Economic costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis and cost-effectiveness of vaccination in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. We evaluated the economic burden of rotavirus and the cost-effectiveness of vaccination from the health care perspective. METHODS: Estimates were based on existing epidemiological data, cost estimates, vaccine coverage, and efficacy data, as well as hypothetical vaccine prices. Outcome measures included health care and societal costs of rotavirus and benefits and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of vaccination. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of estimate uncertainty. RESULTS: Treatment costs increased with income level, and health burden decreased; however, burden varied across regions. On the basis of current vaccination coverage and timing, rotavirus vaccination would annually prevent 228,000 deaths, 13.7 million hospital visits, and 8.7 million disability-adjusted life-years, saving $188 million in treatment costs and $243 million in societal costs. At $5 per dose, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income countries was $88, $291, and $329 per disability-adjusted life-year averted, respectively, and $3,015, $9,951 and $11,296 per life saved, respectively. Vaccination would prevent approximately 45% of deaths and approximately 58% of associated medical visits and costs. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the health and economic burden of rotavirus. The cost-effectiveness of vaccination depends mostly on vaccine price and reaching children at highest risk of mortality.

Cost-benefit analysis of a rotavirus immunization program in the Arab Republic of Egypt.

BACKGROUND: The availability of rotavirus vaccines makes the implementation of a national immunization program an important decision requiring economic considerations. METHODS: A cost-benefit analysis of a national rotavirus immunization program in Egypt, from the perspective of the Ministry of Health and Population, and a cost-effectiveness analysis, from a societal perspective, were conducted. RESULTS: For a birth cohort of 1.9 million children, a vaccination program was estimated to prevent 1,140,496 episodes of diarrhea, 438,395 outpatient visits, and 47,508 hospitalizations and to save 2873 lives, resulting in direct Ministry of Health and Population medical savings of $2,481,792 (14,369,578 Egyptian pounds [LE]). On the basis of a $9.18 (53 LE) single-dose cost, rotavirus vaccine introduction would cost the Ministry of Health and Population $34,203,445.87 (198,037,951.56 LE) in health expenditures. This equates to an incremental cost of $30.22 (174.95 LE) per infection prevented. Vaccination would prevent the loss of 94,993 disability-adjusted life-years, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $363 per disability-adjusted life-year. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of rotavirus vaccine to the national immunization program was not found to be cost saving based strictly from the Ministry of Health and Population perspective; however, the potential benefits of long-term health and economic gains from reduced mortality and morbidity, decreased direct costs of care for families, and indirect societal costs should be considered in such decisions.

Economic impact of a rotavirus vaccine in Brazil.

The study was done to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus vaccination programme in Brazilian children from the healthcare system perspective. A hypothetical annual birth-cohort was followed for a five-year period. Published and national administrative data were incorporated into a model to quantify the consequences of vaccination versus no vaccination. Main outcome measures included the reduction in disease burden, lives saved, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. A rotavirus vaccination programme in Brazil would prevent an estimated 1,804 deaths associated with gastroenteritis due to rotavirus, 91,127 hospitalizations, and 550,198 outpatient visits. Vaccination is likely to reduce 76% of the overall healthcare burden of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in Brazil. At a vaccine price of US$ 7-8 per dose, the cost-effectiveness ratio would be US$ 643 per DALY averted. Rotavirus vaccination can reduce the burden of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus at a reasonable cost-effectiveness ratio.

