Longitudinal Associations of Psychiatric Risk Factors with Non-psychiatric Hospitalization in a Large Cohort of People Living with HIV in New York City.

Hospitalizations among people living with HIV (PLWH) are frequent and costly. This study examined the association between psychiatric, HIV-related, and demographic factors and hospitalization rates among PLWH using data from the Einstein-Rockefeller-City University of New York Center for AIDS Research Clinical Cohort Database. Of the 10,215 PLWH included in the sample, 45% had at least one non-psychiatric hospitalization between 2009 and 2018, with significant risk factors including prior psychiatric outpatient visits, depression, or alcohol-related disorder diagnoses, female sex, older age, CD4 count < 500 cells/uL, and detectable viral load. Additionally, 14% had an HIV-related hospitalization, with significant risk factors including prior psychiatric outpatient visits, alcohol- and substance-related disorder diagnoses, female sex, older age, CD4 count < 500 cells/uL, and detectable viral load. The study emphasizes the need for tailored interventions, including integrated treatment and comprehensive case management, for PLWH with comorbid psychiatric disorders, women, and older adults.

RESUMEN: Las hospitalizaciones son frecuentes y costosas entre las personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH). Este estudio examinó la asociación entre factores psiquiátricos, relacionados con el VIH y demográficos, y las tasas de hospitalización en 10,215 PVVIH. Entre 2009 y 2018, el 45% de los pacientes tuvieron al menos una hospitalización no psiquiátrica. Los factores de riesgo significativos incluyeron más visitas previas a la consulta psiquiátrica ambulatoria, diagnóstico previo de depresión o trastorno relacionado con el alcohol, sexo femenino, edad avanzada, conteo de células CD4 < 500 células/uL, y carga viral detectable. De las 10,215 PVVIH, el 14% tuvo una hospitalización relacionada con el VIH. Los resultados destacan la necesidad urgente de apoyo dirigido a PVVIH con trastornos psiquiátricos comorbilidades, y para mujeres y adultos mayores que viven con VIH.

Adonis on the Apps: Online Objectification, Self-Esteem, and Sexual Minority Men.

The recent proliferation of mobile dating applications ("apps") has led to profound shifts in the ways sexual minority men (SMM) connect with others and themselves (Anderson, Holland, Koc, & Haslam, 2018). These apps, which often categorize users by factors such as body build, may promote sexual harassment and objectification (Griffiths, Murray, Krug, & McLean, 2018), potentially compounding already disproportionate body image concerns among this population (Daniel & Bridges, 2010). To test relations of app use and online objectification, we examined a path model testing tenets of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) among a national sample of 230 SMM. We measured direct and indirect relations between patterns of app use (i.e., number of apps used, app use frequency), online objectification, internalization of sociocultural standards of attractiveness, two psychological reactions (i.e., body surveillance, body satisfaction), and self-esteem, a mental health risk particularly salient among SMM. The present study demonstrated support for expansions of objectification theory both online and among SMM. Regarding direct relations, number of apps used (though not app use frequency) was positively related with objectification, internalization, and body surveillance, and negatively related with body satisfaction and self-esteem. Variables yielded indirect relations via internalization, body surveillance, and body satisfaction. Implications of our findings, as well as limitations and implications for future research and practice, are discussed.

Unpacking body image concerns and disordered eating for transgender women: The roles of sexual objectification and minority stress.

Synthesizing both objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) and minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003), the present study used a pantheoretical model of dehumanization (Moradi, 2013) to examine body image concerns and disordered eating symptomatology with 205 transgender women from the United States. Objectification theory constructs (i.e., sexual objectification, internalization of sociocultural standards of attractiveness, body surveillance, body dissatisfaction) and minority stress-related variables (i.e., antitransgender discrimination) were examined as direct and indirect predictors of disordered eating. Results of a latent variable SEM (with a higher-order dehumanization factor comprised of sexual objectification and discrimination) generally provided support for our hypothesized direct and indirect relations. As expected, dehumanization was related directly to internalization and disordered eating and had significant indirect links to body surveillance, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating via internalization. Potential implications of a pantheoretical model for future research with transgender women are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Building a pantheoretical model of dehumanization with transgender men: Integrating objectification and minority stress theories.

