[Outpatient surgery for penile hypospadias in pediatric urology: A monocentric experience with a mean follow-up of 3 years]. / Chirurgie ambulatoire de l'hypospade pénien pédiatrique : expérience monocentrique avec un recul moyen de 3 ans.

INTRODUCTION: Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. Outpatient surgery has been proposed but is not widespread. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience of outpatient surgery for penile hypospadias repair and to specify the constraints for a result similar to a conventional inpatient procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective and single-center study, including all the patients operated on hypospadias for the first time by one of the 3 senior surgeons, between January 2011 and March 2018. Peno-scrotal and perineal hypospadias were excluded because systematically hospitalized. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-six patients were included. 67 patients (40,4%) were treated on an outpatient basis. The mean age at the time of procedure was 15.6 (6-51) months. Forms with curvature were almost exclusively hospitalized (1 vs. 25, P<0.001). There was no significant difference for anterior penile forms (60 vs. 81, P=0.06). Middle and posterior hypospadias were more often hospitalized, although outpatient experience exists. There were no more complications in the outpatient group. CONCLUSION: Outpatient hypospadias surgery seems to be achievable in most of the cases, provided that medical care is standardized and multidisciplinary, the staff is trained and involved and a specific organization is put in place in the department. Evaluation of the socio-family environment is therefore fundamental.

Financial and relational impact of having a boy with posterior urethral valves.

Introduction: Childhood chronic diseases affect family functioning and well-being. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of caring for a child with PUV, and the factors that most impact the burden of care. Patients and method: We gave a questionnaire on the familial impact of having a child with posterior urethral valves to all parents of a child included in the CIRCUP trial from 2015 onwards. The questionnaire included questions about the parents' demographics, health, professional, financial and marital status and how these evolved since the child's birth as well as the "impact on family scale" (IOFS), which gives a total score ranging from 15 (no impact) to 60 (maximum impact). We then analyzed both the results of the specific demographic questions as well as the factors which influenced the IOFS score. Results: We retrieved answers for 38/51 families (74.5% response rate). The average IOFS score was 23.7 (15-51). We observed that the child's creatinine level had an effect on the IOFS score (p = 0.02), as did the parent's gender (p = 0.008), health status (p = 0.015), being limited in activity since the birth of the child (p = 0.020), being penalized in one's job (p = 0.009), being supported in one's job (p = 0.002), and decreased income (p = 0.004). Out of 38 mother/father binomials, 8/33 (24.2%) declared that they were no longer in the same relationship afterwards. Conclusion: In conclusion, having a boy with PUV significantly impacts families. The risk of parental separation and decrease in revenue is significant. Strategies aiming to decrease these factors should be put in place as soon as possible.

Case reports of large and symptomatic abdominal tumors in newborns: Pitfalls, difficulties in management, and surgical decision making.

BACKGROUND: Large and rapidly growing abdominal tumors may result in fatal outcomes in newborns. In some cases, a rapidly worsening clinical condition requires surgical decision-making despite the absence of a precise histological diagnosis. In these situations, there is neither a guide nor consensus. CASE: We highlight our experience with five patients with large abdominal tumors and assess the available literature for the best possible management of a rare condition. CONCLUSION: In these cases, laparostomy should be considered as a life-saving procedure. If the liver is involved and coagulopathy is present, prognosis is often compromised.

Risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection in boys with posterior urethral valves.

Objective: Boys with posterior urethral valves (PUV) present an increased risk of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI). Identifying specific risk factors could allow for tailoring UTI prevention. The aim of this study was to use the data from the CIRCUP randomized controlled trial data to identify patient characteristics associated with a higher risk of fUTI. Patients and methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the data from the CIRCUP randomized trial which included boys with PUV, randomized to circumcision and antibiotic prophylaxis vs. antibiotic prophylaxis alone and followed for 2 years. There was only 1 episode of fUTI in the circumcision group vs. 17 in the uncircumcised group. We therefore only studied the antibiotic prophylaxis alone group and compared age at prenatal diagnosis, size and weight at birth, presence of dilating VUR at diagnosis, abnormal DMSA scan at 2 months, and nadir creatinine between children who presented a fUTI and those who did not, as well as age at first episode of fUTI. Results: The study group consisted of 42 patients of which 17 presented at least on fUTI. Presence of dilating VUR was significantly associated with risk of fUTI (p = 0.03), OR: 6 [CI 95% = (1.13-27.52)]. None of the other parameters were associated with increased risk of fUTI. We observed three distinct time periods for presenting a fUTI with a decrease in infection rate after the first 40 days of life, then at 240 days of life. Conclusion: In boys with PUV, presence of high-grade VUR is associated with a higher risk of presenting a fUTI. The rate of febrile UTIs seems to decrease after 9 months.

