Higher global diet quality score is inversely associated with odds of metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults.

BACKGROUND: Growing research underscores the significance of diet quality in the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Our study investigates the correlation between the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) and MetS, along with its components, in Iranian adults. METHODS: This study utilizes data from the Yazd Health Study (YaHS) and includes a final analysis of 2,904 participants aged 20-70 years. Dietary data were gathered using food frequency questionnaires. MetS was defined in line with the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. GDQS was derived by totaling the points across all 25 food groups, with scores ranging from 0 to 49. To examine the association between GDQS and MetS, multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted in both crude and adjusted models. RESULTS: Participants who had the highest adherence to GDQS had a 20% lower chance of having MetS than those who had the lowest adherence after adjusting for confounding variables in Model II (T3 vs. T1: OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.46-0.99, P-trend = 0.045). There was no association between GDQS and MetS components including increased blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride, abdominal obesity and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in crude and adjusted models. CONCLUSION: higher adherence to GDQS was inversely related to odds of MetS. Further longitudinal and clinical trials investigations are required to confirm these associations.

The addition of exercise to a weight loss diet on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials was performed to evaluate the effects of weight-loss diets plus exercise compared with weight-loss diets alone on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar were searched up to April 2021. Overall effects were derived using a random effects model. The overall quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Twenty-nine trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference in serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.004 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.140, 0.132, P = 0.954], interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD = -0.039 pg/ml, 95% CI: -0.233 to 0.156, P = 0.696), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (WMD = 0.405 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.036 to 0.226, P = 0.209) after adding exercise to a weight-loss diet compared with a weight-loss diet alone. Subgroup analysis revealed that exercise plus a weight-loss diet significantly reduced TNF-α in studies greater than 16 weeks in duration (WMD = -0.742 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.384 to -0.1, P = 0.024). This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that exercise in addition to a weight-loss diet does not have a significant effect on further reducing inflammatory markers compared to a weight loss diet alone.

Dietary trans fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

PURPOSE: Although trans fatty acid has been associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, studies gave conflicting results when examined their impact on colorectal cancer (CRC). The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the association between dietary and tissue trans fatty acids and the risk of CRC. METHODS: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar without date and language limitation up to May 2022 and included the eligible studies. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The overall odds ratios (ORs) were derived using a random-effects model. RESULTS: In assessment of dietary trans fatty acids 18 studies, including eight cohort, 10 case-control, and observational data from one randomized control trial were included. Although Dietary trans fats were associated with higher risk of CRC (OR = 1.093, 95% CI 1.017, 1.176, P = 0.016; I2 = 61.3%), Subgroup analysis by study design yielded an insignificant effect for case-control (OR = 1.152, 95% CI 1.000, 1.328, P = 0.050; I2 = 77.2%) and cohort (OR = 1.027, 95% CI 0.976, 1.081, P = 0.299; I2 = 0%) studies. Although there was no significant association of trans fatty acids with rectal cancer (OR = 1.093, 95% CI 0.984 to 1.215, P = 0.098; I2 = 0%), there was for colon cancer (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.062 to 1.335, P = 0.003; I2 = 37.6%).The analysis of four studies that evaluated the relation between tissue trans fat and CRC revealed meaningful result (OR = 0.745, 95% CI 0.619, 0.896, P = 0.002; I2 = 42.6%). While subgroup assessments for colon cancer (OR = 0.804, 95% CI 0.583, 1.109, P = 0.183; I2 = 0%) and plasma trans fatty acids OR = 0.853, 95% CI 0.633, 1.150, P = 0.298; I2 = 0%) were insignificant. CONCLUSION: Dietary trans fatty acids increased the risk of CRC, whereas tissue trans fatty acids had a protective effect on CRC. Nonetheless, neither type of trans fatty acid increased the risk of colon or rectal cancer; thus, more prospective studies are needed to determine the validity of these associations.

