Changes in Mental Health of Children and Young People in Residential Care: Outcomes and Associated Factors.

Several studies have evidenced that children in out-of-home care (OOHC), including foster family care and residential care, reveal high levels of mental health disorders (ranging from 40% to 88%). This study examines the outcomes in mental health reported by key residential workers in a group of children and youth (N = 492) between 8-17 years old who were in residential child care (RCC) in Spain. The research also aims to explore the relationship between mental health outcomes and the provision of mental health services (i.e., receiving any mental health treatment) as well as the influence of child, family, and placement factors. The design of this study includes two measures: a baseline (T1) and a follow-up two years later (T2). The results indicated that 29.9% of young people enjoyed sustained mental health; 26% meaningful improvement in their mental health; 23.5% meaningful deterioration; and the remaining 20.5% showed no meaningful change. One of the main findings was that receiving mental health treatment had a significant impact on mental health outcomes. It is crucial to establish protocols and systematic detection tools to assess mental health and ensure detection and referral to proper treatment.

La investigación en el ámbito de la protección a la infancia ha destacado la presencia de un alto porcentaje de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) en acogimiento residencial y familiar con trastornos de salud mental (entre el 40% y el 88%). Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar los cambios experimentados en la salud mental de los NNA durante el proceso de acogida según informan sus educadores de referencia en un grupo de 492 NNA entre 8-17 años que se encontraban en hogares de protección en España. El estudio también tiene como objetivo explorar la relación entre los resultados en salud mental y el tratamiento recibido desde diferentes servicios de salud mental, además de la influencia que puedan ejercer factores del NNA, su familia o el proceso de protección. El diseño del estudio se basa en dos medidas: línea base (T1) y seguimiento dos años después (T2). Los resultados indican que el 29.9% de los NNA mantenía una buena salud mental en las dos medidas, 26% manifestaron una mejora significativa partiendo de niveles clínicos, 23.5% manifestaron un deterioro significativo y el 20.5% no mostraron cambios significativos, manteniendo niveles clínicos en ambas medidas. Una de las principales conclusiones fue que estar recibiendo o no tratamiento en salud mental resultó ser un factor clave en la evolución de los NNA. Por tanto, resulta crucial establecer sistemas de detección de problemas de salud mental en esta población con el fin de derivar precozmente a tratamientos adecuados.

Factors affecting foster care breakdown in Spain.

Breakdown of foster care has been defined as the situation in which one of the involved parties terminates the intervention before having achieved the goals established for the case plan. This work presents a study carried out with a Spanish sample of 318 closed cases of children who were placed in foster homes and kinship care. The data were collected through the exhaustive review of the child protection and foster placement files, complemented with interviews of the welfare workers in charge of each case. The rate of breakdown of the entire sample was 26.1%, although it was significantly different in kinship care (19.7%) and foster care (31.2%). The results of this study indicate that the variables related to breakdown depend on the placement modality, either in foster care or kinship care. In the first case, the variables related to the child's characteristics are noteworthy, especially behavior and academic problems, with special relevance in the 9-12-year-old group, and in children who were previously in residential care. In contrast, in kinship care, the parents' problems (prison, mental health) and having some measure of guardianship are the most important. The fact of undergoing foster placement after having lived in various residential homes is transcendental. Lastly, the availability of economic resources and even the foster carers' studies seem to be related to foster breakdown.

Crossing Countries and Crossing Ages: The Difficult Transition to Adulthood of Unaccompanied Migrant Care Leavers.

The social changes experienced in many countries have prolonged the transition to adult life for young people. That being said, those who leave child care cannot afford this privilege, in that they do not benefit from the same support and resources, having to confront an accelerated transition which exposes them to increased risk of negative outcomes and social exclusion. Moreover, this transition might be even riskier for unaccompanied migrant care leavers, who are four times as vulnerable, given their status as young people in care, as adolescents, as migrants and being unaccompanied. This paper seeks to explore the profiles, needs, and experiences of unaccompanied young migrants in comparison with other care leavers. Data were collected by means of a semi-structured interview to explore their pre-care, in-care, and aftercare experiences. A highly specific profile of unaccompanied young migrants has been revealed that differs from the other care leavers in terms of worse educational, occupational, and economic outcomes, limited support networks, and more obstacles to accessing aftercare supports. Conversely, they also exhibited some strengths, such as having less pre-care, in care, and aftercare traumatic experiences, less psychological distress and fewer risky behaviors compared with other care leavers.

