Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to parotid - analysis of prognostic factors and treatment outcome.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) comprises 20% of all skin cancer of the head and neck. A minority will metastasize to regional parotid lymph nodes. This study evaluates the St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney experience between 1996 and 2006. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of patients who were evaluated in our multidisciplinary head and neck clinic with metastatic cSCC to parotid, and all treatment and pathologic details were reviewed. Statistical analysis, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression mode, overall and disease-specific survival were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were identified. Some 90 % were male, and with a mean age of 72.8 years. One died on the first postoperative day. The remaining 66 patients received radiotherapy. For these 66 patients, the two-year and five-year overall survival rate was 0.83 and 0.72, respectively. The two-year and five-year disease-free survival rate was 0.91 and 0.83 respectively. Overall survival was only significantly correlated to the extent of parotidectomy (superficial versus total; P = 0.0256). Margin status was available in 59 patients. The only parameter that significantly correlated with disease-free survival was margin status (close/negative versus positive P = 0.0348). Other parameters of immune suppression, perineural invasion, extra capsular extension, degree of tumour differentiation, number of positive nodes, extent of neck dissection and radiotherapy dosage delivered did not confer prognostic significance. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the association of adverse prognostic implication of positive margins on disease-free survival. Immune compromise was not a significant factor in this small group. Further studies are warranted in this population.

Management of Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis at a Cardiac Transplantation Centre.

Background: Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with cardiac failure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of AIT at a tertiary hospital specialising in cardiac failure and transplantation. Methods: Retrospective audit of 66 patients treated for AIT by Endocrinology (2007-2016), classified as type 1 (T1) or type 2 (T2) based on radiological criteria. Main outcome measurements were response rate to initial treatment, time to euthyroidism, and frequency/safety of thyroidectomy. Results: Mean age was 60 ± 2 years; 80% were male. Sixty-four patients commenced medical treatment: thionamides (THIO) in 23, glucocorticoids (GC) in 17 and combination (COMB) in 24. Median thyroxine (fT4) was 35.1 (31.2-46.7) in THIO, 43.1 (30.4 -60.7) in GC, and 60.0 (39.0 ->99.9) pmol/L in COMB (p = 0.01). Initial therapy induced euthyroidism in 52%: 70% THIO, 53% GC, and 33% COMB (p = 0.045) by 100 (49-167), 47 (35-61), and 53 (45-99) days, respectively (p = 0.02). A further 11% became euthyroid after transitioning from monotherapy to COMB. Thyroidectomy was undertaken in 33%. Patients who underwent thyroidectomy were younger (54 ± 3 vs. 63 ± 2 years; p = 0.03), with higher prevalence of severely impaired left ventricular function prior to diagnosis of AIT (38 vs. 18%; p = 0.08). Despite median American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification 4, no thyroidectomy patient experienced cardiorespiratory complications/death. Conclusions: Patients with AIT had limited response to medical treatment. The poorest response was observed in COMB group, likely related to greater hyperthyroidism severity. Thyroidectomy is safe in patients with severe cardiac failure if performed in a centre with cardiac anaesthetic expertise. There should be low threshold for proceeding to thyroidectomy in patients with severe AIT and/or cardiac failure.

Brown Adipose Tissue Exhibits a Glucose-Responsive Thermogenic Biorhythm in Humans.

High abundance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is linked to lower glycaemia in humans, leading to the belief that BAT may protect against diabetes. The relationship between BAT glucose utilization and systemic glucose homeostasis has not been defined. In this paper we have characterized glycaemic excursions and BAT thermogenic responses in human brown adipocytes, BAT explants, and healthy adults through supraclavicular temperature profiling, revealing their circadian coupling in vivo and in vitro, orchestrated by UCP1, GLUT4, and Rev-erbα biorhythms. Extent of glycated haemoglobin also correlated positively with environmental temperature among community-dwelling patients. These data uncover potential crosstalk between BAT and glucose regulatory pathways, evident on cellular, tissue, individual, and population levels, and provide impetus to search for BAT harnessing strategies for therapeutic purposes.

Laryngeal synovial sarcoma: a rare clinical entity.

Introduction. Synovial sarcomas (SS) are aggressive malignant soft tissue tumours that are thought to arise from pluripotent mesenchymal cells. Clinical Report. A 20-year-old male presented with an acute onset of respiratory stridor. Computer tomography scanning confirmed a mass arising from the left supraglottic larynx and an emergency tracheostomy was performed. A diagnosis of biphasic synovial sarcoma was formed. A total laryngectomy and left hemithyroidectomy was performed in conjunction with a left modified radical neck dissection. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy followed by a course of radiotherapy and remains alive and disease free at 18 months after treatment. Discussion. Prognosis for patients with SS is related to primary tumour extent, grade, and size. The presence of the diagnostic translocation, t(X;18), is being targeted and hopefully will lead to the development of new therapeutics (Guadagnolo et al., 2007). Conclusion. Laryngeal SS remains a rare and poorly understood entity. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is essential and long-term followup is imperative.

High prevalence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans.

CONTEXT: Positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) has identified metabolically active supraclavicular fat in adult humans based on uptake of labeled glucose and confirmed to be brown adipose tissue (BAT) histologically. However, PET-CT has estimated a prevalence of BAT as low as 5% in adult humans, casting doubt on its significance. The true prevalence of BAT is unknown because of the suboptimal sensitivity of standard PET-CT. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether BAT is present in PET-negative supraclavicular fat. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS: Seventeen patients who underwent preoperative PET-CT for staging of head and neck malignancy participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME: The main outcome was signature BAT gene transcripts and protein in biopsies of supraclavicular fat with sc fat as negative control. RESULTS: PET-CT was positive in three and negative in 14 patients. PET-positive fat harbored multilobulated lipid droplets and stained strongly for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). These features are absent in sc fat. By contrast, PET-negative fat contained a predominance of cells with unilobulated lipid droplets, with scattered cells containing multilobulated lipid droplets and variable UCP1 staining. Molecular analyses of fat biopsies showed lower but clear expression of UCP1, NDUFS3 (NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein 3), ß3-adrenoceptor, and PRDM16 (PR domain containing 16) transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: BAT is present in supraclavicular fat, regardless of PET status. BAT is highly prevalent in adult humans, and its abundance determines PET status.

Laryngeal cryptococcosis: Clinical presentation and treatment of a rare cause of hoarseness.

OBJECTIVE: Laryngeal cryptococcosis is rare, with few reported cases in the literature. We present current investigation and treatment recommendations for this disease. STUDY DESIGN: A structured literature review; additional cases and expert opinion are presented. RESULTS: Localized laryngeal cryptococcal infection most commonly presents with persisting hoarseness. Clinical suspicion of the disease is required for accurate diagnosis, with treatment based on the patient's immune status. Early microbiological advice and adequate follow-up is recommended to ensure disease resolution. CONCLUSION: Isolated laryngeal cryptococcosis is a rare presentation of fungal infection. It is easily treated and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with persisting hoarseness.