Brain vulnerability and viability after ischaemia.

The susceptibility of the brain to ischaemic injury dramatically limits its viability following interruptions in blood flow. However, data from studies of dissociated cells, tissue specimens, isolated organs and whole bodies have brought into question the temporal limits within which the brain is capable of tolerating prolonged circulatory arrest. This Review assesses cell type-specific mechanisms of global cerebral ischaemia, and examines the circumstances in which the brain exhibits heightened resilience to injury. We suggest strategies for expanding such discoveries to fuel translational research into novel cytoprotective therapies, and describe emerging technologies and experimental concepts. By doing so, we propose a new multimodal framework to investigate brain resuscitation following extended periods of circulatory arrest.

Valvular heart disease: from mechanisms to management.

Valvular heart disease is common and its prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. Effective medical therapies are insufficient and treatment was historically limited to the surgical techniques of valve repair or replacement, resulting in systematic underprovision of care to older patients and those with substantial comorbidities, frailty, or left ventricular dysfunction. Advances in imaging and surgical techniques over the past 20 years have transformed the management of valvular heart disease. Better understanding of the mechanisms and causes of disease and an increasingly extensive and robust evidence base provide a platform for the delivery of individualised treatment by multidisciplinary heart teams working within networks of diagnostic facilities and specialist heart valve centres. In this Series paper, we aim to provide an overview of the current and future management of valvular heart disease and propose treatment approaches based on an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the application of multidisciplinary treatment strategies to individual patients.

Concomitant Tricuspid Repair in Patients with Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid regurgitation is common in patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation. However, the evidence base is insufficient to inform a decision about whether to perform tricuspid-valve repair during mitral-valve surgery in patients who have moderate tricuspid regurgitation or less-than-moderate regurgitation with annular dilatation. METHODS: We randomly assigned 401 patients who were undergoing mitral-valve surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitation to receive a procedure with or without tricuspid annuloplasty (TA). The primary 2-year end point was a composite of reoperation for tricuspid regurgitation, progression of tricuspid regurgitation by two grades from baseline or the presence of severe tricuspid regurgitation, or death. RESULTS: Patients who underwent mitral-valve surgery plus TA had fewer primary-end-point events than those who underwent mitral-valve surgery alone (3.9% vs. 10.2%) (relative risk, 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16 to 0.86; P = 0.02). Two-year mortality was 3.2% in the surgery-plus-TA group and 4.5% in the surgery-alone group (relative risk, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.25 to 1.88). The 2-year prevalence of progression of tricuspid regurgitation was lower in the surgery-plus-TA group than in the surgery-alone group (0.6% vs. 6.1%; relative risk, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69). The frequencies of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, functional status, and quality of life were similar in the two groups at 2 years, although the incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation was higher in the surgery-plus-TA group than in the surgery-alone group (14.1% vs. 2.5%; rate ratio, 5.75; 95% CI, 2.27 to 14.60). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing mitral-valve surgery, those who also received TA had a lower incidence of a primary-end-point event than those who underwent mitral-valve surgery alone at 2 years, a reduction that was driven by less frequent progression to severe tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid repair resulted in more frequent permanent pacemaker implantation. Whether reduced progression of tricuspid regurgitation results in long-term clinical benefit can be determined only with longer follow-up. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02675244.).

