99mTc-interleukin-2 scintigraphy in normal subjects and in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: Radiolabelled interleukin-2 is a radiopharmaceutical used for the study of chronic inflammatory processes. (123)I-labelled interleukin-2 has successfully been used in a large number of patients affected by several immune-mediated diseases. (123)I, however, is expensive and not readily available. We have, therefore, developed a method for labelling interleukin-2 with (99m)Tc to high specific activity based on the use of an N(3)S bifunctional chelating agent. In this paper, we describe the results obtained with (99m)Tc-interleukin-2 in a series of eight normal subjects and of 12 patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. METHODS: Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, haematological and systemic toxicity, radiation absorbed dose and in vivo targeting were studied. RESULTS: Results showed rapid plasma clearance of (99m)Tc-interleukin-2 with retention mainly in the kidneys. Biodistribution and kinetics were similar to that observed for (123)I-interleukin-2. No acute systemic toxicity was found; a small decrease in peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed in the first hours only in patients, but it was mild and transient. (99m)Tc-interleukin-2 accumulated, to varying extents, in the thyroid of all patients affected by autoimmune thyroid diseases but not in the thyroid of normal subjects. The effective dose equivalent of a diagnostic activity of (99m)Tc-interleukin-2 (185 MBq) was 1.35 mSv. No correlation was observed between thyroid autoantibodies and uptake of (99m)Tc-interleukin-2. CONCLUSIONS: The use of (99m)Tc-interleukin-2 is safe and simple; the favourable dosimetry and biodistribution and the rapid clearance make it potentially useful for the study of chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune thyroid disease.

Radioactive labeling of recombinant antibody fragments by phosphorylation using human casein kinase II and [gamma-32P]-ATP.

A wide range of antibody fragments can be expressed in bacteria and detected immunochemically via peptide tags. Using specially designed tags, we have developed a strategy for radiolabeling antibody fragments secreted from bacteria. Tagged antibody fragments were secreted either into the bacterial periplasm or the culture medium. The tag was not subject to proteolysis either in the broth or in human plasma. After affinity purification the antibody fragments were phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP and casein kinase II. The labeled fragments were used in a gel band-shift assay to measure antigen binding affinities. In contrast to non site-specific methods such as radioiodination, antibodies labeled with casein kinase II retain full immunoreactivity. Radioactively phosphorylated antibody fragments may have many other applications, including radioimmunoassays and radioimmunotherapy.

Localization of radioiodine conjugated to the monoclonal antibody HMFG2 in human ovarian carcinoma: assessment of intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of administration.

The localization of i.p. injected, radioiodine conjugated monoclonal antibody HMFG2 was studied in 18 patients with ovarian carcinoma. Patients were injected i.p. at time points up to 168 h before laparotomy, at which time tumor, ascites, normal tissue, and blood samples were removed and the contained radioactivity measured. In the first 10 patients, localization was compared with that of a simultaneously injected irrelevant (nonspecific) antibody (UJ13A) of the same immunoglobulin class and, in the subsequent 8 patients, with HMFG2 administered i.v. After i.p. injection, HMFG2-radioiodine was found in concentrations of 0.0001-0.0030% of the injected amount per gram in solid tumor, 0.0363-0.02560%/g in ascites, 0.0003-0.0017%/g in blood, and 0.001-0.0012%/g in normal tissue. Tumor:normal tissue ratios of 0.9-10.0 and tumor:blood ratios of 0.3-4.0 were seen up to 168 h after injection. Localization of the HMFG2 conjugate was consistently greater than that of the irrelevant antibody. For solid tumor, the i.v. route of administration resulted in consistently higher absolute levels of HMFG2 conjugate uptake but tumor:blood and tumor:normal tissue ratios were similar. On the other hand the i.p. route of administration offered consistent advantages of 4- to 71-fold over the i.v. route when HMFG2 conjugate localization on ascites cells was examined. Ascites:normal tissue and ascites:blood ratios of up to 512 and 448, respectively, were achieved. After i.p. injection, radioiodine was cleared from the body exponentially with a half-life of 50 h. Maximum circulating blood levels of 8.6 +/- 2.0% injected activity were seen at 48 h and these then decreased with a t 1/2 value of 38 h. Over 80% of injected activity was cleared in the urine as nonprotein bound iodine by 168 h.

