ABSTRACT
A begomovirus isolate collected from bitter gourd plants showing yellowing, puckering and stunting symptoms from Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India was characterized. The full-length genome of the virus isolate was amplified by rolling circle amplification using phi29 DNA polymerase. The virus isolate exhibited 98% identity in the nucleotide sequence of DNA-A component with the Coccinia mosaic Virudhunagar virus (GenBank accession no. KY860899). The DNA-B component was very distinct and shared only 60% identity with the begomovirus, Coccinia mosaic Tamil Nadu virus (GenBank accession no. KM244719). The virus renamed as new species Bitter gourd yellow mosaic virus (BgYMV) was detected in seeds from infected plants and in the grow-out test seedlings by ELISA and virus-specific PCR. The seed infectivity was 79.16% and transmission rate to seedling was 32.05%. The virus titre as indicated by A405 absorption value was high (0.854-0.280) in different seed parts. Results clearly indicated seed transmission of the begomovirus, BgYMV.
Subject(s)
Begomovirus/classification , Begomovirus/genetics , Begomovirus/isolation & purification , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Momordica charantia/virology , Phylogeny , Plant Diseases/virology , Seeds/virology , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Viral , Fruit , Genome, Viral , India , Plant Leaves/virology , Seedlings/virology , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Traditional rice is gaining popularity worldwide due to its high nutritional and pharmaceutical value, as well as its high resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. This has attracted significant attention from breeders, nutritionists, and plant protection scientists in recent years. Hence, it is critical to investigate the grain metabolome to reveal germination and nutritional importance. This research aimed to explore non-targeted metabolites of five traditional rice varieties, viz., Chinnar, Chithiraikar, Karunguruvai, Kichili samba, and Thooyamalli, for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. Approximately 149 metabolites were identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library and Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) and were grouped into 34 chemical classes. Major classes include fatty acids (31.1-56.3%), steroids and their derivatives (1.80-22.4%), dihydrofurans (8.98-11.6%), prenol lipids (0.66-4.44%), organooxygen compounds (0.12-6.45%), benzene and substituted derivatives (0.53-3.73%), glycerolipids (0.36-2.28%), and hydroxy acids and derivatives (0.03-2.70%). Significant variations in metabolite composition among the rice varieties were also observed through the combination of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the dimensionality of 149 metabolites into five principle components (PCs), which explained 96% of the total variance. Two clusters were revealed by hierarchical cluster analysis, indicating the distinctiveness of the traditional varieties. Additionally, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) found 17 variables important in the projection (VIP) scores of metabolites. The findings of this study reveal the biochemical intricate and distinctive metabolomes of the traditional therapeutic rice varieties. This will serve as the foundation for future research on developing new rice varieties with traditional rice grain metabolisms to increase grain quality and production with various nutritional and therapeutic benefits.
ABSTRACT
Background: On January 30, 2020, India reported its first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive case that led to the national lockdown, health surveillance, and travel restrictions. The Government of India (GoI) is advising personal hygiene practices as prophylaxis, however, remains poorly understood by the people. Too, believing in social media-based misinformation leading to pseudoscientific practices suggesting all from giving up non-vegetarian food to eating garlic is afflicting. This review sheds light on pseudoscientific beliefs and practices of the Indian public to prevent COVID-19. Methods: This narrative review gathered scientific evidence to describe the facts against pseudoscientific beliefs and practices in the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined available evidence from relevant research articles to present the facts about pseudoscientific practices. In particular, regarding the use of complementary and alternative medicine and its practice to prevent COVID-19, we searched the high-quality literature in PubMed, PubMed Central, and Cochrane Library databases for the determined outcomes. Results: Based on scientific shreds of evidence, it is apparent that social media-based misinformation and its pseudoscientific practices severely affecting the public health in the COVID-19 pandemic. The public must look into the facts rigorously before performing pseudoscientific practices and need to follow GoI instructions perpetually. The findings of this review suggest a high level of public awareness of evidence-based prophylactic measures. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for public health promotion initiatives to bring up awareness of the COVID-19 spread and its preventive hygiene practices. The dissemination of health awareness to the public across the nation is warranted.
Antecedentes: em 30 de janeiro de 2020, a Índia relatou seu primeiro caso positivo da doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) que levou ao bloqueio nacional, vigilância em saúde e restrições de viagem. O governo da Índia (GI) está aconselhando práticas de higiene pessoal, pois a profilaxia continua sendo pouco compreendida pelo povo. Também, acreditar na desinformação baseada nas mídias sociais, levando a práticas pseudocientíficas, sugerindo tudo, desde desistir de alimentos não vegetarianos até comer alho, é aflitivo. Esta revisão lança luz sobre crenças e práticas pseudocientíficas do público indiano para prevenir o COVID-19. Métodos: Esta revisão narrativa reuniu evidências científicas para descrever os fatos contra crenças e práticas pseudocientíficas na pandemia do COVID-19. Examinamos as evidências disponíveis de artigos de pesquisa relevantes para apresentar os fatos sobre práticas pseudocientíficas. Em particular, com relação ao uso de medicina complementar e alternativa e sua prática para prevenir o COVID-19, pesquisamos a literatura de alta qualidade nos bancos de dados PubMed, PubMed Central e Cochrane Library para os resultados determinados. Resultados: Com base em fragmentos científicos de evidência, é aparente que a desinformação baseada nas mídias sociais e suas práticas pseudocientíficas afetam gravemente a saúde pública na pandemia do COVID-19. O público deve analisar os fatos rigorosamente antes de executar práticas pseudocientíficas e precisa seguir as instruções do GI perpetuamente. Os resultados desta revisão sugerem um alto nível de conscientização pública sobre medidas profiláticas baseadas em evidências. Conclusão: Há uma necessidade urgente de iniciativas de promoção da saúde pública para conscientizar sobre a disseminação do COVID-19 e suas práticas preventivas de higiene. A disseminação da conscientização da saúde ao público em todo o país é justificada.