Cytokine Hemoadsorption During Cardiac Surgery Versus Standard Surgical Care for Infective Endocarditis (REMOVE): Results From a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery often represents the only treatment option in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). However, IE surgery may lead to a sudden release of inflammatory mediators, which is associated with postoperative organ dysfunction. We investigated the effect of hemoadsorption during IE surgery on postoperative organ dysfunction. METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, nonblinded, controlled trial assigned patients undergoing cardiac surgery for IE to hemoadsorption (integration of CytoSorb to cardiopulmonary bypass) or control. The primary outcome (change in sequential organ failure assessment score [ΔSOFA]) was defined as the difference between the mean total postoperative SOFA score, calculated maximally to the 9th postoperative day, and the basal SOFA score. The analysis was by modified intention to treat. A predefined intergroup comparison was performed using a linear mixed model for ΔSOFA including surgeon and baseline SOFA score as fixed effect covariates and with the surgical center as random effect. The SOFA score assesses dysfunction in 6 organ systems, each scored from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate worsening dysfunction. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor and renal replacement therapy. Cytokines were measured in the first 50 patients. RESULTS: Between January 17, 2018, and January 31, 2020, a total of 288 patients were randomly assigned to hemoadsorption (n=142) or control (n=146). Four patients in the hemoadsorption and 2 in the control group were excluded because they did not undergo surgery. The primary outcome, ΔSOFA, did not differ between the hemoadsorption and the control group (1.79±3.75 and 1.93±3.53, respectively; 95% CI, -1.30 to 0.83; P=0.6766). Mortality at 30 days (21% hemoadsorption versus 22% control; P=0.782), duration of mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor and renal replacement therapy did not differ between groups. Levels of interleukin-1ß and interleukin-18 at the end of integration of hemoadsorption to cardiopulmonary bypass were significantly lower in the hemoadsorption than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized trial failed to demonstrate a reduction in postoperative organ dysfunction through intraoperative hemoadsorption in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for IE. Although hemoadsorption reduced plasma cytokines at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, there was no difference in any of the clinically relevant outcome measures. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03266302.

Efficacy and Safety of Percutaneous Access Via Large-Bore Sheaths (22-26F Diameter) in Endovascular Therapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the closure success rate's outcomes with suture-mediated vascular closure device Perclose ProGlide in patients undergoing aortic or iliac artery endovascular repair using large delivery systems (>21F). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened all the patient records in aortic databases at 2 centers who had undergone vascular interventions via ProGlide for percutaneous femoral access >21F between 2016 and 2020. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the delivery system size: large (L) (22F-23F) and extra-large (XL) (24F-26F). Demographics, anatomical details, and outcome of percutaneous access were evaluated. RESULTS: Included were 239 patients: 121 in the L group and 118 the XL group. Intraprocedural conversion to open surgery because of bleeding was necessary in 2% L and 6% XL patients (p=0.253). Severe femoral artery calcification was the sole risk factor for converting to open surgery (odds ratio=23.44, 95% confidence interval=1.49-368.17, p=0.025). In all, 2% of L and 3% of XL (p=0.631) did require late percutaneous intervention due to stenosis (all treated with balloon angioplasty). Overall, 3% developed pseudoaneurysm treated conservatively in all except one patient requiring surgical repair. Hematoma and groin infection were observed in 9% and 1%, respectively; none required surgical therapy. CONCLUSION: A femoral arterial defect after accessing the artery via a large bore sheath (22F-26F) can be closed successfully with ProGlide in more than 90% of patients. Severe femoral artery calcification is a risk factor for conversion to open surgery caused by bleeding. CLINICAL IMPACT: This study adds evidence on efficacy of accessing the artery via a large bore sheath (22-26F) secured by ProGlide. In more than 200 patients conversion to open surgery was necessary in only 4%. Severe femoral artery calcification was the sole risk factor for converting to open surgery. Our findings encourage physicians to choose the percutaneous access even in patients requiring the use of large bore sheath.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Intoxication and Overdoses: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been increasingly applied over recent decades to treat severe cardiogenic shock and acute lung failure and cardiac arrest of various causes. Acute intoxication with therapeutic substances or other chemical substances can cause severe cardiogenic shock or even cardiac arrest. The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative systematic review of ECMO use in intoxication and poisoning. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science databases from January 1971 to December 2021 and selected appropriate studies according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria to evaluate the role of ECMO in intoxication and poisoning systematically. Survival at hospital discharge was examined to describe the outcome. RESULTS: The search resulted in 365 publications after removing duplicates. In total, 190 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 145 articles from 1985 to 2021 were examined in our final qualitative analysis. A total of 539 (100%) patients were included (mean age: 30.9 ± 16.6 years), with a distribution of n = 64 (11.9%) cases with venovenous (vv) ECMO, n = 218 (40.4%) cases with venoarterial (va) ECMO, and n = 257 (47.7%) cases with cardiac arrest and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Survival at hospital discharge was 61.0% for all patients, 68.8% for vaECMO, 75% for vvECMO, and 50.9% for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CONCLUSION: When used and reported, ECMO seems to be a valid tool for adult and pediatric patients suffering intoxication from various pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical substances due to a high survival rate at hospital discharge.

Clinical Outcomes after Mitral Valve Surgery in Failed MitraClip Procedures.