Esophageal Atresia and Respiratory Morbidity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Respiratory diseases are common in children with esophageal atresia (EA), leading to increased morbidity and mortality in the first year. The primary study objective was to identify the factors associated with readmissions for respiratory causes in the first year in EA children. METHODS: A population-based study. We included all children born between 2008 and 2016 with available data and analyzed factors at birth and 1 year follow-up. Factors with a P value <.10 in univariate analyses were retained in logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 1460 patients born with EA, 97 (7%) were deceased before the age of 1 year, and follow-up data were available for 1287 patients, who constituted our study population. EAs were Ladd classification type III or IV in 89%, preterm birth was observed in 38%, and associated malformations were observed in 52%. Collectively, 61% were readmitted after initial discharge in the first year, 31% for a respiratory cause. Among these, respiratory infections occurred in 64%, and 35% received a respiratory treatment. In logistic regression models, factors associated with readmission for a respiratory cause were recurrence of tracheoesophageal fistula, aortopexy, antireflux surgery, and tube feeding; factors associated with respiratory treatment were male sex and laryngeal cleft. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory morbidity in the first year after EA repair is frequent, accounting for >50% of readmissions. Identifying high risk groups of EA patients (ie, those with chronic aspiration, anomalies of the respiratory tract, and need for tube feeding) may guide follow-up strategies.

Management of refractory overactive bladder in children by transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation: A controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the objective efficacy of transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in children presenting with overactive bladder resistant to well conducted treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a randomized, double-blind, controlled study on 20 children with OAB. All patients were previously treated with anticholinergic drugs associated with detrusor rehabilitation, diet advice, bladder-voiding hygiene and constipation treatment, with poor clinical results. Patients were randomized into two groups: -Group A: treatment with PTNS (n = 11). -Group B: sham treatment (n = 9). The program lasted 12 consecutive weeks with two 30-minutes sessions a week. Each patient underwent pre-stimulation urodynamic testing to validate bladder overactivity followed by a post-stimulation testing. Pre- and post-stimulation urodynamic parameters were compared in order to objectively evaluate the treatment's efficacy. The patients noted their incontinence episodes for 7 consecutive days in a diary before the beginning of the program, in the middle and at the end of it: this led to computing an incontinence score (score ranged from 0 to 13, from good to poor). The difference between the pre-stimulation and post-stimulation score enabled to express clinical results in terms of poor (less than a 3-point decrease), medium (a 3 to 5-point decrease), good (6 to 8-point decrease), very good (final score ranged between 0 and 3). Children were questioned regarding their impression of being stimulated or not. RESULTS: In Group A, there were five very good clinical results (45%), one medium (10%) and five poor results (45%). In group B, nine very good results (66%) and three poor results (33%) were noted. Regarding urodynamic testing, volume voided during urgency (184 mL to 265 mL), maximal cystomanometry volume (215 mL to 274 mL) and volume at the onset of the first overactive detrusor contraction (ODC) (48 mL to 174 mL) were significantly increased in Group A (p = 0.002, p = 0.024 and p = 0.001) and maximal bladder pressure during ODC had decreased (61 to 46) (p = 0.042). 85% children in group A thought they were being stimulated vs. 70% in group B. CONCLUSION: Even though we noticed urodynamics improvements in group A, which objectively supports the efficacy of TCTPNS, clinical results remained the same between the two groups. In spite of the small size of our sample, this underlines the placebo effect of any type management in this pediatric population. Studying precisely the maximal useful voltage and duration of stimulation should then be relevant in order to yield maximal benefits from this easy-to-use procedure.