A prospective study of 123I-labeled monoclonal antibody imaging in ovarian cancer.

Thirty patients presenting with a pelvic mass were entered into a prospective study on the use of radioimmunoscintigraphy with the 123I-labeled monoclonal antibody HMFG2. The imaging data was obtained without knowledge of the clinical data and compared with subsequent surgical findings. A false-positive diagnosis of ovarian cancer was made in five of ten patients subsequently shown not to have ovarian cancer; thus the technique cannot be used as a screening test. A true-positive diagnosis was made in 19 out of 20 patients shown subsequently to have ovarian cancer. In 18 of these patients the distribution of uptake closely fitted the surgical findings. Methods of improving these results are described. In conclusion, radioimmunoscintigraphy is of no use in determining whether a pelvic mass is due to ovarian cancer, but has benefit in the evaluation of chemotherapy and may, in the future, prevent the need for second-look operations in some circumstances.

Tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab for recurrent indolent and transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PURPOSE: An open-label phase II study was conducted at two centers to establish the efficacy and safety of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab at first or second recurrence of indolent or transformed indolent B-cell lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single dosimetric dose was followed at 7 to 14 days by the patient-specific administered radioactivity required to deliver a total body dose of 0.75 Gy (reduced to 0.65 Gy for patients with platelets counts of 100 to 149 x 10(9)/L). Forty of 41 patients received both infusions. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 41 patients (76%) responded, with 20 patients (49%) achieving either a complete (CR) or unconfirmed complete remission [CR(u)] and 11 patients (27%) achieving a partial remission. Response rates were similar in both indolent (76%) and transformed disease (71%). The overall median duration of remission was 1.3 years. The median duration of remission has not yet been reached for those patients who achieved a CR or CR(u). Eleven patients continue in CR or CR(u) between 2.6+ and 5.2+ years after therapy. Therapy was well tolerated; hematologic toxicity was the principal adverse event. Grade 3 or 4 anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 5%, 45%, and 32% of patients, respectively. Secondary myelodysplasia has occurred in one patient. Four patients developed human antimouse antibodies after therapy. Five of 38 assessable patients have developed an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone; treatment with thyroxine has been initiated in one patient. CONCLUSION: High overall and CR rates were observed after a single dose of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab in this patient group. Toxicity was modest and easily managed.

The accuracy of parathyroid gland localization in primary hyperparathyroidism using sestamibi radionuclide imaging.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common condition due to either a parathyroid adenoma or, less commonly, parathyroid hyperplasia, whose treatment is essentially surgical. We have, therefore, assessed the accuracy of Tc-99m pertechnetate/Tc-99m sestamibi (methoxy-isobutyl isonitrile) imaging in the localization of adenomas and hyperplastic parathyroids. The clinical records of all patients who had Tc-99m pertechnetate/Tc-99m sestamibi imaging and parathyroid surgery at this hospital were reviewed. The technique used involves standard subtraction methodology with the addition of a novel change detection algorithm to optimize localization. Of 46 patients scanned in 48 patient episodes, 36 patients had adenomas; 28 (78%) were accurately localized to the correct quadrant, and 4 were correctly lateralized. Two patients with parathyroid carcinomas had their metastases correctly localized. Thus, in 34 of 38 (89.5%) of the scans, adenomas or carcinomas were able to be anatomically localized. Six patients presented with hyperplasia; 5 were diagnosed by sestamibi scans, and 3 of these accurately localized all hyperplastic glands. Four additional patients had known hyperplasia, of which 2 were rendered normocalcemic after removal of their sestamibi-positive glands; the other 2 had small second glands detected only at surgery. In patients with unknown pathology, imaging suggested that 6 patients had hyperplasia; this was correct in 5 cases (83%). Nine of the 12 scans in patients who had had previous parathyroid surgery accurately localized the tumors, 7 in the neck and 2 outside. We suggest that sestamibi imaging can help to distinguish hyperplasia from adenomatous disease; when imaging is required, we recommend it as the imaging modality of choice in all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, especially in reoperated patients.