Circulating levels of adropin and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: Adropin, a newly identified regulatory protein has garnered attention given its potential role in metabolism regulation, especially glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. However, studies on the association between adropin and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are equivocal. The aim of this study is to assess the association between serum adropin levels and T2DM using a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of science, and Google Scholar were searched, up to August 2022, for studies that reported the association between serum levels of adropin in adults with T2DM compared to a control group without diabetes. A random-effect model was used to compute the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Meta-analysis of 15 studies (n = 2813 participants) revealed that the serum adropin concentrations were significantly lower in patients with T2DM compared with the control group (WMD= -0.60 ng/mL, 95% CI: -0.70 to -0.49; I2 = 99.5%). Subgroup analysis also found lower concentration of adropin in patients with T2DM who were otherwise healthy compared to a control group (n = 9; WMD=-0.04 ng/ml, 95% CI= -0.06 to -0.01, p = 0.002; I2 = 96.4). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed adropin levels are lower in patients with diabetes compared to a control group without diabetes. However, the limitations of observational studies challenge the validity of the results, and further investigations are needed to confirm the veracity of these findings and additionally explore possible mechanisms.

Higher global diet quality score is related to lower prevalence of depression and poor quality of life among adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a key time for the development of depression symptoms and the diet quality may be associated with mental health conditions. The present study examined the association between depression and quality of life (QoL) and the global diet quality score (GDQS) as a simple and standardized metric diet quality in Iranian adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 733 adolescent girls recruited using a random cluster sampling method. A 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for dietary intake assessment. The GDQS is gained by summing points of all the 25 food groups, ranged from 0 to 49. Depression symptoms were assessed using a Persian version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). For assessment of health-related QoL, the Short Form 12 Survey-version 2 (SF-12v2) questionnaire was employed. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association of depression and QoL with GDQS in crude and adjusted models. RESULTS: Adolescent girls in the highest tertile of GDQS score compared with the lowest tertile had a 41% lower odds of depressive symptoms (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39-0.90, P = 0.01). The participants in the third tertile of GDQS score had lower odds of poor QoL compared with the first tertile (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37-0.85, P < 0.01). These associations remained significant (both P = 0.01) after adjustment for age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and menstruation (depressive symptoms: OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38-0.92; QoL: OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38-0.91, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: We found that adolescent girls with a higher score of the GDQS had lower odds of depression and poor QoL Prospective and interventional investigations are needed to reach a clear vision.

Oral vitamin D supplementation and body weight in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This study was designed to ascertain whether oral vitamin D supplementation (oral supplementation and fortified foods) is associated with changes in body weight measures in children and adolescents, using a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to October 28, 2022. The mean difference and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of interested outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model. Twenty-one RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, and the results showed a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) following vitamin D supplementation in children and adolescents (n = 9 studies, 1029 participants; weighted mean difference: - 0.43 kg/m2, 95% CI: - 0.79, - 0.08; P = 0.02; I2 = 58.5%). Overall, oral vitamin D supplementation had no significant effect on body weight and other anthropometric indices, including fat mass, lean mass, waist circumference, BMI Z-score, and height. Although results of body weight changed to significant after sensitivity analysis (WMD = 0.39 kg, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.78; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%, P-heterogeneity = 0.71), we also found significant weight gain in healthy pediatric population, and when the dose of vitamin D supplementation was up to 600 IU/day, the certainty of evidence was very low for weight, moderate for height and BMI, and low for the remaining outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that vitamin D supplementation may lead to a statistically significant weight gain in children and adolescents, while BMI was reduced. Although no significant change was observed in height, it seems vitamin D supplementation may elicit these changes by increasing skeletal growth; however, this remains to be verified. Further high-quality RCTs, with longer duration and larger sample sizes, are needed to yield more certain evidence in this regard. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Available evidence indicates an inverse association between body weight/fat mass and vitamin D status in children and adolescents; however, findings regarding the effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric measurements in children are controversial. WHAT IS NEW: • Our results showed a significant decrease in BMI following vitamin D supplementation in children. • A significant weight gain also was observed after sensitivity analysis, and in healthy pediatric population, and when the dose of vitamin D supplementation was up to 600 IU/day.

Interaction between CETP Taq1B polymorphism and dietary patterns on lipid profile and severity of coronary arteries stenosis in patients under coronary angiography: a cross-sectional study.