Victimization and substance use among adolescents in residential child care.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents in Residential Child Care (RCC) report high levels of victimization. This has been linked to mental health problems and a higher risk of substance use and substance use problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the specific impact of different forms of victimization on alcohol and cannabis use problems among adolescents in RCC, attending to sex differences. METHODS: 321 adolescents from 38 residential therapeutic care facilities in Spain participated in the study. Thirty-six different forms of victimization were evaluated, as well as alcohol and cannabis use problems. Impact of polyvictimization and specific forms of victimization on alcohol and cannabis use problems and disorders were calculated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Girls in RCC reported significantly more experiences of victimization. Polyvictimization was associated with alcohol use problems but not cannabis use problems. Property, domestic and community victimization showed the highest predictive role regarding alcohol and cannabis use disorders, with significant interactions with sex and migrant family background. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents in RCC reported considerably high levels of victimization and alcohol and cannabis use problems. In this population, property victimization, as well as indirect domestic and community victimization were predictors of further substance use problems, with girls being particularly sensitive to victimization. Migrant family backgrounds can also have an influence on the impact of some victimization forms on substance use. Victimization associated to high-risk environments and families could contribute to explain the high levels of substance use problems in this population.

[Outcome assessment in the Spanish young offenders' law. Recidivism and associated factors]. / Evaluación de resultados de la ley de responsabilidad penal de menores. Reincidencia y factores asociados.

The present study aims to assess the impact of the Spanish young offenders law (LO/2000). Recidivism and its associated risk factors were used as indicators of impact. Data were collected from young offenders' reports opened after 2001 and closed before 2005. The final sample consisted of 382 young offenders (327 males and 55 females). Results indicated that 70% had not re-offended in an average period of 1.6 years. Most of the youngsters with fewer risk factors, usually start their criminal careers with less serious offences and the interventions seemed to be fairly effective. In the cases of young offenders with a higher number of risk factors, the interventions (custodial and non-custodial) were less effective, as recidivism rates were higher. Interventions must focus on family and community contexts in order to achieve adequate social integration of young delinquents.

Changes in Mental Health of Children and Young People in Residential Care: Outcomes and Associated Factors / Los cambios en la salud mental de los niños y jóvenes en acogimiento residencial: resultados y factores asociados

Several studies have evidenced that children in out-of-home care (OOHC), including foster family care and residential care, reveal high levels of mental health disorders (ranging from 40% to 88%). This study examines the outcomes in mental health reported by key residential workers in a group of children and youth (N = 492) between 8-17 years old who were in residential child care (RCC) in Spain. The research also aims to explore the relationship between mental health outcomes and the provision of mental health services (i.e., receiving any mental health treatment) as well as the influence of child, family, and placement factors. The design of this study includes two measures: a baseline (T1) and a follow-up two years later (T2). The results indicated that 29.9% of young people enjoyed sustained mental health; 26% meaningful improvement in their mental health; 23.5% meaningful deterioration; and the remaining 20.5% showed no meaningful change. One of the main findings was that receiving mental health treatment had a significant impact on mental health outcomes. It is crucial to establish protocols and systematic detection tools to assess mental health and ensure detection and referral to proper treatment. (AU)

La investigación en el ámbito de la protección a la infancia ha destacado la presencia de un alto porcentaje de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) en acogimiento residencial y familiar con trastornos de salud mental (entre el 40% y el 88%). Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar los cambios experimentados en la salud mental de los NNA durante el proceso de acogida según informan sus educadores de referencia en un grupo de 492 NNA entre 8-17 años que se encontraban en hogares de protección en España. El estudio también tiene como objetivo explorar la relación entre los resultados en salud mental y el tratamiento recibido desde diferentes servicios de salud mental, además de la influencia que puedan ejercer factores del NNA, su familia o el proceso de protección. El diseño del estudio se basa en dos medidas: línea base (T1) y seguimiento dos años después (T2). Los resultados indican que el 29.9% de los NNA mantenía una buena salud mental en las dos medidas, 26% manifestaron una mejora significativa partiendo de niveles clínicos, 23.5% manifestaron un deterioro significativo y el 20.5% no mostraron cambios significativos, manteniendo niveles clínicos en ambas medidas. Una de las principales conclusiones fue que estar recibiendo o no tratamiento en salud mental resultó ser un factor clave en la evolución de los NNA. Por tanto, resulta crucial establecer sistemas de detección de problemas de salud mental en esta población con el fin de derivar precozmente a tratamientos adecuados. (AU)

