Mandible Reconstruction in a Rural Population: Comparison of Radial Forearm and Free Fibula Flap Outcomes.

Comparison of microsurgical reconstructive options after mandible resection is limited in the literature. Fibula free flaps (FFFs) can be costly and have timing limitations, but dental restoration can be performed, with varied reported rates of completion. The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) with mandible plating may be an alternative in select populations. The purpose of this study was to determine if the RFFF has similar outcomes to the FFF for mandible reconstruction in a rural population. A retrospective review of patients who underwent mandibulectomy from 2017 to 2021 at a single tertiary-care academic institution was performed. Those with FFF or RFFF reconstruction were included. Mandible defects were classified using the Jewer-Boyd H-C-L system. Sixty-eight patients were included with 53 undergoing FFF and 15 undergoing RFFF. Immediate reconstruction was significantly more common with RFFF than FFF (100% versus 64.2%; P =0.01). Lateral mandible defects were most common among both groups (52.9% FFF versus 73.3% RFFF; P =0.04). Osseous defect length was similar (9.5 cm FFF versus 7.7 cm RFFF; P =0.07), but soft tissue defect size was significantly larger in the RFFF group (28.6 cm 2 versus 15.3 cm 2 ; P =0.01). Complication rates (47.1% FFF versus 46.7% RFFF; P =0.98) and disease-free status at last follow-up (96.2% FFF versus 80.0% RFFF; P =0.06) were similar. Dental restoration occurred in 21.3% of patients undergoing FFF. Patients undergoing RFFF or FFF reconstruction after mandibulectomy had similar surgical and disease outcomes, with a low rate of completed dental restoration after FFF. Our findings suggest RFFF is a reasonable alternative to FFF for mandible reconstruction in select patients.

Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis as a Sequelae of COVID-19 Treatment: A Case Report & Literature Review.

A large volume of reports detailing a marked increase in Mucormycosis infections in India has filtered its way into world news articles. These patients frequently have 2 risk factors: recent treatment of COVID-19 with high dose steroids, and uncontrolled diabetes. Recently, at the University of Tennessee Medical Center in Knoxville, we successfully treated an uncontrolled diabetic patient with rhinocerebral Mucormycosis as a sequela of his COVID-19 treatment.

Financial Toxicity Following Surgical Treatment for Breast Cancer: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite growing national attention, there is limited understanding of the patient- and treatment-level characteristics related to treatment cost-associated distress ("financial toxicity") in breast cancer patients. Our aim is to identify risk factors for financial toxicity amongst breast cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment. METHODS: This is a single-institution cross-sectional survey of adult female breast cancer patients who underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy between January 2018 and June 2019. Financial toxicity was measured via the 11-item comprehensive score for financial toxicity (COST) instrument. Responses were linked with data on patient demographics and clinical history abstracted from the corresponding medical record. Multivariate regression was used to identify patient- and treatment-level factors associated with worsening financial toxicity. Secondary outcome measures included self-reported coping strategies for high treatment costs. RESULTS: A total of 571 patients were included; overall, these individuals were mostly white (76.0%), in-state residents (72.3%), and married (73.0%). Following multivariate analysis, lower financial distress was associated with the use of supplemental insurance, increasing annual household income, and a higher credit score (score > 740). Conversely, work reduction or cessation, increased out-of-pocket spending, advanced tumor stage, and being employed at the time of diagnosis were associated with increased financial distress. Patients with higher reported financial distress were more likely to decrease their spending on food, clothing, and leisure activities. CONCLUSIONS: Financial toxicity was associated with baseline demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics in our cohort of insured patients. These characteristics may be critical opportunities for interventions related to financial navigation along the treatment continuum.

Association between postoperative complications and long-term oncologic outcomes following total laryngectomy: 10-year experience at MD Anderson Cancer Center.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications are an independent predictor of poor survival across several tumors. However, there is limited literature on the association between postoperative morbidity and long-term survival following total laryngectomy (TL) for cancer. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all TL patients at a single institution from 2008 to 2013. Demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed, including postsurgical outcomes, which were classified using the Clavien-Dindo system. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: A total of 362 patients were identified. The mean age was 64 years, and the majority of patients were male (81%). The median follow-up interval was 21 months. Fifty-seven percent of patients had received preoperative radiation, and 40% had received preoperative chemotherapy. Fifty-seven percent of patients underwent salvage TL, and 60% underwent advanced reconstruction (45% free flap and 15% pedicled flap). A total of 136 patients (37.6%) developed postoperative complications, 92 (25.4%) of which were major. Multivariable modeling demonstrated that postoperative complications independently predicted shorter OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.16-1.96; P = .002) and DFS (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.05-1.76; P = .021). Other independent negative predictors of OS and DFS included positive lymph node status, preoperative chemotherapy, comorbidity grade, and delayed adjuvant therapy. Severity of complication and reason for TL (salvage vs primary) were not shown to be predictive of OS or DFS. CONCLUSION: Postoperative complications are associated with worse long-term OS and DFS relative to uncomplicated cases. Patient optimization and timely management of postoperative complications may play a critical role in long-term survival.

