks later and examined postinvolution. This allowed for mammary tissue growth, transient activation of the WAP-Cre gene, recombination, and constitutive expression of LacZ. The NSCs and their progeny contributed to mammary epithelial growth during ductal morphogenesis, and the Rosa26-LacZ reporter gene was activated by WAP-Cre expression during pregnancy. Some NSC-derived LacZ(+) cells expressed mammary-specific functions, including milk protein synthesis, whereas others adopted myoepithelial cell fates. Thus, NSCs and their progeny enter mammary epithelium-specific niches and adopt the function of similarly endowed mammary cells. This result supports the conclusion that tissue-specific signals emanating from the stroma and from the differentiated somatic cells of the mouse mammary gland can redirect the NSCs to produce cellular progeny committed to MEC fates.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development , Multipotent Stem Cells/cytology , Neurons/cytology , Animals , Cell Cycle , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Female , Genes, Reporter , Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Milk Proteins/genetics , Morphogenesis , Pregnancy , Proteins/genetics , RNA, Untranslated , Stem Cell Transplantation , beta-Galactosidase/genetics
8.
Methods Mol Biol ; 438: 31-8, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18369747

ABSTRACT

Recent work shows that major developmental and clinical processes such as central nervous system regeneration and carcinogenesis involve stem cells (SCs) in the brain. In spite of this importance, the requirements of these SCs and their differentiated offspring (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) for survival and proper function are little understood. In vivo, the SCs themselves interact with their environment. This "SC niche" may be complex because it likely includes cells of the vascular and immune systems. The ability to maintain (1) and differentiate (1 -4) central nervous system (CNS) SCs in tissue culture where they can be pharmacologically or genetically (5) manipulated provides a powerful starting point for understanding their behavior. We present detailed information on the methods that permit CNS SCs to differentiate into functional neurons in tissue culture. Important aspects of the culture systems include (1) homogeneity, so that the input and output of a manipulation is known to involve the SC itself; (2) growth in monolayer to visualize and study individual SCs and their offspring; and (3) the use of fully defined culture components to exclude unknown factors from the culture. These conditions support the differentiation of functional, electrically active neurons. These methods allow cell growth and differentiation from normal adult and diseased tissue derived from both animal models and clinical samples. Ultimate validation of such a system comes from accurate prediction of in vivo effects, and the methods we present for CNS SC culture have also successfully predicted regenerative responses in the injured adult nervous system.


Subject(s)
Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Cell Differentiation , Neurons/cytology , Stem Cells/cytology , Animals , Cell Survival , Cryopreservation , Dissection , Immunohistochemistry , Mice , Rats
9.
PLoS One ; 13(3): e0194643, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29596439

ABSTRACT

Encapsulation of primary bovine adrenocortical cells in alginate is an efficacious model of a bioartificial adrenal cortex. Such a bioartificial adrenal cortex can be used for the restoration of lost adrenal function in vivo as well as for in vitro modeling of the adrenal microenvironment and for investigation of cell-cell interactions in the adrenals. The aim of this work was the optimization of a bioartificial adrenal cortex, that is the generation of a highly productive, self-regenerating, long-term functioning and immune tolerant bioartificial organ. To achieve this, it is necessary that adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells are present in the bioartificial gland, as these undifferentiated cells play important roles in the function of the mature gland. Here, we verified the presence of adrenocortical progenitors in cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells, studied the dynamics of their appearance and growth and determined the optimal time point for cell encapsulation. These procedures increased the functional life span and reduced the immunogenicity of the bioartificial adrenal cortex. This model allows the use of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist triptorelin, the neuropeptide bombesin, and retinoic acid to alter cell number and the release of cortisol over long periods of time.


Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex/cytology , Artificial Organs , Gene Expression Regulation , Stem Cells/metabolism , Adrenal Cortex/physiology , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology , Animals , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cattle , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Stem Cells/cytology , Stem Cells/drug effects , Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics , Time Factors
10.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 11335, 2018 07 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30054579

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by prolonged high levels of circulating blood glucose. Type 1 diabetes is caused by decreased insulin production in the pancreas whereas type 2 diabetes may develop due to obesity and lack of exercise; it begins with insulin resistance whereby cells fail to respond properly to insulin and it may also progress to decreased insulin levels. The brain is an important target for insulin, and there is great interest in understanding how diabetes affects the brain. In addition to the direct effects of insulin on the brain, diabetes may also impact the brain through modulation of the inflammatory system. Here we investigate how perturbation of circulating insulin levels affects the expression of Hes3, a transcription factor expressed in neural stem and progenitor cells that is involved in tissue regeneration. Our data show that streptozotocin-induced ß-cell damage, high fat diet, as well as metformin, a common type 2 diabetes medication, regulate Hes3 levels in the brain. This work suggests that Hes3 is a valuable biomarker helping to monitor the state of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells in the context of diabetes mellitus.


Subject(s)
Aging/metabolism , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat , Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism , Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology , Metformin/administration & dosage , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Streptozocin/toxicity , Animals , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/deficiency , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Phenotype , Repressor Proteins
11.
Stroke ; 38(1): 153-61, 2007 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17122419

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Because fibroblast growth factor 2 is a mitogen for central nervous system stem cells, we explored whether long-term fibroblast growth factor 2 delivery to the brain can improve functional outcome and induce cortical neurogenesis after ischemia. METHODS: Rats underwent permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion resulting in an ischemic injury limited to the cortex. We used an adeno-associated virus transfection system to induce long-term fibroblast growth factor 2 expression and monitored behavioral and histological changes. RESULTS: Treatment increased the number of proliferating cells and improved motor behavior. Neurogenesis continued throughout 90 days after the ischemia, and the occurrence of newly generated cells with characteristics of neural precursors and immature neurons was most evident 90 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Focal cortical ischemia elicits an ongoing neurogenic response that can be enhanced with fibroblast growth factor 2 leading to improved functional outcome.


Subject(s)
Brain Infarction/therapy , Brain Ischemia/therapy , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics , Genetic Therapy/methods , Nerve Regeneration/genetics , Animals , Biomarkers/metabolism , Brain Infarction/genetics , Brain Infarction/physiopathology , Brain Ischemia/genetics , Brain Ischemia/physiopathology , Bromodeoxyuridine , Cell Proliferation , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Cerebral Cortex/virology , Dependovirus/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology , Nerve Regeneration/physiology , Neuronal Plasticity/genetics , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Recovery of Function/genetics , Stem Cells/cytology , Stem Cells/metabolism , Transfection/methods , Treatment Outcome
12.
Mol Cell Endocrinol ; 441: 156-163, 2017 02 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27637345

ABSTRACT

The adrenal gland is a highly plastic organ with the capacity to adapt the body homeostasis to different physiological needs. The existence of stem-like cells in the adrenal cortex has been revealed in many studies. Recently, we identified and characterized in mice a pool of glia-like multipotent Nestin-expressing progenitor cells, which contributes to the plasticity of the adrenal medulla. In addition, we found that these Nestin progenitors are actively involved in the stress response by giving rise to chromaffin cells. Interestingly, we also observed a Nestin-GFP-positive cell population located under the adrenal capsule and scattered through the cortex. In this article, we discuss the possibility of a common progenitor giving rise to subpopulations of cells both in the adrenal cortex and medulla, the isolation and characterization of this progenitor as well as its clinical potential in transplantation therapies and in pathophysiology.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Adrenal Cortex/cytology , Chromaffin Cells/cytology , Stem Cells/cytology , Stress, Physiological , Animals , Humans , Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy
13.
Oncotarget ; 8(20): 33316-33328, 2017 May 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28410196

ABSTRACT

EGFR pathway is upregulated in malignant gliomas, and its downstream signaling is important for self-renewal of glioma cancer stem-like cells (GSC). p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, a stress-activated signaling cascade with suppressive and permissive effects on tumorigenesis, can promote internalization and ubiquitin ligase mediated degradation of EGFR. In this study, we investigated the role of p38 MAPK signaling on the self-renewal of GSCs with the hypothesis that inhibition may lead to enhanced self-renewal capacity by retention of EGFR. Inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway led to increase in EGFR expression but surprisingly, reduced proliferation. Additional functional evaluation revealed that p38 inhibition was associated with decrease in cell death and maintenance of undifferentiated state. Further probing the effect of p38 inhibition demonstrated attenuation of EGFR downstream signaling activity in spite of prolonged surface expression of the receptor. In vitro observations were confirmed in xenograft in vivo experiments. These data suggest that p38 MAPK control of EGFR signaling activity may alter GSC cell cycle state by regulating quiescence and passage into transit amplifying state.