Comparison of somatostatin analog and meta-iodobenzylguanidine radionuclides in the diagnosis and localization of advanced neuroendocrine tumors.

A comparison has been made of [(123)I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([(123)I]MIBG) and [(111)In]pentetreotide scintigraphy in 54 patients with a variety of neuroendocrine tumors of whom 46 patients had metastatic disease. [(111)In]Pentetreotide scintigraphy was more sensitive in detecting metastatic lesions, as demonstrated on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance scanning, than [(123)I]MIBG: 67% vs. 50% for carcinoid tumors (n = 24), 91% vs. 9% for pancreatic islet cell tumors (n = 12), 100% vs. 60% for medullary thyroid carcinomas (n = 5), and 75% vs. 100% for pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (n = 4). In only 2 patients were lesions seen with [(123)I]MIBG scanning that were not apparent with [(111)In]pentetreotide. With the exception of pancreatic islet cell tumors, both radionuclides exhibited a similar sensitivity in detecting hepatic metastases, whereas in three patients the two radionuclides exerted a complementary role as different deposits exhibited uptake to only 1 or the other radionuclide. Hepatic metastases were the most important clinical predictor of a positive scan for both radionuclides. Neither elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels nor any other hormonal marker was predictive of a positive scan. In 8 patients with clinical and/or hormonal evidence of a neuroendocrine tumor but negative conventional radiology, [(111)In]pentetreotide scintigraphy was more sensitive than [(123)I]MIBG (37.5% vs. 12.5%) in detecting lesions. In conclusion, scintigraphy with [(111)In]pentetreotide detects more metastatic lesions than [(123)I]MIBG in patients with carcinoid and pancreatic islet cell tumors and medullary thyroid carcinomas; [(123)I]MIBG scintigraphy may be more sensitive for sympathoadrenomedullary tumors. The radionuclides may exert a complementary role in the detection and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors in occasional patients, as areas of different pattern of uptake were identified within the same patient. These data have implications not only for staging such tumors, but also for identifying patients who might benefit from treatment using either [(131)I]MIBG or radioactive somatostatin analogs.

Ocular metastases secondary to carcinoid tumors: the utility of imaging with [(123)I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine and [(111)In]DTPA pentetreotide.

Ocular metastases from carcinoid tumors are considered rare. They can be the primary presentation of a carcinoid tumor or develop during the course of the disease. The extent of distant metastases from carcinoid tumors correlates with poor prognosis and survival; early detection of metastasis may change the overall management. Radiopharmaceutical-labeled imaging techniques have been widely applied for the detection and localization of such lesions based on isotope uptake by neuroendocrine tumors. Routine application of these imaging modalities may reveal previously unsuspected lesions and may also be used to help stage the disease and to identify patients who may be treated with radiopharmaceuticals. Of 40 patients with carcinoid tumors reviewed in our department since we started routine scanning, we identified 6 (15%) who demonstrated ocular metastases: 5 with obvious lesions and 1 with presumed metastasis according to the results of nucleotide scanning. All 6 were negative on screening with [(123)I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine, whereas 3 of 4 who were screened with [(111)In]octreotide showed positive uptake. All patients responded well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and did not require surgical treatment. The orbit and its contents appear to be a common site for carcinoid metastasis, and radiopharmaceutical imaging with labeled octreotide is useful in identifying many of these lesions.

Imaging of carcinoid tumors with iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine.

Scintigraphy with 123I-radiolabeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was performed successfully in two patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor. The scintigraphic findings show diversity of the tumor deposits in the uptake of [123I]MIBG in the same patient and between patients.

Validation of renal output efficiency as an objective quantitative parameter in the evaluation of upper urinary tract obstruction.