Financial toxicity and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: an analysis using propensity score methods.

PURPOSE: Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) is increasingly performed in average-risk patients despite the lack of survival benefit. In an era of heightened awareness of healthcare costs, we sought to determine the impact of CPM on financial toxicity in breast cancer. METHODS: A single-institution propensity-matched analysis of female patients who underwent unilateral mastectomy (UM) with or without CPM for breast cancer over an 18-month period. Patients with a history of genetic predisposition or bilateral cancer were excluded. The validated Comprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) evaluated financial toxicity among participants. Multivariable regression analysis evaluated the relationship between CPM and financial toxicity. Relevant domains of the Breast Q and SF12 instruments were examined as secondary outcomes. Sensitivity analysis was performed using propensity-weighting to examine robustness of results and increase our sample size. RESULTS: Overall, 104 patients were identified, equally distributed across UM and CPM. CPM was not associated with financial toxicity, as evidenced by comparable COST scores (adjusted difference, 1.53 [- 3.24 to 6.29]). Minor complications were significantly lower in UM patients (UM, 8%; CPM, 31%). CPM was associated with significantly higher Breast Q psychosocial well-being score (adjusted difference, 10.58 [1.34 to 19.83]). BREAST Q surgeon satisfaction, SF12 mental and physical component scores were comparable. Similar results were noted on sensitivity analysis involving 194 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Choice for CPM was associated with higher minor complications, but led to improved psychosocial well-being without a higher degree of patient-reported financial toxicity. Prospective studies are needed to discern the influence of CPM on the incidence and trajectory of financial toxicity.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways in breast reconstruction: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.

PURPOSE: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways are increasingly promoted in post-mastectomy reconstruction, with several articles reporting their benefits and safety. This meta-analysis appraises the evidence for ERAS pathways in breast reconstruction. METHODS: A systematic search of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed to identify reports of ERAS protocols in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Two reviewers screened studies using predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies evaluated at least one of the following end-points of interest: length of stay (LOS), opioid use, or major complications. Risk of bias was assessed for each study. Meta-analysis was performed via a mixed-effects model to compare outcomes for ERAS versus traditional standard of care. Surgical techniques were assessed through subgroup analysis. RESULTS: A total of 260 articles were identified; 9 (3.46%) met inclusion criteria with a total of 1191 patients. Most studies had "fair" methodological quality and incomplete implementation of ERAS society recommendations was noted. Autologous flaps comprised the majority of cases. In autologous breast reconstruction, ERAS significantly reduces opioid use [Mean difference (MD) = - 183.96, 95% CI - 340.27 to 27.64, p = 0.02) and LOS (MD) = - 1.58, 95% CI - 1.99 to 1.18, p < 0.00001] versus traditional care. There is no significant difference in the incidence of complications (major complications, readmission, hematoma, and infection). CONCLUSION: ERAS pathways significantly reduce opioid use and length of hospital stay following autologous breast reconstruction without increasing complication rates. This is salient given the current US healthcare climate of rising expenditures and an opioid crisis.

Botulinum Toxin Injection for Lower Face and Oral Cavity Raynaud Phenomenon After Mandibulectomy, Free Fibula Reconstruction, and Radiation Therapy.

Isolated lingual and lower face Raynaud phenomenon without primary Raynaud of the digits is a very rare condition associated with chemoradiation therapy (RT) in previous reports. The condition, which more commonly presents in patients with a history of Raynaud disease, is often self-limiting, but vasodilating agents and steroids have been suggested as possible treatment options. Spasmodic torticollis is a different, more common entity, also associated with history of RT or previous head and neck surgery. We present a rare case of a patient who developed Raynaud phenomenon of the lower face and tongue in the presence of spasmodic torticollis after mandibulectomy and free fibula reconstruction followed by RT to the oral cavity and neck. Possible causes, pathophysiologic mechanisms and treatment options are discussed. This is the first report of botulinum toxin treatment of isolated secondary Raynaud phenomenon of the lower face and tongue.