Job stress and burnout in residential child care workers in Spain.

The aim of this study is to identify the variables related to stress and burnout syndrome among child residential care workers, as well as the most problematic areas of their work. A random sample of 257 professionals working in the Residential Child Care sector in Spain was studied by means of the TBQ questionnaire (Teachers' Burnout Questionnaire), adapted to child care workers. The results enabled us to detect the principal sources of job dissatisfaction, as well as revealing a greater incidence of stress than of burnout. Certain personal and work variables displayed relevant relationships with these measures.

School Functioning of a Particularly Vulnerable Group: Children and Young People in Residential Child Care.

A large proportion of the children and young people in residential child care in Spain are there as a consequence of abuse and neglect in their birth families. Research has shown that these types of adverse circumstances in childhood are risk factors for emotional and behavioral problems, as well as difficulties in adapting to different contexts. School achievement is related to this and represents one of the most affected areas. Children in residential child care exhibit extremely poor performance and difficulties in school functioning which affects their transition to adulthood and into the labor market. The main aim of this study is to describe the school functioning of a sample of 1,216 children aged between 8 and 18 living in residential child care in Spain. The specific needs of children with intellectual disability and unaccompanied migrant children were also analyzed. Relationships with other variables such as gender, age, mental health needs, and other risk factors were also explored. In order to analyze school functioning in this vulnerable group, the sample was divided into different groups depending on school level and educational needs. In the vast majority of cases, children were in primary or compulsory secondary education (up to age 16), this group included a significant proportion of cases in special education centers. The rest of the sample were in vocational training or post-compulsory secondary school. Results have important implications for the design of socio-educative intervention strategies in both education and child care systems in order to promote better school achievement and better educational qualifications in this vulnerable group.

[Therapeutic Residential Care for Children and Youth: A Consensus Statement of the International Work Group on Therapeutic Residential Care].

Therapeutic Residential Care for Children and Youth: A Consensus Statement of the International Work Group on Therapeutic Residential Care. In many developed countries around the world residential care interventions for children and adolescents have come under increasing scrutiny. Against this background an international summit was organised in England (spring 2016) with experts from 13 countries to reflect on therapeutic residential care (TRC). The following working definition of TRC was leading: “Therapeutic residential care involves the planful use of a purposefully constructed, multi-dimensional living environment designed to enhance or provide treatment, education, socialization, support, and protection to children and youth with identified mental health or behavioral needs in partnership with their families and in collaboration with a full spectrum of community based formal and informal helping resources”. The meeting was characterised by exchange of information and evidence, and by preparing an international research agenda. In addition, the outlines of a consensus statement on TRC were discussed. This statement, originally published in English and now reproduced in a Spanish translation, comprises inter alia five basic principles of care that according to the Work Group on Therapeutic Residental Care should be guiding for residential youth care provided at any time.

Menores extranjeros no acompañados en España: necesidades y modelos de intervención / Asylum-seeking children in Spain: Needs and intervention models

La numerosa llegada de menores extranjeros no acompañados (MENA) a nuestro país durante los últimos 20años ha supuesto un reto para los sistemas de protección, que se han visto en la necesidad de adaptar sus procedimientos a las necesidades concretas de estos adolescentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir las características y necesidades de los MENA acogidos en España, así como el proceso de intervención llevado a cabo en comparación con otros países. Para ello, se examinaron los documentos publicados en cada territorio, se realizaron entrevistas individuales (n=42) y grupales (n=8) con los adolescentes, así como con profesionales (n=68) de 9 territorios. Se describen las similitudes y diferencias en cada una de las fases del proceso de atención a la vez que se señalan las específicas necesidades de estos adolescentes en cuanto a educación, salud, alojamiento, transición a la vida adulta y apoyo social. Se concluye la existencia de importantes diferencias en el modelo de actuación de cada región, la creación de programas y servicios específicamente dirigidos a estos adolescentes que han favorecido su adaptación al contexto de acogida, así como la necesidad de profundizar en el apoyo a la transición a la vida adulta y en la atención a su malestar emocional