AIM: Evidence indicates there are still conflicts regarding CETP Taq1B polymorphism and coronary artery disease risk factors. Current findings about whether dietary patterns can change the relationship of the Taq1B on lipid profile and the severity of coronary arteries stenosis appears to be limited. The present research made an attempt to investigate this possible relationship. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 453 male and female participants with a mean age of 57 years. A validated 178-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary usual intake. Dietary patterns were extracted through principal component analysis (PCA). Taq1B variant was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Two-way ANOVA was used to test the interaction between Taq1B polymorphism and dietary patterns. RESULTS: Two dietary patterns were detected: the western dietary pattern (WDP) and the traditional dietary pattern (TDP). The frequency of Taq1B genotypes turned out to be 10.4, 72.4, and 17.2% for B1B1, B1B2, and B2B2, respectively. A significant difference was observed in TG and TG/HDL-C levels among TaqIB genotypes in higher adherence to TDP (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). Taq1B showed a significant interaction with TDP for modulating TG levels and TG/HDL-C ratio (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Greater compliance to WDP demonstrated a significant difference in TG and TG/HDL-C levels across rs708272 genotypes (P = 0.03) after adjusting for confounding factors. Other lipid components and coronary arteries stenosis scores failed to show any relationship or significant difference across Taq1B genotypes or dietary patterns. CONCLUSION: Adherence to TDP may adjust the association between the Taq1B variant and TG and TG/HDL-C levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography. To better understand the relationships, we suggest prospective studies in different race groups with multivariate approaches.

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)-style diet in association with gastroesophageal reflux disease in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Dietary patterns and food items have been associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) risk and they have led to conflicting findings. The aim of this study was to determine the association between a dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH)-style diet with the risk of GERD and its symptoms in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: This study was performed on 5,141 adolescents aged between 13 and 14 years. Dietary intake was evaluated using a food frequency method. The diagnosis of GERD was done by using a six-item GERD questionnaire that asked about GERD symptoms. A binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between the DASH-style diet score and GERD and its symptoms in crude and multivariable-adjusted models. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that after adjustment for all confounding variables, the adolescents with the highest adherence to the DASH-style diet had a lower chance of developing GERD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.50; 95%CI 0.33-0.75, Ptrend< 0.001)], reflux (OR = 0.42; 95%CI 0.25-0.71, Ptrend=0.001), nausea (OR = 0.59; 95% CI:0.32-1.08, Ptrend=0.05) and stomach pain (OR = 0.69; 95%CI 0.49-0.98, P trend=0.03) compared to those with the lowest adherence. Similar results were found for odds of GERD among boys, and the total population (OR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.18-0.73, Ptrend=0.002, OR = 0.51; 95%CI: 0.34-0.77, P trend<0.0, respectively). CONCLUSION: The current study revealed that adherence to a DASH-style diet might protect against GERD and its symptoms including, reflux, nausea, and stomach pain in adolescents. Further prospective research is needed to confirm these findings.

Does exercise affect bone mineral density and content when added to a calorie-restricted diet? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

The effects of exercise in conjunction with weight-loss diets on bone health are mixed. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze controlled clinical trials in adults investigating the addition of exercise to a weight-loss diet compared with a calorie-matched weight-loss diet without exercise on bone measures. Online databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI (Web of Science), Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to April 2021 with no restriction. A random effects model was used to calculate the overall estimates. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Fourteen eligible controlled clinical trials were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis revealed that, compared to weight-loss diets alone, the addition of exercise did not improve total body bone mineral density (BMD) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.002 g/cm2, P = 0.62, n = 8], lumbar BMD (WMD = 0.007 g/cm2, P = 0.44, n = 9), total hip BMD (WMD = 0.015 g/cm2, P = 0.14, n = 4) and total bone mineral content (BMC) (WMD = - 11.97 g, P = 0.29, n = 7). Subgroup analysis revealed that resistance exercise in conjunction with hypocaloric diets positively affects total BMD compared to an energy restrictive diet alone (WMD = 0.01 g/cm2, P = 0.003, n = 3). Overall, it appears that only resistance exercise beneficially affects total BMD during a calorie-restricted diet in adults. Further well-controlled and long-term clinical trials are still needed to confirm these results. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020173434.

The Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Weight Loss in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials.

Recently, Ketogenic diets have been investigated as an adjunct cancer treatment. This study aimed to summarize the effect of a ketogenic diet on weight in adults with cancer. Literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Google Scholar up to August 2020. The overall estimates were calculated through a random-effects model. A total of eight trials were eligible to be included in the current study. Meta-analysis revealed that a ketogenic diet significantly reduces body weight in cancer patients [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -3.992 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -7.417 to 0.566, P = 0.022, n = 7]. The subgroup analysis revealed that the decreasing effect remained significant in trials done in patients with breast cancer (WMD = -3.332 kg, 95%CI: -4.169 to -2.495, P < 0.001, n = 3) and in studies with >10 (WMD = -2.795, 95%CI: -4.053 to -1.537, P < 0.001, n = 3) and ≤10 weeks of duration (WMD = -7.257, 95%CI: -13.034 to -1.481, P = 0.014, n = 4). However, our findings did not support significant effect of ketogenic diets on body mass index (BMI) (WMD = -1.808 kg/m2, 95%CI: -3.945 to 0.33, P = 0.097, n = 4). In conclusion, ketogenic diets might result to a weight loss in adults with cancer. Future well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials might warrant current findings.

