Effect of food shortage and temperature on age 0+ salmonids: a contribution to predict the effects of climate change.

Brown trout Salmo trutta alevins were maintained at 8 and 11° C at three conditions over a 9 day period from yolk sac exhaustion: fed ad libitum, starved or fed ad libitum after starvation. Whole-body gene expressions for proteins involved in energy metabolism and the two primary proteolytic pathways were assessed. This study is the first to show an over-expression of proteasome and autophagy-related genes in young stages of salmonids, particularly at 11° C.

Fishes in a changing world: learning from the past to promote sustainability of fish populations.

Populations of fishes provide valuable services for billions of people, but face diverse and interacting threats that jeopardize their sustainability. Human population growth and intensifying resource use for food, water, energy and goods are compromising fish populations through a variety of mechanisms, including overfishing, habitat degradation and declines in water quality. The important challenges raised by these issues have been recognized and have led to considerable advances over past decades in managing and mitigating threats to fishes worldwide. In this review, we identify the major threats faced by fish populations alongside recent advances that are helping to address these issues. There are very significant efforts worldwide directed towards ensuring a sustainable future for the world's fishes and fisheries and those who rely on them. Although considerable challenges remain, by drawing attention to successful mitigation of threats to fish and fisheries we hope to provide the encouragement and direction that will allow these challenges to be overcome in the future.

Swimming activity and behaviour of European Anguilla anguilla glass eels in response to photoperiod and flow reversal and the role of energy status.

To better understand migratory divergences among Anguilla anguilla glass eels, the behaviour of individuals caught at the time of their estuary entrance was studied through their response to a light:dark cycle and then to both water current reversal and light:dark cycle. In a first experiment, fish moving with the flow in response to dusk (M(+) fish) and fish that had not exhibited any movement (M(-) fish) were distinguished. Anguilla anguilla from these two groups were then individually marked and their response to water current reversal compared. M(+) individuals mainly exhibited negative rheotaxis with a tidal periodicity, whereas positive rheotaxis was mainly exhibited by M(-) individuals. Thus, M(+)A. anguilla glass eels showing negative rheotaxis appear to have the strongest propensity to migrate, the converse applies to M(-) ones showing positive rheotaxis. A small percentage of individuals (5%) were hyperactive, alternately swimming with and against the current with almost no resting phase. These fish lost c. 2 mg wet mass day(-1), whereas individuals which were almost inactive lost c. 1 mg day(-1). Wet and dry mass changes in relation to activity levels were compared with previous experiments and it was concluded that A. anguilla glass eel energy status might be involved in differences in migratory tendencies but other factors that might be important are discussed. It is proposed that any decrease in A. anguilla glass eel energy stores associated with global warming might lead to an increase in the proportion of sedentary individuals and thus be involved in the decrease in the recruitment to freshwater habitats.

Energy and migratory behavior in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla).

The influence of energy content of glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) on their migratory behavior was investigated in November 2004 and February 2005 under laboratory conditions. Fish were sorted according to their response to a decrease in light intensity: Glass eels becoming active at dusk and using water flow to move with the current were considered as "active", whereas those remaining in the substratum throughout the catching period (24 h) were categorized as "inactive". "Active" glass eels exhibited higher energy content than "inactive" ones, whatever the catching month, and were more pigmented. Differences in percentage dry weight between "active" and "inactive" fish were already significant in the first pigmentary stages, suggesting that energy content plays a causal role in the estuarine migration of glass eels. The possible impact of energy state on the development of different migratory tactics in glass eels is discussed.

Unusual cases of adult intersexuality in the European eel Anguilla anguilla.

Two cases of intersexuality are reported for the first time in European eel, Anguilla anguilla (at the beginning of the silver eel stage), within 140 fish caught as glass eels in the south-west of France and reared in tanks at 17°C. Cysts containing spermatozoa were observed in ovaries with pre-vitellogenic oocytes. This feature is very uncommon, especially owing to the fact that male cells do not normally reach this stage in captivity, and an environmentally controlled transdifferentation process may not be excluded. Besides, the expression of the gonadal aromatase gene (cyp19a1a) was found to be higher in these 2 intersexual fish compared to normal females, although these results must be considered with caution since only 2 intersexual fish were available. A possible feminizing effect of this 'abnormal' upregulation of aromatase is discussed.