The arrival of numerous unaccompanied asylum seeker children (UASC) over the past 20years has been a challenge for the child welfare system in Spain. Child care resources and professionals have made a big effort to adapt services and procedures to the specific needs of these adolescents. This paper aims to describe the characteristics and needs of the UASC welcomed in Spain, and the intervention process carried out, in comparison with other countries. The documents published in each territory were examined, and individual interviews (n=42) and group interviews (n=8) were conducted with adolescents and professionals (n=68) in 9 territories. The similarities and differences in each of the phases of care, as well as the specific needs of these adolescents in education, health, housing, transition to adulthood and social support, are described. There are significant differences in the model of intervention in each region, and in the creation of programs and services to assist these adolescents with adaptation to the host country. Further support for the transition to adulthood and attention to their emotional distress should be included in service provision

Acogimiento residencial terapéutico para niños y adolescentes: una declaración de consenso del Grupo de Trabajo Internacional sobre Acogimiento Residencial Terapéutico / Therapeutic Residential Care for Children and Youth: A Consensus Statement of the International Work Group on Therapeutic Residential Care

En muchos países desarrollados a lo largo del mundo las intervenciones en acogimiento residencial para niños y adolescentes se encuentran en un momento de creciente debate. Ante esta situación, se organizó una cumbre internacional en Inglaterra (primavera de 2016) con expertos de 13 países para reflexionar sobre el acogimiento residencial terapéutico (ART). Se partió de la siguiente definición de ART: "el acogimiento residencial terapéutico implica el uso planificado de un ambiente de convivencia multidimensional, construido a propósito, diseñado para desarrollar o proveer tratamiento, educación, socialización, apoyo y protección a niños y jóvenes con necesidades reconocidas de salud mental o conductuales, en cooperación con sus familias y la colaboración de un amplio espectro recursos comunitarios formales e informales». La reunión se caracterizó por el intercambio de información y evidencias y la preparación de una agenda internacional de investigación. Además, se discutieron las bases para una declaración de consenso. Esta declaración, originalmente publicada en inglés y ahora reproducida en español, comprende, entre otras cuestiones, cinco principios básicos de acogimiento que de acuerdo con el grupo de trabajo en acogimiento residencial terapéutico deben guiar el acogimiento residencial de jóvenes que se preste en todo momento (AU)

In many developed countries around the world residential care interventions for children and adolescents have come under increasing scrutiny. Against this background an international summit was organised in England (spring 2016) with experts from 13 countries to reflect on therapeutic residential care (TRC). The following working definition of TRC was leading: «Therapeutic residential care involves the planful use of a purposefully constructed, multi-dimensional living environment designed to enhance or provide treatment, education, socialization, support, and protection to children and youth with identified mental health or behavioral needs in partnership with their families and in collaboration with a full spectrum of community based formal and informal helping resources». The meeting was characterised by exchange of information and evidence, and by preparing an international research agenda. In addition, the outlines of a consensus statement on TRC were discussed. This statement, originally published in English and now reproduced in a Spanish translation, comprises inter alia five basic principles of care that according to the Work Group on Therapeutic Residental Care should be guiding for residential youth care provided at any time (AU)

[Behavioural problems in adolescents who are in adoption, residential care, and grandparent fostering]. / Problemas de conducta de los adolescentes en acogimiento preadoptivo, residencial y con familia extensa.