Effect of exercise as adjuvant to energy-restricted diets on quality of life and depression outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Obesity and related co-morbidities lead to a decrease in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and mood. Lifestyle strategies may improve these outcomes. However, the efficacy of exercise in conjunction with a weight-loss diet on HRQOL and mood is unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to examine whether the addition of exercise to energy-restricted dietary programs improves HRQOL and mood status when compared with energy-restricted diets alone in overweight and obese adults. METHODS: Eligible RCTs were identified by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI (Web of sciences), Scopus, and Google Scholar up to April 2021. Summary effects were derived using a random-effects model. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed that an energy-restricted diet plus exercise compared with an energy-restricted diet alone had no significant effects on depression (n = 6, hedges'g = - 0.04, 95% CI: - 0.28,0.20), MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)-physical component summary scores (n = 8, weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.51, 95% CI: - 0.16, 3.18), SF36-mental component summary scores (n = 7, WMD = 0.64, 95% CI: - 1.00, 2.28), and HRQOL disease-specific questionnaire scores (n = 5, hedges'g = 0.16, 95% CI: - 0.09, 0.40). The GRADE revealed that the quality of evidence was low for disease-specific HRQOL scores, and depression status; and high for physical and mental health assessed by SF-36. CONCLUSION: In our sample of overweight and obese adults, no beneficial effect of adding exercise to an energy-restricted diet was found in terms of HRQOL and Depression.

Association between dietary behaviors and depression in adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND: The growing prevalence of depression has become a major public health problem. There is limited evidence regarding the relationship between dietary behaviors and depression. The present study was designed to evaluate the association between dietary behaviors and depression score. METHODS: A total of 933 Iranian adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Depression severity score was assessed using a validated Persian version of Beck's depression inventory. Dietary behaviors were pre-defined and assessed in ten domains using a standard questionnaire. To investigate the association between dietary behaviors and depression score, the linear regression analysis in crude and adjusted models was used. RESULTS: 67.7% of participants had no or minimal depression symptoms and 32.3% of participants were categorized with mild-to-severe depression symptoms. There were significant inverse relationships between main meal consumption (Beta: -0.141; 95% CI: - 3.644 to - 1.000; P = 0.001), snack consumption (Beta: -0.100; 95% CI: - 2.400 to - 0.317; P = 0.002), regular meal consumption (Beta: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.13-0.42; P = 0.001) and food chewing (Beta: -0.152; 95% CI: - 2.279 to - 0.753; P = 0.03) with depression score. These associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables. In addition, frequency of intra-meal fluid intake (Beta: 0.096; 95% CI: 0.288 to 1.535; P = 0.004) and spicy foods consumption (Beta: 0.076; 95% CI: 0.098 to 1.508; P = 0.02) were directly associated with depression score in the crude model. These significant relations were disappeared in full adjusted model. No significant association was found between breakfast consumption, intake of fried foods, chewing ability, and tooth loss with depression score (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations were observed between specific eating behaviors with depression score. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Dietary patterns and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition is a modifiable risk factor that plays an important role in the prevention or delaying of the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies have focused on NAFLD and individual nutrients, which does not take into account combinations of food that are consumed. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between major dietary patterns and NAFLD. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 225 newly diagnosed NAFLD patients and 450 healthy controls. Usual dietary intake over the preceding year was assessed using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Major dietary patterns were determined by exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns, including "western dietary pattern", "healthy dietary pattern", and "traditional dietary pattern" were identified. Subjects in the highest tertile of healthy dietary pattern scores had a lower odds ratio for NAFLD than those in the lowest tertile. Compared with those in the lowest tertile, people in the highest tertile of "western dietary pattern" scores had greater odds for NAFLD. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, "western dietary pattern" had a positive significant effect on NAFLD occurrence. In contrast, "healthy dietary pattern" was associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD. Furthermore, Higher consumption of the "traditional dietary pattern" was significantly associated with NAFLD, albeit in the crude model only. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that healthy and western dietary patterns may be associated with the risk of NAFLD. The results can be used for developing interventions in order to promote healthy eating for the prevention of NAFLD.