Liposomal Bupivacaine May Benefit Select Reduction Mammaplasty Patients.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain control can be challenging in reduction mammaplasty patients. This study compares perioperative liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel; Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc, San Diego, Calif) with standard local anesthetics to determine if liposomal bupivacaine decreases opioid and antiemetic use, impacting length of stay and complication rates, thus improving patient outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of 170 reduction mammaplasty patients was performed. Patients were divided into groups based on local anesthetic used (bupivacaine only and liposomal bupivacaine) and into subgroups based on obesity classification. Length of hospital stay; pain scores immediately postoperatively, at discharge, and at follow-up; and postoperative analgesics and antiemetics were compared. Further analysis was performed after weight stratification within pre- and postmenopausal categories. RESULTS: Liposomal bupivacaine resulted in less pain than bupivacaine immediately postoperatively and at discharge in obesity class I (P = 0.021 and P = 0.018). In obesity class II, antiemetic use was lower in the liposomal bupivacaine group (P = 0.012). Length of stay was persistently lower with liposomal bupivacaine for premenopausal women, and this difference was significant in obesity class I (P = 0.038). In premenopausal women, discharge pain scores were lower in the overweight liposomal bupivacaine group (P = 0.034) and analgesic use was lower in obesity class III (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal bupivacaine decreases postoperative pain, opioid, and antiemetic use in select patients. Liposomal bupivacaine might not be equally efficacious in pain reduction in obese or postmenopausal women given the theoretical increased absorption by adipose tissue. In addition, liposomal bupivacaine may have a dose-dependent effect, and weight-based dosing should be investigated.

A Systematic Review of Lower Lip Anatomy, Mechanics of Local Flaps, and Special Considerations for Lower Lip Reconstruction.

Reconstruction of defects of the lower lip can be very challenging. The aim of this review is to analyze the unique characteristics of lower lip anatomy and provide a systematic approach for lower lip reconstruction. A review of current literature was performed using the PubMed database. Articles analyzing the anatomic and histologic characteristics of the lower lip, mechanics of local faps, and different lower lip reconistruction techniques were included. Articles focused on lower lip reconstruction with free faps were excluded. The orbicularis oris has been described as the main supportive mechanism, however, a number of other structures have been shown to provide mechanical support to the lower lip, including septations of connective tissue extending from the epithelium to the orbicularis oris, a fbroelastic meshwork located in the mentolabial sulcus, and subdermal muscular fibers with dermal terminations in the area of the modiolus. Depending on the location, size, and depth of the wound, a number of reconstruction options are available. Preservation of the competency of orbicularis oris, relation-ship of the modiolus with associated muscles, and sensation, are critical components of functional reconstruction. Primary closure and local faps are assessed for these 3 components and analysis is provided. In conclusion, knowledge of the static and dynamic structural support of the lower lip, as well as the characteristics of different reconstructive options, is imperative for optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes.

The impact of rural structural and community health factors on postmastectomy complications among south central Appalachian breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The study examined how structural and community health factors, including primary care physicians (PCP), food insecurity, diabetes, and mortality rate per county, are linked to the number and severity of postmastectomy complications among south central Appalachian breast cancer patients depending on rural status. METHODS: Data was obtained through a retrospective review of 473 breast cancer patients that underwent a mastectomy from 2017 to 2021. Patient's ZIP Code was used to determine their rural-urban community area code and their county of residence for census data. We conducted a zero inflated Poisson regression. FINDINGS: Results demonstrated that patients in small rural/isolated areas with low (B = -4.10, SE = 1.93, OR = 0.02, p = 0.03) to average (B = -2.67, SE = 1.32, OR = 0.07, p = 0.04) food insecurity and average (B = -2.67, SE = 1.32, OR = 0.07, p = 0.04) to high (B = -10.62, SE = 4.71, OR = 0.00, p = 0.02) PCP have significantly fewer postmastectomy complications compared to their urban counterparts. Additionally, patients residing in small rural/isolated areas with high (B = 4.47, SE = 0.49, d = 0.42, p < 0.001) diabetes and low mortality (B = 5.70, SE = 0.58, d = 0.45, p < 0.001) rates have significantly more severe postmastectomy complications. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that patients who reside in small/rural isolated areas may experience fewer and less severe postmastectomy when there is certain optimal structural and community health factors present compared to their urban counterparts. Oncologic care teams could utilize this information in routine consult for risk assessment and mitigation. Future research should further examine additional risks for postmastectomy complications.

Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in a rural population: A single-institution experience.

Background: The incidence of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) for unilateral breast cancer (UBC) has continued to increase, despite an absent survival benefit except in populations at highest risk for developing contralateral breast cancer (CBC). CPM rates may be higher in rural populations but causes remain unclear. A study performed at our institution previously found that 21.8 % of patients with UBC underwent CPM from 2000 to 2009. This study aimed to evaluate the CPM trend at a single institution serving a rural population and identify the CPM rate in average-risk patients. Methods: Retrospective review of patients who underwent mastectomies for UBC at our institution from 2017 to 2021 was performed. Analysis utilized frequencies and percentages, descriptive statistics, chi-square, and independent sample t-tests. Results: A total of 438 patients were included, of whom 64.4 % underwent bilateral mastectomy for UBC (CPM). Patients who underwent CPM were significantly younger, underwent genetic testing, had germline pathogenic variants, had a family history of breast cancer, had smaller tumors, underwent reconstruction, and had more wound infections. Of CPM patients, 50.4 % had no identifiable factors for increased risk of developing CBC. Conclusions: The rate of CPM in a rural population at a single institution increased from 21.8 % to 64.4 % over two decades, with an average-risk CPM rate of 50.4 %. Those that undergo CPM are more likely to undergo reconstruction and have more wound infections. Identifying characteristics of patients undergoing CPM in a rural population and the increased associated risks allows for a better understanding of this trend to guide conversations with patients. Key message: This study demonstrates that the rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy for unilateral breast cancers performed at a single institution serving a largely rural population has nearly tripled over the last two decades, with half of these patients having no factors that increase the risk for developing contralateral breast cancers. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy was significantly associated with smaller tumors, younger age, genetic testing, germline pathogenic variants, family history of breast cancer, breast reconstruction, and increased wound infections.

Analysis of Breast Aesthetic Revision Procedures after Unilateral Abdominal-based Free-flap Breast Reconstruction: A Single-center Experience with 1251 Patients.

Although autologous free-flap breast reconstruction is the most durable means of reconstruction, it is unclear how many additional operations are needed to optimize the aesthetic outcome of the reconstructed breast. The present study aimed to determine the average number of elective breast revision procedures performed for aesthetic reasons in patients undergoing unilateral autologous breast reconstruction and to analyze variables associated with undergoing additional procedures. Methods: A retrospective review of all unilateral abdominal-based free-flap breast reconstructions performed from 2000 to 2014 was undertaken at a tertiary academic center. Results: Overall, 1251 patients were included in the analysis. The average number of breast revision procedures was 1.1 ± 0.9, and 903 patients (72.2%) underwent at least one revision procedure. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that younger age, higher body mass index, and prior oncologic surgery on the reconstructed breast were factors associated with increased likelihood of undergoing a revision procedure. The probability of undergoing at least one revision increased by 4% with every 1-unit (kg/m2) increase in a patient's body mass index. Multiple Poisson regression modeling demonstrated that younger age, prior oncologic surgery on the reconstructed breast, and bipedicle flap reconstruction were significant factors associated with undergoing a greater number of revision procedures. Conclusions: Most patients who undergo unilateral autologous breast reconstruction require at least one additional operation to optimize their breast aesthetic results. Young age and obesity increase the likelihood of undergoing additional operations. These findings can aid reconstructive microsurgeons in counseling patients and establishing patient expectations prior to their undergoing microvascular breast reconstruction.

The Development of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema After Mastectomy in a Rural Population.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a lifelong condition that can impact the quality of life, affecting approximately 20% of breast cancer patients. Risk factors for the development of BCRL after mastectomy in rural populations have not been studied.Retrospective review of mastectomy patients from 2017 to 2021 was performed at a single institution. Statistical analysis included logistic and linear regression models.475 patients were included, and 40 (8.4%) patients were diagnosed with BCRL. Increased odds of developing BCRL were significantly associated with tumor-involved lymph nodes, radiation therapy, axillary lymphadenectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Postmastectomy reconstruction significantly reduced the odds of developing BCRL. There was no significant association in our population with age, body mass index, diabetes, tobacco use, cancer type, or complications.This study demonstrates that individuals underrepresented in the literature, such as patients in largely rural communities, have some differences in risk factors for developing BCRL when compared to national studies.