The aim of this research is to identify the severity and type of behavioural problems found in a sample of 181 Spanish adolescents, aged 11 and 18, who have been, or still are in the protective system and to provide give up-to-date figures about behavioural problem situations of children are living under protective measures, and to determine the existence of diverse behavioural problems concerning the kind of care the adolescents are receiving (adoption, residential care, or with grandparent fostering). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used in this study. The results show that most of the adolescents scored within the normal range and only a small percentage of them had important behavioural problems and were therefore situated within the clinical range of the trial. The adopted adolescents scored higher than the adolescents who were either fostered by their extended families or in residential care. The main problems identified in each section are discussed, along with the results, in the context of modernising the Spanish protection system.

Detección de problemas de salud mental en un grupo especialmente vulnerable: niños y adolescentes en acogimiento residencial / Detection of mental health problems in an especially vulnerable group: children and young people in residential child care

La investigación sobre la salud mental de niños y adolescentes en acogimiento residencial muestra una alta incidencia de trastornos, particularmente de tipo externalizante, y por consiguiente es muy importante utilizar instrumentos de detección que permitan intervenciones tempranas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características y analizar el grado de concordancia en la información que ofrecen los jóvenes y sus educadores empleando la técnica de screening del CBCL (para los educadores) y el YSR (para los adolescentes) sobre una muestra de 138 adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años en hogares de protección. Se analizaron también las diferencias entre el grupo de jóvenes derivados a tratamiento de salud mental y aquellos que no lo recibían. Los resultados mostraron niveles de acuerdo bajos y moderados entre jóvenes y educadores, con mayor concordancia para problemas externalizantes que internalizantes, de forma similar a lo hallado con muestras de padres e hijos. Las diferencias de puntuaciones se discuten en relación a la investigación revisada y se concluye que los adultos distinguen al grupo clínico del que no lo es, mientras los jóvenes no presentan diferencias significativas. Estos hallazgos indicarían la necesidad de dar más relevancia al autoinforme, a la perspectiva de los adolescentes

Research on mental health problems of children and young people in residential child care shows a high incidence. One of the strategies to improve the interventions is the use of tools of detection, so that biases in the referral to treatment could be avoided. The objective of this study was to analyze the level of concordance between the information given by the young people and their social educators, using the CBCL (in case of educators) and YSR (for adolescents) in a sample of 138 young people aged from 11 to 18 who were in residential care. Also differences between the group of young people referred to mental health treatment and those without it were analyzed. Results show low and moderate levels of concordance between the information given by the young people and their educators, with higher levels of agreement in externalized problems, in a similar way as the results found in research with samples of parents and children. Score differences are discussed according to the literature review, concluding that adults distinguish the clinical and non-clinical group clearly, but young people do not display significant differences. These findings indicate the need for giving more relevance to self-reports, to the adolescent own perspective

Current trends, figures and challenges in out of home child care: An international comparative analysis

Este artículo cierra el número especial de esta revista sobre una revisión internacional de las medidas de protección infantil con separación familiar, fundamentalmente acogimiento familiar y residencial, pero que ha incluido también diversos aspectos referidos a la adopción. Aunque se realiza una comparativa de algunos datos sobre acogimiento familiar y residencial, o los tipos de acogimiento en familia ajena y extensa, el artículo trata sobre todo de realizar una reflexión sobre las implicaciones de diversos temas que han emergido como más interesantes o importantes. Cuestiones como el uso del acogimiento residencial y su papel en el actual sistema de acogimiento infantil, la sobrerrepresentación de minorías étnicas en las medidas de acogimiento en diversos países, la situación de los menores extranjeros no acompañados, el uso de la adopción como solución definitiva, los retos de la transición a la vida adulta de los jóvenes en protección, la importancia de la profesionalización y los modelos basados en la pedagogía social, la planificación y evaluación basada en datos y la actual crisis financiera y su impacto en los sistemas de acogimiento infantil son algunos de los temas destacados que se repasarán (AU)

This article closes the special issue of this journal about an international review of out-of-home child care, principally family foster care and residential care, tough several aspects related to adoption were included as well. Although a comparison on some data about residential and foster care, or kinship and non-kinship care, is carried out, the article tries above all to make a reflection on the implications of several themes that have emerged as more interesting or important. Matters such as the use of residential care and its role in the current child care system, the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in foster care in several countries, the situation of unaccompanied young people asylum seeking, the use of adoption as a permanent solution, the challenges of the transition to the adulthood from care, the relevance of the professionalization and models based on social pedagogy, the evaluation and planning based on data, and the current financial crisis and its impact on child care systems are some of the remarkable topics that will be reviewed (AU)