With a national sample of 304 transgender men, the present study tested a pantheoretical model of dehumanization (Moradi, 2013) with hypotheses derived from objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003), and prior research regarding men's body image concerns. Specifically, we tested common objectification theory constructs (internalization of sociocultural standards of attractiveness [SSA], body surveillance, body satisfaction) as direct and indirect predictors of compulsive exercise. We also examined the roles of transgender-specific minority stress variables-antitransgender discrimination and transgender identity congruence-in the model. Results of a latent variable structural equation model yielded mixed support for the posited relations. The direct and indirect interrelations of internalization of SSA, body surveillance, and body satisfaction were consistent with prior objectification theory research, but only internalization of SSA yielded a significant direct relation with compulsive exercise. In addition, neither internalization of SSA nor body surveillance yielded significant indirect relations with compulsive exercise. However, antitransgender discrimination yielded predicted indirect relations with body surveillance, body satisfaction, and compulsive exercise, with transgender congruence playing a key mediating role in most of these relations. The implications of this pantheoretical model for research and practice with transgender men are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) who attend sex parties: results from a national online sample in the USA.

OBJECTIVE: To compare three groups of men who have sex with men (MSM)-men who had attended a sex party in the past year (45.2%); men who had been to a sex party more than a year ago (23.3%); and men who had never been to one (31.5%)-on socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. METHOD: In spring 2012, 2063 sexually active MSM in the USA were recruited using banner advertising on a sexual networking website to complete an online survey about their sexual behaviour and attendance at sex parties. RESULTS: A significantly higher proportion of past year attendees were HIV-positive (28.1%), single (31.7%), demonstrated sexual compulsivity symptomology (39.2%), recently used drugs (67.8%), averaged the greatest number of recent male partners (Mdn=15, <90 days), and had greater instances of recent unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with male partners (median=3, <90 days). Adjusting for covariates, those having been to a sex party in the last year were significantly more likely than others to report UAI. Free lubricant (93.4%) and condoms (81.0%) were the most desirable services/products men wanted at sex parties. More than half of men having been to a sex party expressed interest in free rapid HIV testing at sex parties (52.8%); however, few considered it acceptable to see 'medical providers' (11.7%) and 'peer outreach workers' (9.5%) at sex parties. CONCLUSIONS: MSM who have attended a sex party in the last year are appropriate candidates for targeted HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention. Collaborating with event promoters presents valuable opportunities to provide condoms, lubricant and HIV/STI testing.

Men who have sex with mens' exposure to, use of, and subjective experiences with the 'NYC Condom'.

In 2007, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health introduced the 'NYC Condom'--a Lifestyles® condom with a 'NYC' logo. Few studies have evaluated attitudes toward or distribution of the 'NYC Condom' among men who have sex with men (MSM)--a population at increased risk for HIV/STIs. 148 MSM completed a survey about their exposure to, use of, and experiences using the 'NYC Condom.' The majority (93.2 %) had seen the 'NYC Condom;' 82.4 % of said men had used it. Among MSM who used it, 82.1 % rated it average or above. Exposure did not statistically differ by race/ethnicity, HIV status, gay or barebacker identification, or sex role. Use was neither significantly associated with demographic characteristics nor recruitment source, suggesting distributional success in reaching various sub-populations of MSM. Among those who had not used the 'NYC Condom,' 22.2 % reported size or quality concerns, suggesting a demand for alternative prevention campaigns.

Interest in couples-based voluntary HIV counseling and testing in a national U.S. sample of gay and bisexual men: the role of demographic and HIV risk factors.