This is a preliminary study of the parameter, renal output efficiency (ROE), for the quantitation of furosemide (frusemide) response in diuresis renography. This is calculated by a technique independent of variations in uptake rate by the kidneys. Eleven healthy volunteers and 34 patients suspected of upper urinary obstruction were subjected to gamma camera studies using 99mTc-MAG3 and a standard protocol. Furosemide was given at 18 min after the study was started. The ROE was calculated in each kidney and the results were correlated with final diagnosis. The range of ROE in healthy individuals varied between 82% and 98% (mean = 91.6%); while obstructed kidneys showed significantly reduced values (p < 0.001) ranging between 30% and 76% (mean = 56%). In the diagnosis of urinary obstruction, the ROE has a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 94% and accuracy of 94%. ROE complements conventional diuresis renography and provides better diagnostic yield in patients with impaired renal function.

Radionuclide evaluation pre- and postextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal calculi.

Forty-two patients were evaluated pre- and postextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) using [99mTc]DTPA renography. A quantitative evaluation showed that the relative renal function decreased 2-3 days post-ESWL on the treated side, and the parenchymal transit time index (PTTI) increased 2-3 days post-ESWL (p less than 0.001) on the treated side and returned to the pretreatment level by 3 wk post-ESWL. The untreated side showed an increase in PTTI 2-3 days post-ESWL (p less than 0.01), which returned to normal by 3 wk post-ESWL. A significantly greater increase in PTTI was seen in patients who received greater than 1,000 shocks as compared with those who received less than 1,000 shocks. Five patients developed obstructing uropathy post-ESWL, when stone fragments caused ureteric obstruction.

Ocular radioimmunoscintigraphy: sensitivity and practical considerations.

Ocular radioimmunoscintigraphy was performed in 20 patients using 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibody 225.28S, F(ab')2 fragments. Radioimmunoscintigraphy was positive in 13 patients and the diagnosis of ocular melanoma was confirmed by enucleation of the eye or clinical follow-up. Scintigraphy was positive in one patient with lymph node metastasis from an ocular melanoma. In six patients immunoscintigraphy was negative. Using this technique a sensitivity of 92.8% was achieved for detecting ocular melanomas. Single photon emission tomography helped to separate the lesions situated in the nasal quadrant of the eye from the adjacent nasopharyngeal activity. With appropriate imaging techniques small tumors of the order of 3 x 5 x 3 mm could be detected clearly.

A scintigraphic comparison of iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine and an iodine-labeled somatostatin analog (Tyr-3-octreotide) in metastatic carcinoid tumors.

A number of neoplasms are known to express somatostatin receptors, and the use of somatostatin receptor imaging in their localization has recently been described. We compared an 123I-labeled somatostatin analog Tyr-3-octreotide (TOCT) and 123I-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in seven patients with histologically proven metastatic carcinoid tumors. The optimum time for identifying tumor uptake on scanning after [123I]MIBG was 24-48 hr, and after 123I-TOCT 10-30 min postinjection. Both radiopharmaceuticals showed a varying spectrum of tracer uptake ([123I]MIBG showed no uptake in one patient; minimal in two; moderate in two; and intense in two; 123I-TOCT showed no uptake in two patients; minimal uptake in one; moderate uptake in two; and intense uptake in two). In two patients, 123I-TOCT identified metastatic lesions not seen by [123I]MIBG scintigraphy. These preliminary results suggest that [123I]MIBG and 123I-TOCT are useful and complementary imaging techniques for detecting metastatic carcinoid tumors.

Captopril renal scintigraphy in patients with hypertension and chronic renal failure.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this prospective study was to determine the ability of the captopril renogram to reveal the presence of angiotensin II-dependent renovascular disorder in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure and to assess the possibility of predicting beneficial effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on renal function. METHODS: Forty-one patients were evaluated. Baseline renal scintigraphy was performed with 80 MBq of 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) injected intravenously. Scintigraphy was repeated within a week with 25 mg of oral captopril given 60 min prior to the test. Using the measurements outlined by the Working Party on Diagnostic Criteria of Renovascular Hypertension with Captopril Renography, the patients were categorized into high (7 patients), indeterminate (19 patients) and low (15 patients) probability for renal artery stenosis (RAS). RESULTS: In five of the seven patients with high probability, the presence of RAS was confirmed angiographically and corrective surgical procedure performed in two. In patients with GFR of 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or split renal function of 10% or less, all qualitative and semiquantitative scintigraphic parameters were nonspecific. Mean parenchymal transit time of tracer was a useful parameter to predict the beneficial effect of ACE inhibition therapy in 23 patients (14 low and 9 indeterminate probability of RAS). CONCLUSION: In hypertensive patients with renal failure, captopril renal scintigraphy can be utilized to identify the presence of angiotensin II-dependent renal dysfunction and possibly help to predict the beneficial effect of ACE inhibitor therapy.