BACKGROUND: We retrospectively evaluated in-hospital and overall outcome of patients who received mitral valve replacement (MVR) after failed MitraClip procedure. METHODS: A total of 26 out of 740 patients received MVR after treatment with MitraClip between June 2010 and December 2020. We analyzed in-hospital mortality and overall mortality during the median follow-up period of 72 days after MVR. RESULTS: The median age in the entire cohort was 77.5 years. In-hospital mortality was 15.4% (n = 4) and the overall mortality during the follow-up period was 27% (n = 7). The median time between the MitraClip procedure and surgery was 34.5 days. The main reasons for surgery were mitral stenosis (23.1%), persistent prolapse of the mitral valve leaflets (42.3%), and persistent tethering of the mitral valve leaflets (34.6%). At the time of surgery all of the patients presented with New York Heart Association 3 and above. The underlying mitral valve pathology was mainly secondary 61.5% (n = 16). Median left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 60 mm. Preoperative ejection fraction was 40% and above in 73% of the cohort. In addition to the mitral valve procedure, 57.7% of patients received either concomitant tricuspid annuloplasty, aortic valve surgery, ascending aortic replacement, or coronary artery bypass grafting. CONCLUSION: The need for MVR for failed MitraClip repair is low and the results are acceptable. However, remaining options for reconstruction are usually limited and MVR is often needed. Anticipating success or failure according to the underlying pathology more than according to concomitant risk factors should form the basis in decision making for the treatment modality of first choice.

Limiting calcium overload after cardiac arrest: The role of human albumin in controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body.

BACKGROUND: Regarding the overall inadequate results after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the development of new treatment concepts is urgently needed. Controlled Automated Reperfusion of the whoLe body (CARL) represents a therapy bundle to control the conditions of reperfusion and the composition of the reperfusate after cardiac arrest (CA). The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma expander's role in the CARL priming solution and examine its mechanism of action. METHODS: Viscosity, osmolality, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), pH and calcium binding of different priming solutions were measured in vitro and compared to in vivo data. N = 16 pigs were allocated to receive CARL following 20 min of untreated CA with either human albumin 20% (HA, N = 8) or gelatin polysuccinate 4% (GP, N = 8). Blood gas analyses were performed during the first hour of reperfusion and catecholamine and fluid requirements were recorded. Neurological outcome was assessed by neurological deficit scoring (NDS) on the seventh day. RESULTS: In vitro, addition of HA to the CARL priming solution resulted in higher COP and higher calcium-binding than GP. In vivo, treatment with HA led to greater reduction of ionized calcium and higher extracorporeal flows within the first 30 min of reperfusion with no difference in catecholamine support and fluid requirement. Seven-day survival of 75% with no difference in NDS was observed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the plasma expander in the CARL priming solution has a significant effect on the initial reperfusate and can potentially influence the course of resuscitation. However, seven-day survival and NDS did not differ between groups.

Serum proteome alterations during conventional and extracorporeal resuscitation in pigs.

BACKGROUND: Only a small number of patients survive an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) and can be discharged from hospital alive with a large percentage of these patients retaining neurological impairments. In recent years, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has emerged as a beneficial strategy to optimize cardiac arrest treatment. However, ECPR is still associated with various complications. To reduce these problems, a profound understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required. This study aims to investigate the effects of CA, conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and ECPR using a whole-body reperfusion protocol (controlled and automated reperfusion of the whole body-CARL) on the serum proteome profiles in a pig model of refractory CA. METHODS: N = 7 pigs underwent 5 min of untreated CA followed by 30 min CPR and 120 min perfusion with CARL. Blood samples for proteomic analysis were drawn at baseline, after CPR and at the end of the CARL period. Following albumin-depletion, proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: N = 21 serum samples were measured resulting in the identification and quantification of 308-360 proteins per sample and 388 unique proteins in total. The three serum proteome profiles at the investigated time points clustered individually and segregated almost completely when considering a 90% confidence interval. Differential expression analysis showed significant abundance changes in 27 proteins between baseline and after CPR and in 9 proteins after CARL compared to CPR. Significant findings were further validated through a co-abundance cluster analysis corroborating the observed abundance changes. CONCLUSIONS: The presented data highlight the impact of systemic ischemia and reperfusion on the entire serum proteome during resuscitation with a special focus on changes regarding haemolysis, coagulation, inflammation, and cell-death processes. Generally, the observed changes contribute to post-ischemic complications. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms during CA and resuscitation may help to limit these complications and improve therapeutic options.