Economic impact of a rotavirus vaccination program in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost and benefits of a national rotavirus childhood vaccination program in Mexico. METHODS: A decision-analysis model was designed to take the Mexican health care system's perspective on a comparison of two alternatives: to vaccinate against rotavirus or not. Using published, national data, estimations were calculated for the rotavirus illnesses, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) that would be averted and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (US$/DALY) of a hypothetical annual birth cohort of 2 285 000 children, with certain assumptions made for cost, coverage, and efficacy rates. RESULTS: With 93% coverage and a vaccine price of US$ 16 per course (2 doses), a rotavirus vaccination program in Mexico would prevent an estimated 651 deaths (or 0.28 deaths per 1 000 children); 13 833 hospitalizations (6.05 hospitalizations per 1 000 children); and 414 927 outpatient visits (182 outpatient visits per 1 000 children) for rotavirus-related acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Vaccination is likely to reduce the economic burden of rotavirus AGE in Mexico by averting US$ 14 million (71% of the overall health care burden). At a vaccine price of US$ 16 per course, the cost-effectiveness ratio would be US$ 1 139 per DALY averted. A reduction in the price of the rotavirus vaccination program (US$ 8 per course) would yield a lower incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$ 303 per DALY averted. CONCLUSIONS: A national rotavirus vaccination program in Mexico is projected to reduce childhood incidence and mortality and to be highly cost-effective based on the World Health Organization's thresholds for cost-effective interventions.

Economic and health burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis for the 2003 birth cohort in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the health and economic burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in hospital and outpatient settings in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). METHODS: An economic model was constructed using epidemiological data from published articles, national health administration studies, and country-specific cost estimates. For each of the eight countries, the model estimated the rotavirus outcomes for the 2003 birth cohort during the first five years of life. The main outcome measures included health care costs, transportation costs, lost wages, and disease burden expressed in disability-adjusted life years. Estimates were expressed in 2003 US dollars. All future costs and disability-adjusted life year estimates were discounted at a rate of 3%. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of specific variables on the medical cost of treating rotavirus. RESULTS: For every 1,000 children born during 2003 in the eight Latin American and Caribbean countries studied here, we estimated that rotavirus gastroenteritis would result in an average of 246 outpatient visits, 24 hospitalizations, 0.6 deaths, and 7,971 US dollars in direct medical costs during their first five years of life. The incidence of rotavirus-associated outpatient visits and the cost of outpatient visits were predicted to have the largest impact on the total medical cost per child. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is likely to result in substantial disease and economic burden to health systems in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and the foreseeable burden should be an important consideration in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of vaccination.

Potential cost-effectiveness of vaccination for rotavirus gastroenteritis in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the costs, benefits and cost-effectiveness of vaccination for rotavirus gastroenteritis in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. METHODS: An economic model was constructed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of vaccination from the health care system perspective, using national administrative and published epidemiological evidence, country-specific cost estimates, and vaccine efficacy data. The model was applied to the first five years of life for the 2003 birth cohort in each country. The main health outcome was the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), and the main summary measure was the incremental cost per DALY averted. A 3% discount rate was used for all predicted costs and benefits. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of uncertainty regarding key variables on cost-effectiveness estimates. RESULTS: According to the estimates obtained with the economic model, vaccination would prevent more than 65% of the medical visits, deaths, and treatment costs associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis in the eight countries analyzed here. At a cost of US$ 24 per course (for a two-dose vaccine), the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranged from 269 US dollars/DALY in Honduras to 10,656 US dollars/DALY in Chile. Cost-effectiveness ratios were sensitive to assumptions about vaccine price, mortality, and vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination would effectively reduce the disease burden and health care costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the Latin American and Caribbean countries analyzed here. From the health care system perspective, universal vaccination of infants is predicted to be cost-effective, based on current standards.

[Potential cost effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine in Chile]. / Evaluaciónde costo-efectividad de la vacuna anti-rotavirus en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Cost effectiveness studies are essential to assess the real value of interventions with preventive or therapeutic objectives. AIM: To assess the theoretical cost-effectiveness of a vaccine against rotavirus in Chilean children of less than five years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An economic model was developed based on information on disease incidence, health care costs associated with treatment and the effectiveness and costs of vaccination. Net disease and vaccination costs were estimated from the health system perspective and were compared with life years and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) gained using a 3% discount rate. Local administrative and accounting hospital data and vaccine efficacy data were used to estimate healthcare costs and cost-effectiveness of vaccination. RESULTS: A rotavirus vaccination program would prevent 10 deaths due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, 6,245 related hospitalizations and 41,962 outpatient visits during the first five years of life, per vaccinated cohort. For every 1,000 children born, the healthcare service spends US$15,077 on treatment of gastroenteritis. From the healthcare perspective, vaccination would yield a cost-effectiveness ratio of US$11,261 per DALY when the price of the vaccine is US$24 per course. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus vaccine can effectively reduce the disease burden and healthcare costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis and can be a cost-effective investment compared to other options.