Therapeutic Role of HAT Therapy in Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether the combination of hydrocortisone, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and thiamine (HAT therapy) diminishes the mortality and is effective in expediting the resolution of sepsis and septic shock or not. METHODS: The following databases of PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were explored until March 2021 for all existing literature related to this field. An automatic alert for all databases was also activated to update our search. Meta-analysis was performed on clinical trials and cohorts separately as well as on all the pooled populations. RESULTS: This study evaluated nine clinical trials (1358 participants) and nine cohorts (339,437 participants) and is the most comprehensive systematic review in this field. The results of our meta-analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the reduction of Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score changes (Δ-SOFA) over 72 h (Standard Mean Difference (SMD) = -0.429; 95% CI: -0.737, 0.120; P = 0.006), duration of vasopressor (VP) (SMD = -0.373; 95% CI: -0.619, -0.128; P = 0.003), and procalcitonin (PCT) clearance (SMD = 0.496; 95% CI: 0.061, 0.931%; P = 0.026). Considering the results of cohorts, HAT therapy was effective in the survival of intensive care units (ICUs) patients (OR = 0.641; 95% CI: 0.423-0.970, P = 0.035). However, no significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups in hospital mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.811, 95% CI: 0.544-1.209, P = 0.304), 28- to 30-day mortality (OR = 1.000; 95% CI: 0.782-1.279, P = 0.998), new onset acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy ((OR = 0.856, 95% CI: 0.526, 1.391; P = 0.529), in-hospital length of stay (LOS) (SMD = 0.090; 95% CI: -0.036, 0.216 days; P = 0.162), LOS in ICU (SMD = 0.016, 95% CI: -0.138, 0.170 days; P = 0.838), and mechanical ventilation-free days (SMD = 0.004; 95% CI: -0.154, 0.163 days; P = 0.956). CONCLUSION: Supplementation of septic and septic shock patients with HAT therapy has significant beneficial effects on SOFA score over 72 hours, duration of exogenous vasopressor infusion and procalcitonin clearance. Considering the results of cohort studies, supplementation with HAT is efficacious in reducing ICU mortality.

The association between dietary meal intake habits and coronary artery stenosis and cardio-metabolic risk factors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We are not aware of studies examining the association between dietary meal intake habits (DMIH) and severity of coronary artery stenosis (CAS). This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between DMIH and the severity of CAS as well as cardiometabolic risk factors in adults undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done on 720 patients undergoing coronary angiography (aged 35-75 years) who were admitted to Afshar Hospital, a referral hospital for cardiovascular diseases in Yazd, Iran. Data on DMIH were gathered by interview. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Blood pressure, anthropometric indices, and body composition were also evaluated. The relationship between DMIH and the severity of CAS [examined by angiography based on Gensini Score (GS) and Syntax Score (SS)] and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed using logistic regression and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), respectively, in crude and multivariable adjusted models. RESULTS: After adjustment for all possible confounding variables, the study revealed that people who ate 3 meals/day had a lower risk of severe CAS compared to people who ate 2 or fewer meals (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.88, P-trend = 0.02). There was an inverse association between the number of snacks /day and the severity of CAS (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.87, P-trend = 0.02). There was also an inverse relationship between breakfast frequency/week and the severity of CAS based on both GS and SS (P < 0.05). Breakfast consumption, meal frequency, lunch consumption, snack frequency, and more food consumption on holidays were also associated with different cardiometabolic markers and anthropometric measures (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, meal frequency and breakfast consumption might be inversely associated with CAS and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Dietary antioxidant status indices may not interact with CETP Taq1B polymorphism on lipid profile and severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients under coronary angiography.