Rotational thromboelastometry and conventional coagulation tests in patients undergoing major cardiac or aortic surgery: a retrospective single-center cohort study.

Algorithms for treatment of diffuse bleeding in cardiac surgery are based on intervention thresholds of coagulation tests, such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) or conventional laboratory tests. The relationship between these two approaches is unclear in patients with increased risk of coagulation abnormalities. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 248 patients undergoing major cardiac and/or aortic surgery. ROTEM and conventional laboratory tests were performed simultaneously after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass and protamine administration to investigate the extrinsic and intrinsic system, and to determine deficiencies in platelets and fibrinogen. We evaluated the association between ROTEM and conventional tests by linear regression analysis and compared the frequency of exceeding established thresholds for clinical intervention. Significant linear associations between ROTEM 10 min after the start of coagulation, and plasma fibrinogen concentration or platelet count (FIBTEM A10, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001; EXTEM A10, R2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) were obtained. However, the 95% prediction intervals exceeded clinically useful ranges (92-233 mg/dL fibrinogen at the intervention threshold of FIBTEM A10 = 10 mm; 14 × 103-122 × 103/µL platelets at the intervention threshold of EXTEM A10 = 40 mm). The association between EXTEM and INR (R2 = 0.23), and INTEM and aPTT (R2 = 0.095) was poor. The frequency of exceeding intervention thresholds and, consequently, of triggering treatment, varied markedly between ROTEM and conventional tests (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The predictability of conventional coagulation test results by ROTEM is limited, thus hampering the interchangeability of methods in clinical practice.

Invasive Coronary Angiography in Patients with Native or Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is essential to detect significant coronary artery disease (CAD) but is generally not recommended in patients with infective aortic valve endocarditis. This study aimed to evaluate the risks and benefits of preoperative ICA in patients before aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Between March 2008 and September 2020, 232 patients were surgically treated for infectious endocarditis of the aortic valve. Sixty-seven (29%) of them underwent preoperative diagnostic ICA and were compared with the patients without preoperative ICA. We collected their baseline characteristics, including the neurological status, previous cardiac surgical procedures, and reviewed the preoperative echocardiograms and the ICA data. The intraoperative data and clinical outcomes after ICA and after surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: ICA revealed a CAD in the majority of our patients (n = 36; 54%): One-vessel disease n = 19 (28%), two-vessel disease n = 6 (9%), and three-vessel disease n = 11 (16%). We observed no adverse events following preoperative diagnostic ICA, particularly no thromboembolic complications, including stroke, visceral, or lower body ischemia were detected. During surgical aortic valve replacement, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 20 patients (30%). In patients with preoperative ICA, postoperative in-hospital mortality was significantly lower (n = 8 [12%] vs. n = 30 [18%]; p < 0.001), while the incidence of postoperative bleeding was higher (n = 18 [27%] vs. n = 22 [13%]; p = 0.022). The new-onset stroke incidence was 5% in each group. CONCLUSION: Taking a multidisciplinary team approach, ICA is safe in selected patients with aortic valve infectious endocarditis with no adverse clinical outcomes, but significant clinical implications.

Impact of Procedure Volume on the Outcomes of Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Literature demonstrated that procedure volumes affect outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. We evaluated the outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement. METHODS: All isolated surgical aortic valve replacement procedures in Germany in 2017 were identified. Hospitals were divided into five groups from ≤25 (very low volume) until >100 (very high volume) annual procedures. RESULTS: In 2017, 5,533 patients underwent isolated surgical aortic valve replacement. All groups were of comparable risk (logistic EuroSCORE, 5.12-4.80%) and age (66.6-68.1 years). In-hospital mortality and complication rates were lowest in the very high-volume group. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed no significant volume-outcome relationship for in-hospital mortality, stroke, postoperative delirium, and mechanical ventilation > 48 hours. Regarding acute kidney injury, patients in the very high-volume group were at lower risk than those in the very low volume group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, p = 0.04). Risk factors for in-hospital mortality were previous cardiac surgery (OR = 5.75, p < 0.001), high-grade renal disease (glomerular filtration rate < 15 mL/min, OR = 5.61, p = 0.002), surgery in emergency cases (OR = 2.71, p = 0.002), and higher grade heart failure (NYHA [New York Heart Association] III/IV; OR = 1.80, p = 0.02). Risk factors for all four complication rates were atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: Patients treated in very low volume centers (≤25 operations/year) had a similar risk regarding in-hospital mortality and most complications compared with very high-volume centers (>100 operations/year). Only in the case of acute kidney injury, very high-volume centers showed better outcomes than very low volume centers. Therefore, surgical aortic valve replacement can be performed safely independent of case volume.