The Impact of Travel Distance and Income on Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy in a Rural Population.

Factors that influence breast reconstruction after mastectomy have been previously examined in national databases. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of patient travel distance and income on breast reconstruction after mastectomy in a rural population. Methods: Retrospective review of mastectomy patients from 2017 to 2021 was performed from our prospectively enrolled tumor registry. Analysis included frequencies and percentages, descriptive statistics, χ 2 analysis, independent sample t tests, and multivariable analysis. Results: In total, 462 patients were included. Median BMI was 27.6 kg/m2, 96.1% of patients were White, and median age at diagnosis was 60.0 years. Reconstruction rate was 52.6%, and median length of follow-up was 24.6 months. No significant difference was found in the distance traveled by patients who underwent reconstruction (16.6 versus 16.7 miles; P = 0.94). Rates of reconstruction in patients who traveled 0-10 miles, 11-30 miles, and over 30 miles did not differ significantly (P = 0.16). Median household income was significantly different in reconstructed and nonreconstructed patients ($55,316.00 versus $51,629.00; P = 0.047). Rates of reconstruction were significantly higher in patients with median household income greater than $65,000 (P = 0.024). This difference was not significant on multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Travel distance did not significantly impact reconstruction rates after mastectomy, while household income did on univariable analysis. Studies at an institutional or regional level remain valuable, especially in populations that may not be accurately represented in larger database studies. Our findings highlight the importance of patient education, resource allocation, and multidisciplinary approach to breast cancer care, especially in the rural setting.

The Impact of Prior Breast Augmentation on Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy.

The risk of women developing breast cancer after augmentation mammaplasty may be lower than the general population, with minimal current literature on breast reconstruction in this population. We sought to evaluate the impact of previous augmentation on postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Methods: Retrospective review of patients who underwent mastectomies from 2017 to 2021 at our institution was performed. Analysis included frequencies and percentages, descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and Fisher exact test. Results: Four hundred seventy patients were included, with average body mass index of 29.1 kg/m2, 96% identifying as White, and an average age at diagnosis of 59.3 years. Twenty (4.2%) patients had a prior breast augmentation. Reconstruction was performed in 80% of the previously augmented patients compared to 49.9% of nonaugmented patients (P = 0.01). Reconstruction was alloplastic in 100% of augmented and 88.7% of nonaugmented patients (P = 0.15). All reconstructed augmented patients underwent immediate reconstruction compared with 90.5% of nonaugmented patients (P = 0.37), and two-stage reconstruction was most common (75.0% versus 63.5%; P = 0.42). Of the previously augmented patients, 87.5% increased implant volume, 75% underwent same implant plane reconstruction, and 68.75% underwent same implant-type reconstruction as their augmentation. Conclusions: Previously augmented patients were more likely to undergo reconstruction after mastectomy at our institution. All reconstructed augmented patients underwent alloplastic reconstruction, with most performed immediately in staged fashion. Most patients favored silicone implants and maintained the same implant type and plane of reconstruction, with increased implant volume. Larger studies are required to further investigate these trends.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Reduction Mammaplasty.

SUMMARY: A multidisciplinary work group involving stakeholders from various backgrounds and societies convened to revise the guideline for reduction mammaplasty. The goal was to develop evidence-based patient care recommendations using the new American Society of Plastic Surgeons guideline methodology. The work group prioritized reviewing the evidence around the need for surgery as first-line treatment, regardless of resection weight or volume. Other factors evaluated included the need for drains, the need for postoperative oral antibiotics, risk factors that increase complications, a comparison in outcomes between the two most popular techniques (inferior and superomedial), the impact of local anesthetic on narcotic use and other nonnarcotic pain management strategies, the use of epinephrine, and the need for specimen pathology. A systematic literature review was performed, and an established appraisal process was used to rate the quality of relevant scientific research (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology). Evidence-based recommendations were made and strength was determined based on the level of evidence and the assessment of benefits and harms.

In vitro interactions of antimicrobial combinations with fosfomycin against KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and protection of resistance development.

