Incidence of pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in the Island of Majorca (2008-2010), an area with non-universal vaccination, and estimations of serotype & children population coverage by available conjugate vaccines.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization reported in 2007 that inclusion of PCV7 in national immunization programs should be seen as a priority, also encouraging countries to conduct appropriate surveillances for monitoring the impact of vaccination. These analyses should be conducted in specific geographical areas and should be aimed to evolution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), by age groups, clinical presentation, and vaccine serotypes (and non-vaccine serotypes to detect possible replacement). This study aimed to monitor the evolution of IPD incidence in children <15 years requiring hospitalization in the Island of Majorca. METHODS: A prospective clinical surveillance of all culture and/or PCR-confirmed IPD in children <15 years was performed in all hospitals in the Island of Majorca (approximately 900,000 inhabitants) from January 2008 to December 2010. Incidence rate (IR) was calculated as cases/100,000 inhabitants using children population data. RESULTS: 66 IPDs were identified: 39 (59.1%) parapneumonic pneumococcal empyema (PPE), 16 (24.2%) bacteremic pneumonia (BP), 7 (10.6%) primary bacteremia, 3 (4.5%) meningitis, and 1 (1.5%) osteomyelitis. IRs in the three-year study period were: 64.22 for children 12- < 24 months, 37.21 for those 24-59 months, 22.62 for those <12 months, and 3.98 for children >59 months. By study year, IRs were 21.25 in 2008, 19.89 in 2009 and 9.80 in 2010. The reduction found in 2010 was significant and due to significant reductions in IRs of IPDs caused by serotypes included in PCV10 and PCV13. Overall, estimated serotype coverage by conjugate vaccines was 12.1% for PCV7, 37.9% for PCV10 and 65.2% for PCV13. Of the 66 hospitalized children with IPD, 20 had received at least one dose of PCV7 (13 cases with identified serotype). None of these 13 cases was caused by PCV7 serotypes, all were caused by PCV13 serotypes and only 53.8% by PCV10 serotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study evidence the importance of expanding the number of serotypes covered by PCV, and the added value of PCV13 with respect to PCV10 and PCV7, even in an area of low prevalence of 19A as the Island of Majorca.

Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in children. METHODS: Children younger than 15years of age attending 27 hospitals in the Region of Madrid with confirmed pneumococcal meningitis were identified in a prospective surveillance study, from 2007 to 2015. Clinical data, neurological sequelae, pneumococcal vaccination status, serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and four cases of pneumococcal meningitis were identified, 63 during the period of routine 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunisation (May 2007-April 2010) and 41 during the period of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunisation (May 2010-April 2015). When both periods were compared, a 62% (95% CI: 45-75%) decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis was observed, from 2.19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the PCV7 period to 0.81 per 100,000 inhabitants in the PCV13 period (p=0.0001), mainly due to an 83% (95% CI: 30-96%) reduction in cases caused by serotype 19A. Isolates not susceptible to cefotaxime (MIC>0.5µg/L) decreased from 27% to 8%, (p=0.02). Mean patient ages rose from 28.7months to 38.5months (p<0.05). Case fatality rate across both periods was 5%. An unfavourable outcome (death or neurological sequelae) occurred in 27% of patients, while the rate was similar in both periods. There was no increase in meningitis caused by pneumococcal serotypes not included in 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine throughout the years of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Immunisation with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has reduced the rate of pneumococcal meningitis in children less than 15years, with a near-elimination of cefotaxime-resistant isolates, but morbidity has remained unchanged. A shift of pneumococcal meningitis towards slightly higher age groups was also observed.

Healthcare-associated pneumonia: a prospective study in Spain / Neumonía asociada a cuidados sanitarios: un estudio prospectivo en España

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics and factors related to outcome in Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). PATIENTS AND METHOD: A 3-year prospective observational epidemiological case study of HCAP was conducted in seven Spanish hospitals. Microbiological and patient characteristics and outcomes were collected and classified by causative pathogen into 4 categories: "S. pneumoniae", "MRSA", "Others" and "Unknown". Patients were followed up 30 days after discharge. RESULTS: A total of 258 (84.6%) patients were enrolled (170 were men [65.9%]). Mean age was 72.4 years ± 15 years (95% CI [70.54-74.25]). The etiology of pneumonia was identified in 73 cases (28.3%): S. pneumoniae in 35 patients (13.6%), MRSA in 8 (3.1%), and other microorganisms in 30 patients (11.6%). Significant differences in rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < 0.05), previous antibiotic treatment (p< 0.05), other chronic respiratory diseases, inhaled corticosteroids (p < 0.01), and lymphoma (p < 0.05) were observed among the four groups. Patients with MRSA pneumonia had received more previous antibiotic treatment (87.5%). Thirty-three (12.8%) patients died during hospitalisation; death in 27 (81.2%) was related to pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of HCAP was identified in only one quarter of patients, with S. pneumoniae being the most prevalent microorganism. Patients with chronic respiratory diseases more frequently presented HCAP due to MRSA than to S. pneumoniae. Death at hospital discharge was related in most cases to pneumonia

OBJETIVO: Describir las características epidemiológicas y factores relacionados con la neumonía asociada a cuidados sanitarios (NACS) causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae y Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico observacional prospectivo de casos a 3 años en siete hospitales españoles. Se recogieron las características microbiológicas y de los pacientes y sus resultados y se clasificaron en función del patógeno causante en 4 categorías: "S. pneumoniae", "SARM", "Otros" y "Desconocido". Al alta, se realizó un seguimiento de 30 días. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 258 (84,6%) pacientes (170 hombres [65.9%]; edad media 72,4 años ± 15 años (95% IC [70,54-74,25]). La etiología de la neumonía se identificó en 73 casos (28,3%): S. pneumoniae en 35 pacientes (13,6%), SARM en 8 (3,1%) y otros microorganismos en 30 pacientes (11,6%). Hubo diferencias significativas en tasas de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (p < 0,05), tratamiento antibiótico previo (p < 0,05), otras enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, corticoides inhalados (p < 0,01) y linfoma (p < 0,05) entre los cuatro grupos. Los pacientes con NACS causada por SARM recibieron tratamiento antibiótico previo en mayor medida (87,5%). Treinta y tres (12,8%) pacientes murieron durante la hospitalización; en 27 (81,2%) debido a la neumonía. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificó la etiología de la NACS en solo un cuarto de los pacientes, siendo S. pneumoniae el patógeno más frecuente. En los pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas fue más frecuente la NACS causada por SARM. La muerte tras el alta hospitalaria se relacionó con la neumonía en la mayoría de los casos