Main partnerships represent one context in which HIV transmission may occur that has been insufficiently addressed to date for gay and bisexual men, but few studies have focused on the acceptability of couples-based voluntary HIV counseling and testing (CVCT) for male couples in the U.S. Our aim in this study was to explore the acceptability of CVCT among a national U.S. sample of 1,532 gay and bisexual men surveyed online using a sexual networking site. We examined the role of demographic (i.e., geographic region, age, relationship status, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity) and HIV risk (i.e., substance use, number of sexual partners, unprotected anal intercourse, sexual role identity, and sexual compulsivity) factors that may be associated with CVCT among the full sample and among partnered men separately. We found that single men expressed higher interest in CVCT than partnered men and that greater age was more strongly associated with lower interest in CVCT for partnered men than for single men. The intersection of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity was also significantly associated with CVCT interest, with a higher proportion of Black bisexual men being interested than White bisexual men. These findings suggest that the uptake of CVCT may be less impacted by HIV risk factors than by demographic factors and that young gay and bisexual men of color-for whom rates of HIV continue to rise-may be the group with the highest levels of interest in CVCT.

Development and validation of the Gender Identity and Expression Microaggressions in Therapy Scale (GIEMTS).

Developing affirming interventions for transgender and nonbinary (TNB) therapy clients requires understanding their experiences with microaggressions in psychotherapy, yet no self-report measure of anti-TNB microaggressions in this context exists. Moreover, few studies have tested the associations between anti-TNB microaggressions and therapy processes. To better address the burden of unmet mental health care needs among TNB people, this three-study investigation designed and tested the psychometric properties of the Gender Identity and Expression Microaggressions in Therapy Scale (GIEMTS), a measure of TNB individuals' encounters with microaggressions in psychotherapy. Study 1 (N = 225) identified a four-factor model, comprising the themes of Educational Burdening, Lack of Affirmation, Inflation, and Invalidation. These subscales exhibited strong internal consistency reliabilities and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. The results of Study 2 (N = 435) replicated the four-factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis. However, bifactor analysis revealed that the Educational Burdening, Inflation, and Invalidation subscale scores were mostly accounted by a General Anti-TNB Microaggressions scale score-though Lack of Affirmation showed evidence of its independence. Also in Study 2, both scales were uniquely negatively associated with the working alliance. Study 3 (N = 151) found evidence for the test-retest reliability of GIEMTS scores over a 2-3-week period. Overall, the GIEMTS emerged as a robust and psychometrically sound instrument that captures the experiences of TNB individuals in therapy settings. The study concludes with valuable recommendations for training and clinical practice to bolster TNB mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The psychological cost of anticipating HIV stigma for HIV-negative gay and bisexual men.

Much research has examined the impact of HIV-associated stigma on HIV-positive individuals, but little work has explored its impact on HIV-negative persons. However, many gay and bisexual men may imagine the stigma they would experience upon seroconverting, and this anticipated stigma may be associated with negative mental health. Such concerns may be exacerbated among men who identify with the receptive role during anal sex, because of greater risk for infection. This study examined the association between anticipated HIV stigma and negative affect among 683 HIV-negative gay and bisexual men living in New York City. Anticipated HIV stigma predicted negative affect over and above internalized homonegativity. Sexual role identity was associated directly with anticipated stigma and indirectly with negative affect. Results suggest that anticipated HIV stigma may be an important mental health issue for gay and bisexual men. Public health messaging discussing sexual positioning should be sensitive to the potential for exacerbating anticipated HIV stigma among bottom-identified men.

