Caffeine as an ergogenic aid.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring substance that is widely consumed in a variety of forms. It produces multiple physiologic effects throughout the body. It is thought that this is mediated mainly through action at centrally located adenosine receptors. Caffeine has been studied for its potential use as an ergogenic aid. Several studies have demonstrated an improvement in exercise performance in submaximal endurance activities. Its potential ergogenic effect in acute, high-intensity exercise is less clear. Because of its potential use as an ergogenic aid, it use in sports is regulated by most sanctioning bodies.

Tetrahydrogestrinone: the discovery of a designer steroid.

The use of steroids and other pharmaceuticals to gain a competitive edge in athletics has been present in the sports world for a long time. Over the past several years, scientific advances in the detection of sports doping agents and improved collaboration between sports organizations have enhanced the monitoring of fair athletic play. Many have suspected the illegal development of designer steroids by rogue scientists to avoid detection by the standard sports doping drug screen. In 2003, the Olympic Analytical Laboratory at the University of California, Los Angeles discovered the first designer steroid, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Over the past year, the THG story continues to shock the sports world with its potential to discredit or terminate several high-profile athletic careers. While confirming the existence of designer steroids is credit to the sports antidoping movement, antidoping agencies will need to continue to invest in research and depend on honest athletic participants to maintain fairness and safety in sports.

Sudden cardiac death.

Sudden cardiac death is a rare but devastating event. The majority of cases in young athletes are caused by congenital cardiac abnormalities that are routinely clinically silent before causing sudden death. An optimal screening practice to help identify underlying asymptomatic cardiac abnormalities has met with much debate. Beyond the American Heart Association's recommendations for cardiovascular screening guidelines for the preparticipation physical examination [47], there are conflicting views regarding the use of more advanced diagnostic screening tests. Athletes in whom a potentially life-threatening cardiovascular abnormality is found face the probability of being restricted from participating in certain types of athletic activity. Participation guidelines for athletes with cardiovascular disease are detailed in the recommendations of the 26th Bethesda Conference [36]. Future goals should continue to focus on the prevention of SCD. The development of a cost-effective screening process that incorporates the use of echocardiography, although having its own set of inherent limitations, may prove to be the most viable option.

Medical aspects of sports: epidemiology of injuries, preparticipation physical examination, and drugs in sports.

The epidemiology of sports injuries helps identify the necessity for medical event coverage, injury risk factors, and potential prevention strategies. The preparticipation examination provides an opportunity for the team physician to identify athletes at risk of injury, to teach injury prevention, and to address athlete wellness. Knowledge of performance-enhancing drugs, nutritional supplements,and banned and legal medications is critical in caring for athletes.

Ergogenic aids: human growth hormone.

Human growth hormone (GH) has a number of accepted medical uses, but has quickly become a popular ergogenic aid among athletes. The issue of performance-enhancing substances such as anabolic steroids and GH has drawn the attention of athletes, their parents, and politicians. On almost a daily basis, headlines about the status of doping in professional, international, and amateur sports seem to be more pervasive. The supraphysiologic effects of GH lead to lipolysis, with increased muscle volume. Due to the ethical limitations of studying the use of high doses of GH in isolation or combined with anabolic steroids, the scientific literature has not produced compelling results on its efficacy. GH has potential as an anti-aging drug and does lead to some improved athletic performance in isolated studies. Despite the lack of compelling data, GH seems to have developed a reputation among athletes for enhancing performance. The detection of illegal doping with GH has been the focus of a concerted international effort by the International Olympic Committee. A number of promising detection techniques may allow the detection of illicit GH use. This review on GH as an ergogenic aid includes a discussion of the basic physiology of GH and its actions, the accepted medical indications for its use, the results of scientific studies that assess whether it improves exercise performance or work capacity, and the scientific techniques under development to detect ergogenics with strong abuse potential.

Protein and amino Acid supplementation in athletes.

Amino acid supplementation is practiced by numerous individuals with the hope of increasing muscle mass and function by increasing available proteins. Theoretically, this makes a great deal of sense; the scientific facts, however, fail to conclusively prove that ingesting more than the recommended dietary allowance of protein has any effect on otherwise healthy adults. Athletes may be the exception to this rule. This review examines the most current literature pertaining to amino acid supplementation, and reports on the potential benefits and risks of this common practice.