The association of CETP Taq1B polymorphism with some metabolic traits is still controversial. The interaction of adherence to dietary indices with this polymorphism on the severity of coronary artery stenosis and serum lipid parameters needs to be investigated. This study aimed to test this hypothesis. This cross-sectional study included 453 patients who were referred from Afshar Hospital of Yazd and undergoing coronary angiography from 2020 to 2021. Dietary intake was evaluated by a 178-item validated and reliable dietary questionnaire. Dietary indices such as dietary antioxidant index (DAI), dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS), and dietary phytochemical index (DPI) are determined according to dietary guidelines. The Taq1B variant was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Two-way ANOVA was used to test the interaction between Taq1B polymorphism and dietary indices. The results of the frequency analysis of Taq1B genotypes showed that 10.4% were B1B1, 72.4% B1B2, and 17.2% B2B2. No significant interaction was found between the Taq1B variant with high adherence to DAQS, DAI, and DPI on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride (TG) levels, and Gensini score (GS) and Syntax score (SS). In high-adherence dietary indices, lipid profile and coronary artery stenosis scores did not differ significantly in Taq1B genotypes. Due to the insignificant results in this research, further studies are needed to investigate the role of Taq1B SNP in modulating dyslipidemia and the severity of the CAD in interaction with dietary indices.

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Taq1B Polymorphism and Its Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients Undergoing Angiography in Yazd, Eastern Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Several studies assessed the relationship between the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) Taq1B gene polymorphism (rs708272) with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, their findings were inconsistent. The present study investigated the relationship between CVD risk factors and the Taq1B variant in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 476 patients aged 30-76 years old of both sexes from 2020-2021, in Yazd (Iran). The Taq1B polymorphism genotypes were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on DNA extracted from whole blood. Standard protocols were used to measure cardio-metabolic markers. To determine the association between CVDs risk factors and the rs708272 variant, binary logistic regression was used in crude and adjusted models. Results: Taq1B polymorphism genotype frequencies were 10.7% for B1B1, 72.3% for B1B2, and 17% for B2B2. There was no significant association between abnormal levels of CVDs risk factors and different genotypes of the Taq1B variant, Gensini score (P=0.64), Syntax score (P=0.79), systolic blood pressure (P=0.55), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.58), and waist circumference (P=0.79). There was no significant association between genotypes of the rs708272 variant and any abnormal serum lipid levels. After adjusting for confounders, the results remained non-significant. Conclusion: There was no significant association between CVDs risk factors and CETP rs708272 polymorphism. The relationship between CETP gene variants and CVD occurrences varied across groups, implying that more research in different regions is required.A preprint version of this manuscript is available at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2575215/v1 with doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2575215/v1.

Two cosmoses, one universe: a narrative review exploring the gut microbiome's role in the effect of urban risk factors on vascular ageing.

In the face of rising global urbanisation, understanding how the associated environment and lifestyle impact public health is a cornerstone for prevention, research, and clinical practice. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with urban risk factors contributing greatly to its burden. The current narrative review adopts an exposome approach to explore the effect of urban-associated physical-chemical factors (such as air pollution) and lifestyle on cardiovascular health and ageing. In addition, we provide new insights into how these urban-related factors alter the gut microbiome, which has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We focus on vascular ageing, before disease onset, to promote preventative research and practice. We also discuss how urban ecosystems and social factors may interact with these pathways and provide suggestions for future research, precision prevention and management of vascular ageing. Most importantly, future research and decision-making would benefit from adopting an exposome approach and acknowledging the diverse and boundless universe of the microbiome.

The effect of whole egg consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: A limited number of studies have directly examined the effect of whole eggs on body weight and composition in adults, and they have led to inconsistent results. This study aimed to summarize the evidence on the effect of whole egg consumption on body weight and body composition in adults from clinical trials. METHODS: Online databases were searched from inception to April 2023 for clinical trials that directly or indirectly assessed the effect of whole eggs consumption on anthropometric measures including body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat-free mass (FFM) in adults. A random effects model was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: In total, 32 controlled clinical trials were included in the systematic review. The analyses revealed that whole egg consumption has no significant effect on body weight (n = 22), BMI (n = 13), WC (n = 10), and FFM (n = 4, P > 0.05). The subgroup analyses showed that whole egg consumption has an increasing effect on body weight and BMI in studies that lasted more than 12 weeks and in unhealthy participants (P < 0.05). A significant increasing effect on BMI was found in studies that the control group did not receive any egg (P < 0.05). Moreover, in studies that there was no significant difference in energy intake between the intervention and control groups, weight, and WC were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, in studies that participants in the control group received another food or supplement, studies with calorie restriction, and studies on healthy subjects, whole egg intake significantly decreased BMI (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although whole egg consumption had no adverse effect on body composition and body weight, in overall, it might increase body weight in long term. Egg consumption beneficially affects BMI in healthy people and during weight loss diet. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Registration number: CRD42022308045).