Mental Health Disparities Among Sexual and Gender Minority Frontline Health Care Workers During the Height of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose: This study measured mental health disparities in a Bronx, New York sample of frontline health care workers collected May-July, 2020, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Using survey data (N = 741), we compared demographics, COVID-19 stressors, and adverse mental health outcomes between sexual and gender minority (SGM, n = 102) and non-SGM (n = 639) health care workers through chi-square/Kruskal-Wallis tests, crude/adjusted odds, and prevalence ratios. Results: SGM frontline health care workers had significantly higher depression, anxiety, impact of COVID-19, and psychological distress. Income (lower), age (younger), and COVID-19 stressors accelerated differences. Conclusion: Health care systems should support SGM frontline health care workers through affirming trauma-informed programming.

When Structural Inequity Is Ubiquitous, Can Force Ever Be Compassionate?

This article contextualizes and challenges race, class, and gender inequity in psychiatric use of force. In particular, this article examines (1) how uses of force-seclusion, restraint, compulsion-have been codified in policy and law, (2) inequity in force utilization, and (3) connections between systemic oppression and individuals' responses-including fear and retraumatization-to feeling threatened by force in clinical settings. This article proposes multilevel strategies to abolish inequity in uses of force in clinical settings and questions whether it is ever possible to use force compassionately where inequity persists.

Toward Nonbinary Nuance in Research and Care: Mapping Differences in Gender Affirmation and Transgender Congruence in an Online National U.S. Survey.

Purpose: To close gaps in transgender health research, we mapped trends in gender affirmation processes (i.e., social, legal, and psychological transitions) that are unique among nonbinary (NB) transgender adults when compared with transgender women (TW) and transgender men (TM). Methods: Data were drawn from the Columbia Trans Empowerment Survey (N=707), an online national study conducted between 2014 and 2015 in the United States. We used one-way analysis of variance tests, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and post hoc analyses to estimate differences in gender affirmation processes and transgender congruence between: (1) NB adults, n=271, 38%; (2) TW, n=291, 41%; and (3) TM, n=145, 21%. We then identified bivariate correlations between variables of interest. Results: In the full sample (n=707), we found significant positive bivariate correlations between pursuing gender affirmation and transgender congruence. In terms of demographics, NB participants were significantly more likely to be queer (42.1%), polyamorous (25.5%), unemployed (44.8%), and younger (median=22) than TW and TM. They also reported taking significantly fewer gender affirmation processes, with significant differences between the three groups in terms of particular experiences. The NB participants also reported significantly lower rates of transgender congruence, specifically lower appearance congruence though similar gender identity acceptance. Conclusion: The NB transgender adults in this sample report unique identity-related characteristics, including significantly lower rates of medical/social transition as well as decreased transgender congruence. These data are among the first to describe unique pathways by which NB adults, TW, and TM may pursue gender affirmation and interact with providers as they navigate congruence, transition, and well-being.

Transgender-specific developmental milestones and associated experiences of violence, discrimination, and stigma among Filipinx transgender women who are sexually active with men.

BACKGROUND: For transgender people, reaching transgender (trans)-specific developmental milestones, including recognizing and expressing one's identity, plays an integral role in overall health, wellbeing, and the pursuit of gender affirmation. Yet trans people continue to face minority stressors, including structural violence (i.e., discrimination, violence, and stigma), which may interfere with the achievement of these milestones. Among trans women specifically, however, potential associations between gender developmental milestones and structural violence are not well characterized in the literature. In a sample of Filipinx (i.e., an inclusive term for describing non-binary genders in the Philippines) trans women who are sexually active with men (trans-WSM), we thus sought to: (a) describe the mean ages at which gender developmental milestones occur and (b) examine the associations between structural violence and mean ages at which at which Filipinx trans-WSM experience trans-specific developmental milestones. METHODS: Using data from Project #ParaSaAtin, an online survey of Filipinx trans-WSM (n = 139), we mapped age-estimates per trans-specific milestones and then tested whether structural violence is associated with the mean age at which trans women experience trans-specific developmental milestones. RESULTS: Overall, participants who reported higher levels of discrimination, stigma, and violence also experienced a later age for nearly each milestone (i.e., initial self-awareness of transfeminine identity, transfeminine expression in private, transfeminine expression in public, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner as a trans women, and hormone integration) (all p-values <0.05). Of note, the single exception to this pattern was the non-significant association between stigma and initial disclosure of transfeminine identification to another person. CONCLUSION: Results are consistent with psychological literature outlining a temporal sequence of developmental milestones among young trans-WSM. For young trans-WSM in the Philippines, data from this study demonstrate significant associations between structural violence and the achievement of developmental milestones. These findings highlight the need for trauma-informed, strengths-based programming and institutional policies that measure and mitigate anti-trans violence.