Using time-kill methodology, we investigated the interactions of fosfomycin with meropenem or colistin or gentamicin against 17 genetically distinct Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates carrying blaKPC-2. Synergy was observed with meropenem or colistin against 64.7 and 11.8% of tested isolates, while the combination with gentamicin resulted in indifference. All studied combinations showed improved bactericidal activity, compared to fosfomycin alone and prevented the development of fosfomycin resistance in 69.2, 53.8, and 81.8% of susceptible isolates, respectively.

Relationship Between Financial Toxicity and Surgical Treatment for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Comparison of Breast-Conserving Therapy and Mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Financial toxicity (FT) can lead to decreased quality of life and poor treatment outcomes. However, there is limited published data on the extent to which the various surgical treatment approaches for early-stage breast cancer are determinants for FT. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a single-institution cross-sectional survey of adult female patients with stage 0 to II breast cancer undergoing unilateral breast-conserving therapy or unilateral mastectomy. FT was measured using the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) survey. Propensity matching was performed to optimize comparability of study groups. A multivariate regression model was used to identify factors associated with worsening FT as a robustness check. Our secondary end point was prevalence of coping strategies associated with cost of cancer care. RESULTS: Among 294 patients who met inclusion criteria, 203 underwent breast-conserving therapy and 91 received mastectomy. We generated 72 total matched pairs and noted no differences in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Of these, 55 pairs had complete COST information, which was comparable on adjusted analysis (26.6 vs 24.7; p = 0.481). High annual income (ß = 4.83; p < 0.001) and supplemental insurance (ß = 5.37; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher COST scores, while change in employment status (ß = -4.81; p < 0.001) correlated significantly with lower COST scores. No significant differences were observed in coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Choice of BCT or mastectomy was not associated with a differential risk for FT in early-stage cancer. Decisions on ablative approach should be made based on patient preferences and disease-specific criteria. Transparent counseling on FT for high-risk populations promotes patient-centricity.

Upper Lip Anatomy, Mechanics of Local Flaps, and Considerations for Reconstruction.

Reconstruction of defects involving the upper lip can be challenging. The purpose of this review was to analyze the anatomy and function of the upper lip and provide an approach for reconstruction of upper lip defects. The primary role of the upper lip is coverage of dentition and animation, whereas the lower lip is critical for oral competence, speech, and eating. The orbicularis oris (OO) and several other muscles contribute to upper lip function. There are various insertion points for animation muscles, including the upper lip dermis, OO, and modiolus. Special attention should be paid to the philtrum, Cupid's bow, and vermilion border during reconstruction. Advantages and disadvantages of the Abbe, Estlander, and Karapandzic flaps are presented. Knowledge of mechanics, indications, and properties of local flaps while considering unique characteristics of upper lip anatomy and function are crucial for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Self-Reported Risk Factors for Financial Distress and Attitudes Regarding Cost Discussions in Cancer Care: A Single-Institution Cross-Sectional Pilot Study of Breast Reconstruction Recipients.

BACKGROUND: High treatment costs associated with breast cancer are a substantial burden to patients and society. Despite mounting awareness, patient perspectives about the value of cost discussions in breast reconstruction and risk factors for financial distress are unknown. METHODS: The authors performed a single-institution, cross-sectional survey of all women who underwent breast reconstruction following mastectomy or lumpectomy for breast cancer or risk reduction. Questions were derived from previously published survey items, and the authors leveraged regression analysis to identify patient-level risk factors for major financial distress. RESULTS: A total of 647 of 2293 patients returned the survey questionnaires (28.2 percent response rate). From the 647 respondents, 399 (62 percent) underwent breast reconstruction, and of these, 140 (35 percent) reported that total treatment expenses were higher than expected. One hundred twenty-nine breast reconstruction patients (32 percent) paid over $5000 in out-of-pocket costs. Two hundred eighty-four (71 percent) felt that surgeons should explain the estimated out-of-pocket costs when choosing a type of breast reconstruction and 205 (51 percent) believed that a financial consultation should be scheduled with every new cancer diagnosis. However, only 52 patients (13 percent) reported having had cost discussions with the treatment team. The incidence of major financial distress was n = 70 (18 percent), and following regression analysis, higher credit score and annual income were associated with a 66 percent and 69 percent risk reduction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Recipients of breast reconstruction demonstrate unanticipated and unplanned financial strain related to out-of-pocket expenses and believe that cost-consciousness should impact treatment decisions. Lower income and credit score are associated with financial distress. Cost discussions may optimize decision-making in preference sensitive conditions.