ABSTRACT
Sprouting angiogenesis and lymphatic-blood vessel segregation both involve the migration of endothelial cells, but the precise migratory molecules that govern the decision of blood vascular endothelial cells to segregate into lymphatic vasculature are unknown. Here, we deleted endothelial Rac1 in mice (Tie1-Cre(+);Rac1(fl/fl)) and revealed, unexpectedly, that whereas blood vessel morphology appeared normal, lymphatic-blood vessel separation was impaired, with corresponding edema, haemorrhage and embryonic lethality. Importantly, normal levels of Rac1 were essential for directed endothelial cell migratory responses to lymphatic-inductive signals. Our studies identify Rac1 as a crucial part of the migratory machinery required for endothelial cells to separate and form lymphatic vasculature.
Subject(s)
Blood Vessels/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Lymphatic Vessels/metabolism , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism , Animals , Cell Separation/methods , Cells, Cultured , Embryo, Mammalian , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Endothelium, Vascular/embryology , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct , Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism , Galactosides/metabolism , Gene Deletion , Immunohistochemistry , Indoles/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics , Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Receptor, TIE-2/genetics , Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism , Transfection , beta-Galactosidase/metabolism , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/analysis , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/geneticsABSTRACT
Selenium is considered to be one of the most promising micronutrients for cancer prevention and therapy, based on evidence from epidemiological studies, laboratory-based research and clinical trial intervention. There are ample reports of selenium methionine and sodium selenite's ability to induce apoptosis in various cancers in vitro. There are a few reports in the literature on the effects of selenium on established glioma cell lines but none on biopsy-derived short-term brain tumour cultures. In this in vitro study the effects of a range of concentrations (2-10 microg/ml) of sodium selenite were investigated in one low-passage culture of biopsy-derived glioma cells (IPSB-18, an anaplastic astrocytoma, P 18-22) and a normal human brain cell culture (CC2565, P11). Results from 2 viability assays, 3[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulphorodamine B (SRB) consistently showed that the IC50 for selenium in the astrocytoma was approximately 5 microg/ml whilst the normal brain cells were unaffected by selenium in the range of concentrations studied. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed that, while at 4 microg/ml selenium, the time taken to achieve 100% cell death was 17 h, with increasing concentrations of selenium from 6 to 8 microg/ml and finally at 10 microg/ml the IPSB-18 cells rounded up and died much more quickly. The time taken to achieve 100% cell death was 7 h, 7 h and 6 h, respectively, suggesting that the effect was similar at higher concentrations. Flow cytometry indicated that cell death was by apoptosis. RT-PCR results showed downregulation of the gene expression of 6 matrix metalloproteases (MMP2, 9, 14, 15, 16, 24), their inhibitors, TIMPs and epidermal growth factor receptor, in IPSB-18 cells treated with 2, 4 and 8 microg/ml of selenium. Collectively, the data in this study suggests that selenium, not only induces tumour cell-specific apoptosis but also has anti-invasive potential.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Astrocytoma/drug therapy , Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy , Selenium/pharmacology , Adolescent , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Astrocytoma/pathology , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Male , Neoplasm Invasiveness , RNA/metabolism , Tetrazolium Salts/pharmacology , Thiazoles/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Cancer is a frequent disease in western countries and there is no effective treatment for metastasis, the main cause of death in cancer patients. The situation can be improved by a better understanding of the cancer invasion process. In order to reveal new aspects of this dynamic process, we developed a novel direct viewing cancer cell invasion assay with shear flow in vitro. This assay comprised of a custom-made flow chamber, specially developed cell labelling, high-resolution wide-field microscopy and image-processing-based quantitation. We applied this assay to metastatic rat sarcoma cells which invaded monolayers of rat endothelial cells. Our findings showed that after adhesion, the sarcoma cells initially invaded significantly faster under flow conditions compared to situations without shear stress. Later, however, the rate of invasion under flow decreased and the sarcoma cells without shear stress achieved significantly higher levels of invasion. Our observations thus revealed the non-linear modulation of a cancer cell invasion process by shear flow, demonstrating that cancer cells can respond to flow by enhancement of invasiveness similarly to white blood cells.
Subject(s)
Neoplasm Invasiveness , Nonlinear Dynamics , Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology , Animals , Cell Adhesion , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , Microscopy/methods , RatsABSTRACT
New blood vessels are initially formed through the assembly or sprouting of endothelial cells, but the recruitment of supporting pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (mural cells) ensures the formation of a mature and stable vascular network. Defective mural-cell coverage is associated with the poorly organized and leaky vasculature seen in tumors or other human diseases. Here we report that mural cells require ephrin-B2, a ligand for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, for normal association with small-diameter blood vessels (microvessels). Tissue-specific mutant mice display perinatal lethality; vascular defects in skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney glomeruli; and abnormal migration of smooth muscle cells to lymphatic capillaries. Cultured ephrin-B2-deficient smooth muscle cells are defective in spreading, focal-adhesion formation, and polarized migration and show increased motility. Our results indicate that the role of ephrin-B2 and EphB receptors in these processes involves Crk-p130(CAS) signaling and suggest that ephrin-B2 has some cell-cell-contact-independent functions.
Subject(s)
Blood Vessels/growth & development , Cell Movement/drug effects , Ephrin-B2/physiology , Animals , Blood Vessels/cytology , Blood Vessels/drug effects , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Adhesion/physiology , Cell Movement/physiology , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/physiology , Ephrin-B2/genetics , Ephrin-B2/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Transgenic , Models, Biological , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects , Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology , Phenotype , Signal Transduction/physiologyABSTRACT
The biological and pathophysiological significance of class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase enzyme expression currently remains unclear. Using an in vitro scrape wound assay and time-lapse video microscopy, we demonstrate that cell motility is increased in cultures expressing recombinant PI3K-C2beta enzyme. In addition, overexpression of PI3K-C2beta transiently decreased cell adhesion, stimulated the formation of cytoplasmic processes, and decreased the rate of cell proliferation. Consistent with these observations, expression of PI3K-C2beta also decreased expression of alpha4 beta1 integrin subunits. Using asynchronous cultures, we show that endogenous PI3K-C2beta is present in lamellipodia of motile cells. When cells expressing recombinant PI3K-C2beta were plated onto fibronectin, cortical actin staining increased markedly and actin rich lamellipodia and filopodia became evident. Overexpression of a 2xFYVE(Hrs) domain fusion protein abolished this response demonstrating that the effect of PI3K-C2beta on the reorganization of actin filaments is dependent upon PtdIns3P. Finally, overexpression of PI3K-C2beta increased GTP loading of Cdc42. Our data demonstrates for the first time, that PI3K-C2beta plays a regulatory role in cell motility and that the mechanism by which it reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton is dependent upon PtdIns3P production.