El proceso de transición a la vida adulta de jóvenes acogidos en el sistema de protección infantil / The process of transition to adulthood for youth in the child care system

En este artículo se revisan diversas investigaciones de carácter nacional e internacional sobre los adolescentes que egresan del sistema de protección. Se trata de jóvenes que al cumplir los 18 años estando acogidos en hogares de protección o con familias se ven inmersos en un proceso de transición a la vida adulta muy diferente al del resto de sus iguales. La investigación pone de manifiesto cómo la transición de estos menores es más breve, comprimida y acelerada que la de sus pares, presentando mayores dificultades en diferentes aspectos tales como el empleo, el alojamiento, los logros educativos, la salud física y mental, etc. Esta problemática está recabando cada día más interés a nivel internacional llevándose a cabo diversas reformas legales que en la práctica se traducen en la ampliación de la estancia en los recursos de protección, la implementación de programas de entrenamiento en habilidades para la vida independiente, la introducción de las figuras de consejeros y mentores, un mayor énfasis en la educación y el empleo, así como la creación de planes individuales de emancipación, entre otros. En nuestro país los egresados comienzan a ser tenidos en cuenta en algunas leyes autonómicas de reciente creación que hacen referencia a la necesidad de invertir esfuerzos en la transición a la vida adulta de los jóvenes en protección (AU)

This paper reviews international and national research on young people leaving care. Research has shown that the journey to adulthood from public care is shorter, more compressed and accelerated that that of their peers. This process presents higher difficulties in different areas such as employment, accommodation, educational opportunities, physical and mental health, etc. The situation of care leavers has gained more attention internationally leading to the development of different legal advances which mean the extension of care, the implementation of independent living skills programs, the introduction of mentoring programs, the emphasis on educational and employment services and the creation of personal transition plans, among other changes. In Spain, this topic has started to receive some attention in recent regional legislation which highlights the need to invest more efforts in the transition to adulthood of young people leaving care (AU)

Child protection in Italy and Spain: Influence of the family supported society / La protección a la infancia en Italia y España: La influencia de la sociedad apoyada en la familia

El análisis de la evolución histórica de la protección a la infancia en España e Italia muestra importantes aspectos comunes. En ambos países ha existido una gran tradición del uso del acogimiento residencial mediante grandes instituciones, mayormente gestionadas por organizaciones religiosas católicas, y ambas han tenido que afrontar el reto de cambiar la tendencia del acogimiento institucional por el familiar, más acorde con los tratados internacionales y los derechos del niño. Por otra parte, ambos países comparten una cultura mediterránea en la que tradicionalmente la familia ha sido el principal proveedor de bienestar personal y social, aunque en las últimas décadas ha alcanzado un alto grado de desarrollo el Estado del bienestar con amplias coberturas de salud, educación y servicios sociales. La actual crisis económica de estos países está poniendo en riesgo estos avances recién conseguidos y de nuevo la importancia del apoyo familiar está siendo decisiva. El artículo revisa el desarrollo histórico de las medidas de protección con separación familiar y compara los datos de acogimiento familiar y residencial, así como las principales aportaciones de la investigación a estos temas en ambos países (AU)

The analysis of the historical development of child protection in Spain and Italy shows remarkable common aspects. There has been a strong tradition of using residential care by means of large institutions, mostly run by catholic religious organizations, in both countries, and both have had to face the challenge of changing the tendency of this institutional care to a family based care. On the other hand, both countries share a Mediterranean culture where the family has been the main provider of personal and social wellbeing, although the welfare state has achieved a high level of development with large health, education, and social services coverage in the last decades. The current financial crisis of these countries is jeopardizing these recently attained advances and again the importance of family support is becoming crucial. The article reviews the historical development of out-of-home care in both countries and compares foster family and residential care, as well as the main research contributions to these topics in both countries (AU)

El bienestar subjetivo en la adolescencia: Estudio comparativo de dos Comunidades Autónomas en España / Adolescents’ subjective well-being: A comparative study between two Autonomous Communities in Spain