[Assessment of the economic impact of the antiretroviral vaccine in Venezuela]. / Evaluación del impacto económico de la vacuna antirrotavírica en Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost of medical care for rotavirus gastroenteritis and the cost-effectiveness of the antiretroviral vaccine in Venezuelan children under five. METHODS: We used an economic model that comprises epidemiologic information, vaccine efficacy, and the cost of medical care in connection with rotavirus gastroenteritis, viewed from a social perspective. In order to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine, we estimated the number of hospitalized cases, of medical visits, and of deaths averted after vaccination. The cost-effectiveness of the vaccine was determined on the basis of the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cases averted. RESULTS: In Venezuela, health services spend approximately 4.2 million US$ yearly on covering the costs of medical care for rotavirus-related disease. In a vaccinated cohort, an antiretroviral vaccination program would prevent around 52% (186) of the deaths, 54% (7,232) of the hospitalizations, and 50% (55,168) of the ambulatory visits that take place during the first five years of life. For an estimated cost of approximately 24 US$ per individual vaccination schedule, the cost-effectiveness ratio obtained is 1,352 US$ per DALY. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that antiretroviral vaccination is a cost-effective strategy for preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis in Venezuela, since it can prevent deaths and DALYs in the population under five years of age.

Projected cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination for children in Asia.

BACKGROUND: New rotavirus vaccines may soon be licensed, and decisions regarding implementation of their use will likely be based on the health and economic benefits of vaccination. METHODS: We estimated the benefits and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Asia by using published estimates of rotavirus disease incidence, health care expenditures, vaccine coverage rates, and vaccine efficacy. RESULTS: Without a rotavirus vaccination program, it is estimated that 171,000 Asian children will die of rotavirus diarrhea, 1.9 million will be hospitalized, and 13.5 million will require an outpatient visit by the time the Asian birth cohort reaches 5 years of age. The medical costs associated with these events are approximately 191 million US dollars; however, the total burden would be higher with the inclusion of such societal costs as lost productivity. A universal rotavirus vaccination program could avert approximately 109,000 deaths, 1.4 million hospitalizations, and 7.7 million outpatient visits among these children. CONCLUSIONS: A rotavirus vaccine could be cost-effective, depending on the income level of the country, the price of the vaccine, and the cost-effectiveness standard that is used. Decisions regarding implementation of vaccine use should be based not only on whether the intervention provides a cost savings but, also, on the value of preventing rotavirus disease-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with a low income level (according to 2004 World Bank criteria for the classification of countries into income groups on the basis of per capita gross national income) where the disease burden is great.

Health care costs of diarrheal disease and estimates of the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus disease causes a significant health and economic burden worldwide. Several rotavirus vaccines may soon be available for use. A country's decision to introduce these vaccines will depend on its rotavirus disease burden, on the cost of the vaccine, and on the results of an economic assessment of the cost and effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccination program. METHODS: Data on medical and nonmedical direct costs and indirect costs were established in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, and extrapolated to national estimates on the basis of the birth cohort in 2004. The main outcome measures were economic burden and cost-effectiveness ratio (United States dollars per disability-adjusted life-year averted and dollars per life saved) of vaccination. RESULTS: The disease burden is equivalent to an economic burden of an estimated 3.1 million US dollars in medical direct costs, 685,000 US dollars in nonmedical direct costs, and 1.5 million US dollars in indirect costs. From a societal perspective, treatment of rotavirus disease costs an estimated 5.3 million US dollars per year. From the health care system perspective, universal vaccination of infants at a cost of < or = 7.26 US dollars/vaccine dose would be a cost-effective public health intervention, according to the World Bank cost-effectiveness standard for low-income countries (140 US dollars/disability-adjusted life-year). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination can effectively reduce the disease burden and health care costs of rotavirus-specific diarrhea in Vietnam.