Moderate or Severe Functional MR and Severe AS: Is Mitral Valve Surgery Justified?

OBJECTIVE: Mitral regurgitation (MR) and severe aortic valve stenosis often coexist. Concomitant replacement of both valves is associated with a significantly higher morbidity and mortality. This study sought to investigate the progression of MR after isolated aortic valve replacement. METHODS: We analyzed the severity and progression of MR, survival and echocardiographic parameters in 506 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and moderate to severe functional MR who received isolated aortic valve replacement during a 9-year period. RESULTS: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was performed in 381 patients and 125 patients received surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). The median age of the cohort was 82 years. Median ejection fraction before and after TAVI or SAVR was 35 and 36% respectively (p = 0.64). There was a statistically significant reduction in the MR (p < 0.001) within both groups. Survival in both groups at 5 years was at 25%. CONCLUSION: Isolated aortic valve replacement in patients with accompanying moderate to severe functional MR may present an adequate treatment option for this high-risk patient collective.

Diameter Changes in Traumatic Aortic Injury: Implications for Stent-Graft Sizing.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare aortic diameters from admission computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans to postoperative aortic diameters in patients with traumatic aortic injury (TAI) and evaluate the influence of substantial blood loss on aortic diameter. METHODS: The aortic databases of two tertiary university centers were retrospectively screened for patients with TAI between February 2002 and February 2019. Concomitant organ injuries, bone fractures, blood loss, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Aortic diameters were measured in CTA upon admission and were compared with the CTA before discharge at three different aortic levels (mid-ascending, 5 cm distal to the end of the stent graft, and at the celiac trunk level). RESULTS: We identified 45 patients, aged 43 (first quartile; third quartile [26; 55]) years with a TAI treated by thoracic endovascular aortic repair. The most frequent cause of TAI was a car accident (n = 24). Concomitant injuries were seen in all but one patient. Bone and pelvic fractures were seen in 40 (89%) and 15 (33%) patients, respectively. Type III aortic injury was present in 25 patients (56%). Increase of aortic diameter after stabilization was +1.7 mm (-0.6 mm; 2.5 mm; p = 0.004) at the mid-ascending aorta, +2.1 mm (0.2 mm; 3.8 mm; p < 0.001) 5 cm distal to the stent graft, and +1.5 mm (0.5 mm; 3.2 mm; p < 0.001) at the celiac trunk level. CONCLUSION: In patients with TAI, the aortic diameter is significantly reduced as compared with the aortic diameter at discharge. The reduction of aortic diameter might be caused by hemorrhagic shock and should be kept in mind for appropriate stent-graft sizing.

Subsequent cardiac surgery after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Indications and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Aim of this study was to report on indications and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent subsequent open-cardiac surgery after transcatheter aortic valve implantation TAVI. METHODS: Between 01/2011 and 12/2020 our centre performed 4043 TAVI procedures. Twenty-seven patients (including patients in whom TAVI was performed in other centres) underwent subsequent open-heart surgery via cardiopulmonary bypass. Demographic, intraprocedural data, indications for, and outcomes after surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Indications for cardiac surgery (aged 79 [IQR 76-84]; 59.3% male) were endocarditis (n = 11; 40.7%), annular rupture, severe paravalvular leak and severe stenosis in three (11.1%) patients, respectively as well as in one patient each (3.7%) severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, valve thrombosis, valve malposition, valve migration, ostial right coronary artery obstruction, left ventricular rupture and type A aortic dissection. The interval between the index TAVI procedure to open surgery was 3 months (IQR 0-26 months). Eight patients underwent emergent surgical conversions. Immediate procedural and procedural mortality was 25.9% and 40.7%, respectively and all-cause mortality was 51.9% (11/12 died for cardiovascular reasons). No disabling stroke was observed postoperatively. New permanent pacemaker implantation was required in three patients (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Subsequent open-cardiac surgery after TAVI is rare, but may urgently become necessary due to TAVI related complications or progressing other cardiac pathologies. Despite a substantial early attrition rate clinical outcome is acceptable and a relevant number of these high-risk patients can be discharged even after emergency conversions. The option of subsequent surgical conversion remains.