Subject(s)
ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Glioma/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism , Resting Phase, Cell Cycle , Signal Transduction , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Apoptosis , Cell Differentiation , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Cell Self Renewal , ErbB Receptors/genetics , Gene Expression , Glioma/genetics , Glioma/pathology , Humans , Ligands , Phosphorylation , Protein Binding , Protein Transport
14.
Acta Biomater ; 58: 12-25, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28576716

ABSTRACT

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis in several cancer types, making their eradication a primary objective in cancer therapy. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) tumors are usually composed of a highly infiltrating CSC subpopulation, which has Nestin as a putative marker. Since the majority of these infiltrating cells are able to elude conventional therapies, we have developed gold nanorods (AuNRs) functionalized with an engineered peptide capable of specific recognition and selective eradication of Nestin positive infiltrating GBM-CSCs. These AuNRs generate heat when irradiated by a near-infrared laser, and cause localized cell damage. Nanoparticle internalization assays performed with GBM-CSCs or Nestin negative cells cultured as two-dimensional (2D) monolayers or embedded in three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable-hydrogels of tunable mechanical properties, revealed that the AuNRs were mainly internalized by GBM-CSCs, and not by Nestin negative cells. The AuNRs were taken up via energy-dependent and caveolae-mediated endocytic mechanisms, and were localized inside endosomes. Photothermal treatments resulted in the selective elimination of GBM-CSCs through cell apoptosis, while Nestin negative cells remained viable. Results also indicated that GBM-CSCs embedded in hydrogels were more resistant to AuNR photothermal treatments than when cultured as 2D monolayers. In summary, the combination of our engineered AuNRs with our tunable hydrogel system has shown the potential to provide an in vitro platform for the evaluation and screening of AuNR-based cancer therapeutics, leading to a substantial advancement in the application of AuNRs for targeted GBM-CSC therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is an urgent need for reliable and efficient therapies for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which is currently an untreatable brain tumor form with a very poor patient survival rate. GBM tumors are mostly comprised of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for tumor reoccurrence and therapy resistance. We have developed gold nanorods functionalized with an engineered peptide capable of selective recognition and eradication of GBM-CSCs via heat generation by nanorods upon NIR irradiation. An in vitro evaluation of nanorod therapeutic activities was performed in 3D synthetic-biodegradable hydrogel models with distinct biomechanical cues, and compared to 2D cultures. Results indicated that cells cultured in 3D were more resistant to photothermolysis than in 2D systems.


Subject(s)
Doxorubicin , Drug Delivery Systems , Glioblastoma , Gold , Hydrogels/chemistry , Nanotubes/chemistry , Peptides , Cell Line, Tumor , Doxorubicin/chemistry , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , Glioblastoma/metabolism , Glioblastoma/pathology , Gold/chemistry , Gold/pharmacology , Humans , Peptides/chemistry , Peptides/pharmacology
15.
Sci Rep ; 7: 43946, 2017 03 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28287094

ABSTRACT

Omic science is rapidly growing and one of the most employed techniques to explore differential patterns in omic datasets is principal component analysis (PCA). However, a method to enlighten the network of omic features that mostly contribute to the sample separation obtained by PCA is missing. An alternative is to build correlation networks between univariately-selected significant omic features, but this neglects the multivariate unsupervised feature compression responsible for the PCA sample segregation. Biologists and medical researchers often prefer effective methods that offer an immediate interpretation to complicated algorithms that in principle promise an improvement but in practice are difficult to be applied and interpreted. Here we present PC-corr: a simple algorithm that associates to any PCA segregation a discriminative network of features. Such network can be inspected in search of functional modules useful in the definition of combinatorial and multiscale biomarkers from multifaceted omic data in systems and precision biomedicine. We offer proofs of PC-corr efficacy on lipidomic, metagenomic, developmental genomic, population genetic, cancer promoteromic and cancer stem-cell mechanomic data. Finally, PC-corr is a general functional network inference approach that can be easily adopted for big data exploration in computer science and analysis of complex systems in physics.