Economic impact of a rotavirus vaccination program in Mexico / Impacto económico de un programa de vacunación contra rotavirus en México

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost and benefits of a national rotavirus childhood vaccination program in Mexico. METHODS: A decision-analysis model was designed to take the Mexican health care system's perspective on a comparison of two alternatives: to vaccinate against rotavirus or not. Using published, national data, estimations were calculated for the rotavirus illnesses, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) that would be averted and the incremental costeffectiveness ratios (US$/DALY) of a hypothetical annual birth cohort of 2 285 000 children, with certain assumptions made for cost, coverage, and efficacy rates. RESULTS: With 93 percent coverage and a vaccine price of US$ 16 per course (2 doses), a rotavirus vaccination program in Mexico would prevent an estimated 651 deaths (or 0.28 deaths per 1 000 children); 13 833 hospitalizations (6.05 hospitalizations per 1 000 children); and 414 927 outpatient visits (182 outpatient visits per 1 000 children) for rotavirus-related acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Vaccination is likely to reduce the economic burden of rotavirus AGE in Mexico by averting US$ 14 million (71 percent of the overall health care burden). At a vaccine price of US$ 16 per course, the cost-effectiveness ratio would be US$ 1 139 per DALY averted. A reduction in the price of the rotavirus vaccination program (US$ 8 per course) would yield a lower incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$ 303 per DALY averted. CONCLUSIONS: A national rotavirus vaccination program in Mexico is projected to reduce childhood incidence and mortality and to be highly cost-effective based on the World Health Organization's thresholds for cost-effective interventions.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el costo y los beneficios de un programa nacional de vacunación infantil contra el rotavirus en México. MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un modelo de análisis de decisión, desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud mexicano, para comparar dos alternativas: vacunar contra el rotavirus o no vacunar. A partir de datos nacionales publicados se estimó el número de casos y muertes por rotavirus, los años de vida ajustados por la discapacidad (AVAD) que se evitarían y la relación costo-efectividad incremental (US$/AVAD) de una cohorte anual hipotética de 2 285 000 niños; se partió de algunos supuestos sobre el costo, la cobertura y las tasas de eficacia. RESULTADOS: Con una cobertura de 93 por ciento y un precio de la vacuna de US$ 16,00 por esquema (dos dosis), se estima que un programa de vacunación contra rotavirus en México evitaría 651 muertes (0,28 muertes por 1 000 niños), 13 833 hospitalizaciones (6,05 hospitalizaciones por 1 000 niños) y 414 927 visitas de consulta externa (182 consultas por 1 000 niños) por gastroenteritis aguda asociada a rotavirus (GAR). La vacunación podría reducir la carga económica por GAR en México al evitar gastos por US$ 14 millones (71 por ciento de la carga total por atención sanitaria). A un precio de US$ 16,00 por esquema, la relación costo-efectividad sería de US$ 1 139,00 por AVAD evitado. Una reducción en el precio del programa de vacunación contra rotavirus (US $8,00 por esquema) generaría una menor relación costo-efectividad incremental de US$ 303,00 por AVAD evitado. CONCLUSIONES: Un programa nacional de vacunación contra rotavirus en México reduciría la incidencia y la mortalidad infantiles y sería altamente efectivo en función del costo, según los umbrales de las intervenciones de costo-efectividad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Economic and health burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis for the 2003 birth cohort in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries / Carga económica y de morbilidad de la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en la cohorte de nacidos en 2003 en ocho países de América Latina y el Caribe