A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis Investigating the Impact of Targeted Perfusion Parameters during Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Out-of-Hospital and Inhospital Cardiac Arrest.

Evidence regarding perfusion conditions during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is rare. Therefore, we investigated the impact of perfusion parameters on neurologic outcome and survival in patients with in- or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA; OHCA) treated with ECPR. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis. The focus was set on perfusion parameters and their impact on survival and a goal neurological outcome using the cerebral performance category score of 1-2. We conducted random- and mixed-effects meta-analyses and computed pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We included a total of n = 1,282 ECPR (100%) patients from 20 ECPR studies. The target values of flow and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were frequently available. We transferred flow and MAP target values to high, medium, and low categories. The meta-analysis could not demonstrate a single effect of flow or MAP on outcome variables. In a second mixed-effects model, the combined occurrence of targeted flow and MAP as medium and high showed a significant effect on survival (OHCA: 52%, 95% CI: 29%, 74%; IHCA: 60%, 95% CI: 35%, 85%) and on neurological outcomes (OHCA: 53%, 95% CI: 27%, 78%; IHCA: 62%, 95% CI: 38%, 86%). Random-effects analysis showed also that IHCA led to a significant 11% (p = 0.006; 95% CI: 3%, 18%) improvement in survival and 12% (p = .005; 95% CI: 4%, 21%) improvement in neurological outcomes compared to OHCA. A combination of medium flow and high MAP showed advantages in survival and for neurological outcomes. We also identified improved outcomes for IHCA.

Piezo1 and BKCa channels in human atrial fibroblasts: Interplay and remodelling in atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia of increasing prevalence in the aging populations of developed countries. One of the important indicators of AF is sustained atrial dilatation, highlighting the importance of mechanical overload in the pathophysiology of AF. The mechanisms by which atrial cells, including fibroblasts, sense and react to changing mechanical forces, are not fully elucidated. Here, we characterise stretch-activated ion channels (SAC) in human atrial fibroblasts and changes in SAC- presence and activity associated with AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using primary cultures of human atrial fibroblasts, isolated from patients in sinus rhythm or sustained AF, we combine electrophysiological, molecular and pharmacological tools to identify SAC. Two electrophysiological SAC- signatures were detected, indicative of cation-nonselective and potassium-selective channels. Using siRNA-mediated knockdown, we identified the cation-nonselective SAC as Piezo1. Biophysical properties of the potassium-selective channel, its sensitivity to calcium, paxilline or iberiotoxin (blockers), and NS11021 (activator), indicated presence of calcium-dependent 'big potassium channels' (BKCa). In cells from AF patients, Piezo1 activity and mRNA expression levels were higher than in cells from sinus rhythm patients, while BKCa activity (but not expression) was downregulated. Both Piezo1-knockdown and removal of extracellular calcium from the patch pipette resulted in a significant reduction of BKCa current during stretch. No co-immunoprecipitation of Piezo1 and BKCa was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Human atrial fibroblasts contain at least two types of ion channels that are activated during stretch: Piezo1 and BKCa. While Piezo1 is directly stretch-activated, the increase in BKCa activity during mechanical stimulation appears to be mainly secondary to calcium influx via SAC such as Piezo1. During sustained AF, Piezo1 is increased, while BKCa activity is reduced, highlighting differential regulation of both channels. Our data support the presence and interplay of Piezo1 and BKCa in human atrial fibroblasts in the absence of physical links between the two channel proteins.