16.
Diabetes ; 65(2): 314-30, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26798118

ABSTRACT

Loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet ß-cells is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes. Several experimental paradigms demonstrate that these cells can, in principle, be regenerated from multiple endogenous sources using signaling pathways that are also used during pancreas development. A thorough understanding of these pathways will provide improved opportunities for therapeutic intervention. It is now appreciated that signaling pathways should not be seen as "on" or "off" but that the degree of activity may result in wildly different cellular outcomes. In addition to the degree of operation of a signaling pathway, noncanonical branches also play important roles. Thus, a pathway, once considered as "off" or "low" may actually be highly operational but may be using noncanonical branches. Such branches are only now revealing themselves as new tools to assay them are being generated. A formidable source of noncanonical signal transduction concepts is neural stem cells because these cells appear to have acquired unusual signaling interpretations to allow them to maintain their unique dual properties (self-renewal and multipotency). We discuss how such findings from the neural field can provide a blueprint for the identification of new molecular mechanisms regulating pancreatic biology, with a focus on Notch, Hes/Hey, and hedgehog pathways.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Neural Stem Cells/physiology , Pancreas/physiology , Regeneration/physiology , Animals , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Hedgehog Proteins/physiology , Humans , Mice , Mice, Nude , Organogenesis/physiology , Pancreas/embryology , Signal Transduction/physiology
17.
Brain Res ; 1642: 124-130, 2016 07 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27018293

ABSTRACT

Hes3 is a component of the STAT3-Ser/Hes3 Signaling Axis controlling the growth and survival of neural stem cells and other plastic cells. Pharmacological activation of this pathway promotes neuronal rescue and behavioral recovery in models of ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease. Here we provide initial observations implicating Hes3 in the cuprizone model of demyelination and remyelination. We focus on the subpial motor cortex of mice because we detected high Hes3 expression. This area is of interest as it is impacted both in human demyelinating diseases and in the cuprizone model. We report that Hes3 expression is reduced at peak demyelination and is partially restored within 1 week after cuprizone withdrawal. This raises the possibility of Hes3 involvement in demyelination/remyelination that may warrant additional research. Supporting a possible role of Hes3 in the maintenance of oligodendrocyte markers, a Hes3 null mouse strain shows lower levels of myelin basic protein in undamaged adult mice, compared to wild-type controls. We also present a novel method for culturing the established oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line oli-neu in a manner that maintains Hes3 expression as well as its self-renewal and differentiation potential, offering an experimental tool to study Hes3. Based upon this approach, we identify a Janus kinase inhibitor and dbcAMP as powerful inducers of Hes3 gene expression. We provide a new biomarker and cell culture method that may be of interest in demyelination/remyelination research.


Subject(s)
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics , Demyelinating Diseases/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation , Motor Cortex/metabolism , Myelin Sheath/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Animals , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , Cell Culture Techniques , Culture Media, Conditioned , Cuprizone , Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced , Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Myelin Sheath/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Repressor Proteins
18.
J Neurosci ; 22(19): 8370-8, 2002 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12351711

ABSTRACT

The intracellular topology of serotonin transporter (SERT) was examined using mutants containing single cysteine residues in the predicted cytoplasmic domain of the protein. Cysteine residues in each predicted cytoplasmic domain, including the NH2 and COOH termini and the five predicted internal loops, reacted with methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents only when the plasma membrane was permeabilized with digitonin or in membrane preparations but not in intact cells. The reaction was monitored by inactivation of high-affinity binding activity and by incorporation of biotin groups into the protein. Of the seven endogenous cysteine residues predicted to lie in the cytoplasmic domain, modification of only Cys-357 in the third internal loop (IL3) led to loss of activity. Cys-15 in the NH2 terminus and Cys-622 in the COOH terminus also reacted with MTS reagents. Modification of cysteine residues inserted at positions 137 in IL1, 277 in IL2, and 441 in IL4 also led to inactivation, and at positions 157 in IL1 and 532 in IL5, cysteine was modified without an effect on binding activity. These results are in agreement with the originally proposed topology for SERT and argue against an alternative topology proposed for the closely related GABA and glycine transporters. The reactivity of many of the cytoplasmic cysteine residues studied was influenced by ion and ligand binding, suggesting that the internal domains of SERT participate in conformational changes during neurotransmitter transport.


Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Ethyl Methanesulfonate/analogs & derivatives , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Membrane Transport Proteins , Nerve Tissue Proteins , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Binding, Competitive/drug effects , Carrier Proteins/drug effects , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Cell Membrane/chemistry , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/pharmacokinetics , Cysteine/chemistry , Cysteine/metabolism , Ethyl Methanesulfonate/chemistry , HeLa Cells , Humans , Ions/metabolism , Ligands , Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Mesylates/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Protein Conformation , Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects , Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology , Rats , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfhydryl Reagents/chemistry , Transfection
19.
Stem Cells Transl Med ; 4(11): 1251-7, 2015 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26371344

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: Interest is great in the new molecular concepts that explain, at the level of signal transduction, the process of reprogramming. Usually, transcription factors with developmental importance are used, but these approaches give limited information on the signaling networks involved, which could reveal new therapeutic opportunities. Recent findings involving reprogramming by genetic means and soluble factors with well-studied downstream signaling mechanisms, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and hairy and enhancer of split 3 (Hes3), shed new light into the molecular mechanisms that might be involved. We examine the appropriateness of common culture systems and their ability to reveal unusual (noncanonical) signal transduction pathways that actually operate in vivo. We then discuss such novel pathways and their importance in various plastic cell types, culminating in their emerging roles in reprogramming mechanisms. We also discuss a number of reprogramming paradigms (mouse induced pluripotent stem cells, direct conversion to neural stem cells, and in vivo conversion of acinar cells to ß-like cells). Specifically for acinar-to-ß-cell reprogramming paradigms, we discuss the common view of the underlying mechanism (involving the Janus kinase-STAT pathway that leads to STAT3-tyrosine phosphorylation) and present alternative interpretations that implicate STAT3-serine phosphorylation alone or serine and tyrosine phosphorylation occurring in sequential order. The implications for drug design and therapy are important given that different phosphorylation sites on STAT3 intercept different signaling pathways. We introduce a new molecular perspective in the field of reprogramming with broad implications in basic, biotechnological, and translational research. SIGNIFICANCE: Reprogramming is a powerful approach to change cell identity, with implications in both basic and applied biology. Most efforts involve the forced expression of key transcription factors, but recently, success has been reported with manipulating signal transduction pathways that might intercept them. It is important to start connecting the function of the classic reprogramming genes to signaling pathways that also mediate reprogramming, unifying the sciences of signal transduction, stem cell biology, and epigenetics. Neural stem cell studies have revealed the operation of noncanonical signaling pathways that are now appreciated to also operate during reprogramming, offering new mechanistic explanations.


Subject(s)
Cellular Reprogramming , DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis , Neural Stem Cells/metabolism , STAT3 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis , Signal Transduction , Transcription Factors/biosynthesis , Animals , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Humans , Neural Stem Cells/cytology , Repressor Proteins , STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics
20.
Mol Cell Endocrinol ; 408: 178-84, 2015 Jun 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25575455

ABSTRACT

The adrenal is a highly plastic organ with the ability to adjust to physiological needs by adapting hormone production but also by generating and regenerating both adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tissue. It is now apparent that many adult tissues maintain stem and progenitor cells that contribute to their maintenance and adaptation. Research from the last years has proven the existence of stem and progenitor cells also in the adult adrenal medulla throughout life. These cells maintain some neural crest properties and have the potential to differentiate to the endocrine and neural lineages. In this article, we discuss the evidence for the existence of adrenomedullary multi potent progenitor cells, their isolation and characterization, their differentiation potential as well as their clinical potential in transplantation therapies but also in pathophysiology.


Subject(s)
Adrenal Medulla/cytology , Cell Separation/methods , Multipotent Stem Cells/cytology , Adrenal Medulla/transplantation , Animals , Carcinogenesis/pathology , Humans , Models, Biological , Stem Cell Transplantation
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