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the health and economic burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in hospital and outpatient settings in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). METHODS: An economic model was constructed using epidemiological data from published articles, national health administration studies, and country-specific cost estimates. For each of the eight countries, the model estimated the rotavirus outcomes for the 2003 birth cohort during the first five years of life. The main outcome measures included health care costs, transportation costs, lost wages, and disease burden expressed in disability-adjusted life years. Estimates were expressed in 2003 US dollars. All future costs and disability-adjusted life year estimates were discounted at a rate of 3 percent. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of specific variables on the medical cost of treating rotavirus. RESULTS: For every 1 000 children born during 2003 in the eight Latin American and Caribbean countries studied here, we estimated that rotavirus gastroenteritis would result in an average of 246 outpatient visits, 24 hospitalizations, 0.6 deaths, and US$ 7 971 in direct medical costs during their first five years of life. The incidence of rotavirus-associated outpatient visits and the cost of outpatient visits were predicted to have the largest impact on the total medical cost per child. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is likely to result in substantial disease and economic burden to health systems in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and the foreseeable burden should be an important consideration in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of vaccination.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la carga económica y de morbilidad de la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en hospitales y servicios ambulatorios de ocho países de América Latina y el Caribe (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Honduras, México, Panamá, República Dominicana y Venezuela). MÉTODOS: Se elaboró un modelo económico a partir de datos epidemiológicos de artículos publicados, estudios de autoridades sanitarias nacionales y los estimados de costos específicos de cada país. El modelo calculó las consecuencias de la infección por rotavirus en los primeros cinco años de vida de la cohorte de nacidos en 2003 en cada uno de los ocho países estudiados. Las principales medidas de valoración fueron los costos de la atención sanitaria, los costos de transportación, los salarios perdidos y la carga de morbilidad expresada en años de vida ajustados por discapacidad. Los estimados se expresaron en dólares estadounidenses del año 2003. Se empleó una tasa de descuento de 3 por ciento para los cálculos de costos y años de vida ajustados por discapacidad de los años siguientes. El impacto de las variables específicas sobre los costos clínicos del tratamiento de la infección por rotavirus se realizó mediante análisis de sensibilidad. RESULTADOS: Se estimó que durante los primeros cinco años de vida, la gastroenteritis por rotavirus provoca en promedio 246 consultas externas, 24 hospitalizaciones, 0,6 muertes y gastos médicos directos por US$ 7 971,00 por cada 1 000 niños nacidos en 2003 en los ocho países estudiados de América Latina y el Caribe. Se prevé que la frecuencia de visitas médicas asociadas con la infección por rotavirus y los costos por consultas externas tengan el mayor impacto en los costos clínicos totales por niño. CONCLUSIONES: La gastroenteritis por rotavirus puede representar una considerable carga económica y de morbilidad para los sistemas sanitarios de los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Se debe prestar una especial atención a la carga previsible al evaluar la efectividad en función del costo de la vacunación contra rotavirus.

Potential cost-effectiveness of vaccination for rotavirus gastroenteritis in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries / Efectividad potencial en función del costo de la vacunación contra la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en ocho países de América Latina y el Caribe