The Frozen Elephant Trunk Technique for the Treatment of Type B and Type Non-A Non-B Aortic Dissection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes of patients with acute complicated or chronic Type B or non-A non-B aortic dissection who underwent the frozen elephant trunk (FET) technique. METHODS: Between April 2013 and July 2019, 41 patients presenting with acute complicated (n = 29) or chronic (n = 12) descending thoracic aortic dissection were treated by the FET technique, which was the treatment of choice when supra-aortic vessel transposition would not suffice to create a satisfactory proximal landing zone for endovascular aortic repair, when a concomitant ascending or arch aneurysm was present, or in patients with connective tissue diseases. RESULTS: One patient (2%) died intra-operatively secondary to an aortic rupture in dwnstream aortic segments. No post-operative deaths occurred. Four patients (10%) suffered a non-disabling posto-operative stroke and were discharged with no clinical symptoms (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 0, n = 1), no significant disability (mRS 1, n = 2), or with slight disability (mRS 2, n = 1). No spinal cord ischaemia was observed. The primary entry tear was either surgically resected or excluded from circulation in all patients. During follow up, one patient (2%) died after two years (not aorta related) and 16 patients (39%) underwent an aortic re-intervention after 7.7 [interquartile range 0.7, 15.8] months (endovascular aortic repair: n = 14; open thoraco-abdominal aortic replacement: n = 1, hybrid approach: n = 1). CONCLUSION: The FET technique is an effective treatment option for acute complicated and chronic Type B or non-A non-B aortic dissection in patients in whom primary endovascular aortic repair is non-feasible. While the post-operative outcome is acceptable with a relatively low incidence of non-disabling strokes, this study also underlines the considerable need for aortic re-interventions. Continuous follow up of all patients undergoing the FET procedure is essential.

Determination of local flow ratios and velocities in a femoral venous cannula with computational fluid dynamics and 4D flow-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging: A method validation.

Cannulas with multi-staged side holes are the method of choice for femoral cannulation in extracorporeal therapies today. A variety of differently designed products is available on the market. While the preferred tool for the performance assessment of such cannulas are pressure-flow curves, little is known about the flow and velocity distribution. Within this work flow and velocity patterns of a femoral venous cannula with multi-staged side holes were investigated. A mock circulation loop for cannula performance evaluation was built and reproduced using a computer-aided design system. With computational fluid dynamics, volume flows and fluid velocities were determined quantitatively and visually with hole-based precision. In order to ensure the correctness of the flow simulation, the results were subsequently validated by determining the same parameters with four-dimensional flow-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging. Measurement data and numerical solution differed 7% on average throughout the data set for the examined parameters. The highest inflow and velocity were detected at the most proximal holes, where half of the total volume flow enters the cannula. At every hole stage a Y-shaped inflow profile was detected, forming a centered stream in the middle of the cannula. Simultaneously, flow separation creates zones with significant lower flow velocities. Numerical simulation, validated with four-dimensional flow-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging, is a valuable tool to examine flow and velocity distributions of femoral venous cannulas with hole-based accuracy. Flow and velocity distribution in such cannulas are not ideal. Based on this work future cannulas can be effectively optimized.

Efficacy of Vascular Closure Devices in Closing Large-Bore Sheath Arterial Sites after Treatment with Extracorporeal Life Support System.

BACKGROUND: We retrospectively evaluated vascular complications and wound infections after surgical or percutaneous transfemoral removal of temporary extracorporeal life support systems (ECLSs). METHODS: A total of 83 patients were weaned from ECLS between August 2015 and September 2020. We analyzed for a composite endpoint of vascular complications and wound infections requiring negative-pressure wound therapy. Patients were divided into two groups: percutaneous group using the MANTA vascular occlusion system (VCD; Teleflex, Morrisville, North Carolina, United States) (n = 23) and surgical group (n = 60). RESULTS: The median age in the entire cohort was 67 years. Vascular complications were seen in 20% (n = 12) in the surgical group and in 13% (n = 3) in the percutaneous group (p = 0.72). A total of 32% (n = 19) in the surgical group and 9% (n = 2) in the percutaneous group (p = 0.031) had wound infections. A composite endpoint of vascular complications and wound infections showed significantly more complications in the surgical group (52%, n = 31) as compared with the percutaneous group (22%, n = 5) (p = 0.020). The median duration in the intensive care unit was 13 days for the surgical group and 12 days for the percutaneous group without any significant difference in both groups (p = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Using the MANTA VCD for percutaneous removal of ECLS cannulas after weaning from ECLS is safe and reproducible. A composite endpoint of vascular complications and wound infections was significantly lower in the percutaneous removal group as compared with the surgical group.