Se analiza la comparabilidad interlingüística e intercultural del bienestar subjetivo durante la adolescencia, a partir de dos muestras de Asturias y de Cataluña de entre 15 y 18 años. Se utilizan como indicadores psicosociales de bienestar tres escalas: La SWLS de Diener, Emmons, Larsen y Smith (1985), escala libre de contexto (context free), el PWI de Cummins, Eckersley, van Pallant, Vugt y Misajon (2003), que evalúa el bienestar personal por ámbitos, y una escala de ítem único sobre satisfacción global con la vida (Overall Life Satisfaction = OLS).Utilizando modelos de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, el PWI muestra un buen ajuste para ambas muestras, avalando la comparabilidad de los resultados entre ambas poblaciones. Sus puntuaciones globales resultan más altas entre los adolescentes asturianos que entre los catalanes, igual que la OLS. La SWLS muestra un mal ajuste con los términos constantes restringidos, que añadido al hecho que el alpha de Cronbach aumentaría si el ítem 5 fuera suprimido, abunda en la idea que esta escala funciona de manera distinta en contextos socio-culturales diferentes y mantiene abiertas las dudas sobre si es apropiada su utilización como instrumento comparativo entre poblaciones de características lingüísticas y/o socioculturales distintas (AU)

In two samples of 15 to 18 year-olds adolescents from Asturias and Catalonia inter-linguistic and intercultural comparability of subjective well-being is analysed. Three scales have been used as psychosocial indicators of well-being: The SWLS of Diener, Emmons, Larsen y Smith (1985), a context free scale, the PWI of Cummins, Eckersley, van Pallant, Vugt y Misajon (2003), which evaluates personal well-being based on life domains, and a single-item scale on Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS).Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis models, the PWI shows good fit for both samples, supporting the comparability of results between the two populations. Overall scores are higher among Asturian adolescents than among Catalan’s, like OLS. The SWLS shows bad fit when intercepts are restricted. That fact, added to that Cronbach alpha would increase if item 5 is deleted, gives support to the idea that this scale functions differently in diverse sociocultural contexts. These results raise doubts about its appropriateness as comparative instrument to be used with populations with different linguistic and/or sociocultural characteristics (AU)

Factors affecting foster care breakdown in Spain

Breakdown of foster care has been defined as the situation in which one of the involved parties terminates the intervention before having achieved the goals established for the case plan. This work presents a study carried out with a Spanish sample of 318 closed cases of children who were placed in foster homes and kinship care. The data were collected through the exhaustive review of the child protection and foster placement files, complemented with interviews of the welfare workers in charge of each case. The rate of breakdown of the entire sample was 26.1%, although it was significantly different in kinship care (19.7%) and foster care (31.2%). The results of this study indicate that the variables related to breakdown depend on the placement modality, either in foster care or kinship care. In the first case, the variables related to the child’s characteristics are noteworthy, especially behavior and academic problems, with special relevance in the 9-12-year-old group, and in children who were previously in residential care. In contrast, in kinship care, the parents’ problems (prison, mental health) and having some measure of guardianship are the most important. The fact of undergoing foster placement after having lived in various residential homes is transcendental. Lastly, the availability of economic resources and even the foster carers’ studies seem to be related to foster breakdown (AU)

La ruptura del acogimiento familiar se ha definido como aquella situación en la que alguna de las partes implicadas causa una terminación de la intervención antes de haber alcanzado los objetivos establecidos en el plan de caso. Este trabajo presenta un estudio llevado a cabo en una muestra española de 318 casos cerrados de niños que fueron acogidos en familia ajena y extensa. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de la revisión exhaustiva de los expedientes de protección y acogimiento, complementada con entrevistas a los técnicos encargados de cada caso. La tasa de ruptura del conjunto de la muestra fue de 26,1%, si bien fue significativamente diferente en familia extensa (19,7%) que en familia ajena (31,2%). Los resultados de este estudio indican que las variables relacionadas con la ruptura dependen de la modalidad del acogimiento, en familia ajena o extensa. En el primer caso destacamos las variables relacionadas con las características del niño, especialmente los problemas de conducta y escolares, con especial relevancia en el grupo de 9-12 años, y el haber estado en acogimiento residencial previamente. En cambio, en extensa resulta más importante la problemática en los padres (prisión, salud mental) y el tener una medida de tutela. También el hecho de que se realice el acogimiento tras pasar por hogares de acogida resulta trascendental. Finalmente, la disponibilidad de recursos económicos e incluso los estudios de los acogedores parecen ser variables relacionadas con la ruptura de la acogida (AU)