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the costs, benefits and cost-effectiveness of vaccination for rotavirus gastroenteritis in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. METHODS: An economic model was constructed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of vaccination from the health care system perspective, using national administrative and published epidemiological evidence, country-specific cost estimates, and vaccine efficacy data. The model was applied to the first five years of life for the 2003 birth cohort in each country. The main health outcome was the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), and the main summary measure was the incremental cost per DALY averted. A 3 percent discount rate was used for all predicted costs and benefits. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of uncertainty regarding key variables on cost-effectiveness estimates. RESULTS: According to the estimates obtained with the economic model, vaccination would prevent more than 65 percent of the medical visits, deaths, and treatment costs associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis in the eight countries analyzed here. At a cost of US$ 24 per course (for a two-dose vaccine), the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranged from US$ 269/DALY in Honduras to US$ 10 656/DALY in Chile. Cost-effectiveness ratios were sensitive to assumptions about vaccine price, mortality, and vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination would effectively reduce the disease burden and health care costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the Latin American and Caribbean countries analyzed here. From the health care system perspective, universal vaccination of infants is predicted to be cost-effective, based on current standards.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar los costos, los beneficios y la efectividad en función del costo de la vacunación contra la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en ocho países de América Latina y el Caribe: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Honduras, México, Panamá, República Dominicana y Venezuela. MÉTODOS: Se elaboró un modelo económico para estimar la efectividad en función del costo de la vacunación, desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud, a partir de las constancias epidemiológicas nacionales oficiales y publicadas, los estimados de costos específicos de cada país y los datos de eficacia de la vacuna. El modelo se aplicó a los primeros cinco años de vida de la cohorte de nacidos en 2003 en cada uno de esos países. La principal medida de salud fueron los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) y la principal medida sintética fue el costo incremental por AVAD evitado. Se empleó una tasa de descuento de 3 por ciento para el pronóstico de los costos y beneficios. El impacto de la incertidumbre relacionada con las variables clave sobre la efectividad en función del costo se realizó mediante el análisis de sensibilidad. RESULTADOS: Según los estimados obtenidos mediante el modelo económico, la vacunación podría evitar más de 65 por ciento de las consultas médicas, de las muertes y del costo de tratamiento asociados con la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en los ocho países analizados. Con un costo total de US$ 24,00 (por las dos dosis de la vacuna), la razón incremental de la efectividad en función del costo varió entre US$ 269/AVAD en Honduras y US$ 10 656/AVAD en Chile. Las razones de la efectividad en función del costo fueron sensibles a las diversas hipótesis sobre el precio de la vacuna, la mortalidad y la eficacia de la vacuna. CONCLUSIONES: La vacunación permitiría reducir eficazmente la carga de morbilidad y los costos de la atención sanitaria de la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en los países analizados de América Latina y el Caribe. Desde la perspectiva de los sistemas de salud, se prevé que la vacunación universal de todos los niños será efectiva en función del costo, según los estándares vigentes en la actualidad.

Evaluaciónde costo-efectividad de la vacuna anti-rotavirus en Chile / Potential cost effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine in Chile

Background:Cost effectiveness studies are essential to assess the real value of interventions with preventive or therapeutic objectives. Aim: To assess the theoretical cost-effectiveness of a vaccine against rotavirus in Chilean children of less than five years of age. Material and methods: An economic model was developed based on information on disease incidence, health care costs associated with treatment and the effectiveness and costs of vaccination. Net disease and vaccination costs were estimated from the health system perspective and were compared with life years and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) gained using a 3% discount rate. Local administrative and accounting hospital data and vaccine efficacy data were used to estimate healthcare costs and cost-effectiveness of vaccination. Results: A rotavirus vaccination program would prevent 10 deaths due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, 6,245 related hospitalizations and 41,962 outpatient visits during the first five years of life, per vaccinated cohort. For every 1,000 children born, the healthcare service spends US$15,077 on treatment of gastroenteritis. From the healthcare perspective, vaccination would yield a cost-effectiveness ratio of US$11,261 per DALY when the price of the vaccine is US$24 per course. Conclusions: Rotavirus vaccine can effectively reduce the disease burden and healthcare costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis and can be a cost-effective investment compared to other options.

Evaluación del impacto económico de la vacuna antirrotavírica en Venezuela / Assessment of the economic impact of the antiretroviral vaccine in Venezuela

