Telemedicine During COVID-19 Pandemic: Lesson Learned from the Lazio Region Infectious Diseases and Emergency Department Network.

Telemedicine and teleconsultation can be powerful and useful tools for patients to hamper the physical barriers to access to health care services during COVID-19 pandemic. We describe the teleconsultation (TC) model in the Lazio Region. It uses a hub-and-spoke network system on geographic regional basis using a web based digital platform, termed ADVICE with the aim to connect regional Emergency Departments (EDs) and Infectious Diseases (ID) acute and critical care settings for patients with acute ID syndrome. Between January 2020 and June 2021, the ADVICE platform received 18.686 TCs: of them, 10838 requests (58%) were for ID TCs in 7996 patients, followed by 2555(13%) requests for trauma, 2286(12%) for acute complex syndrome and 1681 (8%) for Stroke TCs. Three quarter of ID TCs were requested for SARS-COV-2 infection, followed by sepsis management in 7% and tuberculosis in 6%. In 5416 TCs, 68%, diagnostic investigations and therapeutic prescriptions were recommended before admission, in 1941 TCs, 24%, the recommendation was patient admission and in 608 TCs, 7%, was to discharge patient at home. Telemedicine have ensured high-profile consultations for ID patients and during COVID-19 the use of this resource optimized clinical patient management.

Legionella pneumonia: increased risk after COVID-19 lockdown? Italy, May to June 2020.

We report a case of Legionella pneumonia in a dishwasher of a restaurant in Rome, Italy, just after the end of the lockdown that was in place to control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The case highlights the importance of strict monitoring of water and air systems immediately before reopening business or public sector buildings, and the need to consider Legionella infections among the differential diagnosis of respiratory infections after lockdown due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Artemisinin resistance surveillance in African Plasmodium falciparum isolates from imported malaria cases to Italy.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is a significant public health problem in returning travellers, and artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) remains the first choice for treatment. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P. falciparum kelch 13 (Pfk13) gene have been associated with artemisinin (ART) resistance. Moreover, the increase in the P. falciparum plasmepsin 2 (Pfpm2) gene copy number was shown to be linked with reduced susceptibility of P. falciparum to piperaquine (PPQ), a partner drug in an ACT regimen. Active molecular surveillance for imported drug-resistant malaria parasites is a pivotal activity to provide adequate chemoprophylaxis and treatment guidelines. METHODS: A retrospective study to review imported P. falciparum malaria in patients admitted to Spallanzani Institute between 2014 and 2015 was conducted. Information collected included clinic and epidemiological characteristics such as age, gender, country of origin, time since arrival to our country, travel history. All P.falciparum isolates were analysed for SNPs in the Pfk13 gene and for copy number variations in the Pfpm2 gene. RESULTS: P. falciparum malaria was identified in 54 travellers. The mean age was 37 years, 44 were males. All cases were imported from non-EU countries. In the Pfk13 gene two mutations (R561R and F673L) were detected. Six P. falciparum isolates carried two copies of Pfpm2 gene, and one three copies, representing ≈16% of the analysed isolates. CONCLUSIONS: None of the SNPs known to be associated with ART resistance were detected in the examined parasites. Our results provide evidence that Pfpm2 duplications (associated with piperaquine resistance) occur in Africa, emphasizing the necessity to better decode the genetic background associated with PPQ resistance. Further epidemiological investigations in Pfpm2 amplification along with mutations in the Pfk13 gene will be useful for developing and updating anti-malarial guidance in travellers.

Risk and predictive factors of prolonged viral RNA shedding in upper respiratory specimens in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to an Italian reference hospital.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available about the predictors and outcomes associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding (VS). METHODS: A retrospective study including COVID-19 patients admitted to an Italian hospital between March 1 and July 1, 2020. Predictors of viral clearance (VC) and prolonged VS from the upper respiratory tract were assessed by Poisson regression and logistic regression analyses. The causal relation between VS and clinical outcomes was evaluated through an inverse probability weighted Cox model. RESULTS: The study included 536 subjects. The median duration of VS from symptoms onset was 18 days. The estimated 30-day probability of VC was 70.2%. Patients with comorbidities, lymphopenia at hospital admission, or moderate/severe respiratory disease had a lower chance of VC. The development of moderate/severe respiratory failure, delayed hospital admission after symptoms onset, baseline comorbidities, or D-dimer >1000ng/mL at admission independently predicted prolonged VS. The achievement of VC doubled the chance of clinical recovery and reduced the probability of death/mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory disease severity, comorbidities, delayed hospital admission and inflammatory markers negatively predicted VC, which resulted to be associated with better clinical outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of prompt hospitalization of symptomatic patients, especially where signs of severity or comorbidities are present.