Security amidst stigma: Exploring HIV and sexual minority stressors through an attachment-based psychotherapy group.

Despite strides in HIV prevention and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender care, comprehensive care centers are of critical importance for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities and people with HIV/AIDS who continue to contend with intersecting stigmas and chronic minority stressors. Building on the integrated attachment and sexual minority stress model, we discuss these themes by highlighting a group vignette from an urban psychiatric clinic that has provided affirmative psychotherapy to marginalized communities affected by HIV/AIDS for over 2 decades. The authors have rotated at the clinic as cofacilitators of a weekly, process-oriented group for sexual minority men who are HIV positive or are affected by HIV. In this article, we provide a theoretical foundation for HIV-affirming group psychotherapy and clinical integration of minority stress and attachment-based interventions. Group psychotherapy provides a rare opportunity to bond an often-isolated community by evoking factors of universality, cohesiveness, and catharsis. It simultaneously enables us to confront individual existential concerns with serostatus disclosure, grief, and feelings of victimization, as well as challenge internalized stigma and rejection sensitivity. We apply these issues to a verbatim clinical exchange, analyzing attachment-related themes and issues pertaining to minority stress and stigma, as well as discuss group mechanisms for attachment interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Gay and bisexual men's use of the Internet: research from the 1990s through 2013.

We document the historical and cultural shifts in how gay and bisexual men have used the Internet for sexuality between the 1990s and 2013-including shifting technology as well as research methods to study gay and bisexual men online. Gay and bisexual men have rapidly taken to using the Internet for sexual purposes: for health information seeking, finding sex partners, dating, cybersex, and pornography. Men have adapted to the ever-evolving technological advances that have been made in connecting users to the Internet-from logging on via dial-up modem on a desktop computer to geo-social-sexual networking via handheld devices. In kind, researchers have adapted to the Internet to study gay and bisexual men. Studies have carefully considered the ethics, feasibility, and acceptability of using the Internet to conduct research and interventions. Much of this work has been grounded in models of disease prevention, largely as a result of the ongoing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The need to reduce HIV in this population has been a driving force to develop innovative research and Internet-based intervention methodologies. The Internet, and specifically mobile technology, is an environment gay and bisexual men are using for sexual purposes. These innovative technologies represent powerful resources for researchers to study and provide outreach.

Navigating condom use and HIV status disclosure with partners met online: a qualitative pilot study with gay and bisexual men from Craigslist.org.

We conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 50 men recruited from the New York City men-seeking-men section of Craigslist.org. Participants discussed their favorite venues for meeting sex partners (n = 28 said the Internet), and we focused on these men's responses to probes regarding decisions around condom use and HIV status disclosure with online partners. A majority indicated they set a priori rules for themselves to always use condoms, and they cited the Internet as their favorite venue in part because it helped them sort for like-minded partners. Participants indicated that having in-person conversations around condom use and HIV was often difficult, and that the Internet was a convenient medium to facilitate the process. Notable differences were observed in how HIV-positive and HIV-negative men navigated serostatus disclosure-HIV-negative men were less subtle in starting the conversation. Finally, participants described a common narrative around distrust with online partners, which is one reason why they consistently use condoms. These data suggest that features which allow men to easily indicate, and filter for, condom use preferences should be built into (or maintained on) profile-based sexual networking sites and sexual bulletin board sites.