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el costo de la atención médica de la gastroenteritis por rotavirus y la relación costo-efectividad de la vacuna antirrotavírica en la población venezolana menor de 5 años de edad. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un modelo económico que integra la información epidemiológica, la eficacia de la vacuna y los costos de atención médica de la gastroenteritis por rotavirus, desde la perspectiva de la sociedad. Para determinar la efectividad de la vacuna, se estimó el número de casos de hospitalización, de consultas médicas y de muertes evitados después de su administración. La relación costo-efectividad de la vacuna se evaluó partiendo del número de años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) y de casos evitados. RESULTADOS: En Venezuela, los servicios de salud invierten, aproximadamente, 4,2 millones de dólares estadounidenses (US$) por año para cubrir los costos de atención médica causados por el rotavirus. Un programa de vacunación antirrotavírica evitaría aproximadamente el 52 por ciento (186) de las muertes, el 54 por ciento (7 232) de las hospitalizaciones y el 50 por ciento (55 168) de las consultas ambulatorias durante los primeros cinco años de vida, en una cohorte vacunada. Para un precio estimado de US$ 24 por régimen de vacuna, se genera una relación costo-efectividad de US$ 1 352 por AVAD. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio apuntan a que la vacunación antirrotavírica es una estrategia costoefectiva en la prevención de la gastroenteritis por rotavirus en Venezuela, ya que puede evitar muertes y años de vida ajustados por discapacidad en la población menor de cinco años de edad.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost of medical care for rotavirus gastroenteritis and the cost-effectiveness of the antiretroviral vaccine in Venezuelan children under five. METHODS: We used an economic model that comprises epidemiologic information, vaccine efficacy, and the cost of medical care in connection with rotavirus gastroenteritis, viewed from a social perspective. In order to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine, we estimated the number of hospitalized cases, of medical visits, and of deaths averted after vaccination. The cost-effectiveness of the vaccine was determined on the basis of the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cases averted. RESULTS: In Venezuela, health services spend approximately US$ 4.2 million yearly on covering the costs of medical care for rotavirus-related disease. In a vaccinated cohort, an antiretroviral vaccination program would prevent around 52 percent (186) of the deaths, 54 percent (7 232) of the hospitalizations, and 50 percent (55 168) of the ambulatory visits that take place during the first five years of life. For an estimated cost of approximately US$ 24 per individual vaccination schedule, the cost-effectiveness ratio obtained is US$ 1 352 per DALY. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that antiretroviral vaccination is a cost-effective strategy for preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis in Venezuela, since it can prevent deaths and DALYs in the population under five years of age.

Economic and health burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis for the 2003 birth cohort in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the health and economic burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in hospital and outpatient settings in eight Latin American and Caribbean countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). METHODS: An economic model was constructed using epidemiological data from published articles, national health administration studies, and country-specific cost estimates. For each of the eight countries, the model estimated the rotavirus outcomes for the 2003 birth cohort during the first five years of life. The main outcome measures included health care costs, transporation cost, lost wages, and disease burden expressed in disability-adjusted life years. Estimates were discounted at a rate of 3 percent. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of specific variables on the medical cost of treating rotavirus. RESULTS: For every 1000 children born during 2003 in the eight Latin American and Caribbean countries studied here, we estimated that rotavirus gastroenteritis would result in an average of 246 outpatient visits, 24 hospitalizations, 0.6 deaths, and US$7971 in direct medical costs during their first five years of life. The incidence of rotavirus-associated outpatient visits and the cost of outpatient visits were predicted to have the largest impact on the total medical cost per child. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is likely to result in substantial disease and economic burden to health systems in Latin America and Caribbean countries, and the foreseeable burden to health systems in Latin America and Caribbean countries, and the foreseeable burden should be important an consideration in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of vaccination (AU)

Potential cost-effectiveness of vaccination for rotavirus gastroenteritis in eight Latin America and Caribbean countries

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the costs, benefits and cost-effectiveness of vaccination for rotavirus gastroenterisits in eight Latin America and Caribbean countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela. METHODS: An economic model was constructed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of vaccination from the health care system perspective, using national administrative and published epidemiological evidence, country-specific cost estimates and vaccine efficacy data. The model was applied to the first five years of life for the 2003 birth cohort in each country. The main health outcome was the disability-adjustment life year (DALY), and the main summary measure was the incremental cost per DALY averted. A 3 percent discount rate was used for all predicted costs and benefits. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of uncertainty regarding key variables on cost-effectveness estimates. RESULTS: According to the estimates obtained with economic model, vaccination would prevent more than 65 percent of the medical visits, death and treatment costs associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis in the eight countries analyzed here. At a cost of US$24 per course (for a two-dose vaccine), the incremental cost-effectiveness ration ranged from US$269/DALY in Honduras to US$10656/DALY in Chile. Cost-effectiveness ratios were sensitive to assumptions about vaccine price, mortality, and vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination would effectively reduce the disease burden and health care costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the Latin American and Caribbean countries analyzed here. From the health care system perspective, universal vaccination of infants is predicted to cost-effective, based on current standards (AU)