Problemas de conducta de los adolescentes en acogimiento preadoptivo, residencial y con familia extensa / Behavioural problems in adolescents who are in adoption, residential care, and grandparent fostering

En este estudio se pretende identificar la presencia, gravedad y tipo de problemas de conducta utilizando el Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), que presenta una muestra de 181 adolescentes españoles (11-18 años) procedentes del sistema de protección, así como conocer si existen diferencias en problemas de conducta, según el tipo de acogimiento en que se encuentra el adolescente (preadoptivo, residencial o con abuelos). Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de adolescentes puntúa en el rango normal y que solo un pequeño porcentaje de adolescentes tiene problemas de conducta importantes que les sitúan en el rango clínico de la prueba. En general, se observa que son los adolescentes adoptados los que obtienen mejores puntuaciones en comparación con los adolescentes acogidos por su familia extensa y los acogidos en centros. Se profundiza en los tipos de problemas identificados como más importantes en cada medida y los resultados se discuten en el contexto de modernización del sistema de protección español (AU)

The aim of this research is to identify the severity and type of behavioural problems found in a sample of 181 Spanish adolescents, aged 11 and 18, who have been, or still are in the protective system and to provide give up-to-date figures about behavioural problem situations of children are living under protective measures, and to determine the existence of diverse behavioural problems concerning the kind of care the adolescents are receiving (adoption, residential care, or with grandparent fostering). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used in this study. The results show that most of the adolescents scored within the normal range and only a small percentage of them had important behavioural problems and were therefore situated within the clinical range of the trial. The adopted adolescents scored higher than the adolescents who were either fostered by their extended families or in residential care. The main problems identified in each section are discussed, along with the results, in the context of modernising the Spanish protection system (AU)

Crisis y revisión del acogimiento residencial. Su papel en la protección infantil / No disponible

El acogimiento residencial en nuestro país sigue cumpliendo una función esencial en la protección de niños, niñas y en especial, adolescentes,en situación de desamparo. La necesaria atención a problemas emergentes como la llegada de menores extranjeros no acompañados,el incremento de los casos de violencia familiar ejercida por los hijos, la necesidad de atención terapéutica a niños conproblemas emocionales y de salud mental, entre otros, han provocado una gran crisis e importantes cambios en la estructura y objetivosde los hogares de acogida. Hoy en día, el trabajo de los profesionales se ha especializado en la intervención con adolescentes y problemáticascomo las descritas. Aunque siguen existiendo unidades dedicadas a los más pequeños, éstas tienden a desaparecer a medidaque el acogimiento familiar recibe el impulso necesario. Desde los años 90, el modelo de atención especializado configurado por recursosdiferenciados se ha ido implantando de manera muy desigual en las diferentes comunidades autónomas. Ahora bien, como se veráa lo largo del artículo, aún son muchas las dificultades y los retos por alcanzar en los hogares de protección (AU)

Residential care continues to play an important role in Spain in the provision of care for children and adolescents in situations of abuse orneglect. Some newly-emerging issues, such as the arrival of unaccompanied minor asylum-seekers, the increase in child-to-parent violence,or the need for therapeutic attention in children with emotional and mental health problems, have given rise to a great crisis andsubstantial changes in the structure and objectives of children’s homes. Currently, child care work in children’s homes is focused on interventionwith adolescents and the new problems described. Although resources for younger children continue to exist, these tend to disappearas foster care becomes adequately established. Since the 1990s, the specialized child care model involving differentiated resourceshas been implemented in a highly inequitable way across Spain’s different Autonomous Regions. As will be discussed in the present article,there remain many difficulties to overcome and challenges to be met in the area of residential child care (AU)