Usefulness of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin (infecton) scan in diagnosis of chronic orthopedic infections: comparative study with 99mTc-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy.

UNLABELLED: 99mTc-labeled ciprofloxacin (infecton) has been developed for detecting infectious foci, which localize in high concentrations in living bacteria. Other studies performed with various infections in animals and humans have found that infecton is a promising agent with better specificity for bacterial infections than white blood cell (WBC) scans. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of infecton scintigraphy for detecting chronic bone and joint infections. METHODS: Fifty-six sites with suspected bone or joint infection were examined with 99mTc-WBC and infecton scans in 51 patients. Of these patients, 21 had prosthetic implant materials. Biochemical, radiologic, and microbiologic data and clinical outcomes also contributed, along with the results from scintigraphic techniques, in determining the presence or absence of infection. Scintigraphic images were produced at 1 and 4 h after injection of 370-400 MBq infecton or 185-200 MBq 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)-WBCs. For each patient, there were at least 2 d and at most 7 d between scintigraphic studies. RESULTS: There were 30 true-positive, 4 false-positive, 20 true-negative, and 2 false-negative results with infecton. With 99mTc-HMPAO-WBCs, the results were 20, 1, 23, and 12, respectively. Values for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 94%, 83%, and 89%, respectively, with the infecton scan and 63%, 96%, and 77%, respectively, with WBC scanning. Differences between the two agents were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Infecton and WBC scan results were in general concordance for 43 of 56 sites (77%). Infecton results for vertebral infections were the most notable findings in this study, despite the limited number of patients with this condition. Infecton scans were positive for hot spots in five of six patients with vertebral osteomyelitis. WBC scans showed photon-deficient areas in four of these same patients and normal distribution in the remaining two patients. CONCLUSION: Infecton is a useful agent for detecting infectious foci in bones and joints. Moreover, the infecton scan seems to be a more powerful tool in diagnosing vertebral infections than WBC scintigraphy.

Technetium-99m MAG3, a comparison with iodine-123 and iodine-131 orthoiodohippurate, in patients with renal disorders.

A Phase I study in 12 patients with renal disorders compared the simultaneous clearances of 99mTc-labeled mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) and 131I-labeled orthoiodohippurate (OIH). The ratio of MAG3 to OIH clearance was 0.61 +/- 0.08 as a result of its smaller volume of distribution, ratio 0.65 +/- 0.09, for the clearance half-lives were similar, ratio 1.09 +/- 0.12. A Phase II study performed serially in 20 patients with equal doses of [99mTc]MAG3 and [123I]OIH gave images of equal quality. The relative renal functions were highly correlated (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001) and transit time analyses gave good correlations: parenchymal transit time index r = 0.81, p less than 0.05. We conclude that [99mTc]MAG3 has some advantages over [99mTc]DTPA and is a suitable replacement for [123I]hippuran in routine renal imaging, relative function, and transit time studies, but not for the accurate estimation of the renal plasma flow.

Uptake of iodine-123 MIBG by pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and neuroblastomas: a histopathological comparison.

The percentage uptake of [123I]metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) by tumors of the paraganglion system is compared with the number of neurosecretory granules (assessed by both light and electron microscopy) in the subsequently resected tumors in six patients. Iodine-123 MIBG was injected intravenously; the tumor uptake of [123I]MIBG varied between 0.001% and 0.14% of the injected dose per gram of tumor tissue at 22 hr. The number of neurosecretory granules in tissue sections was scored on a scale of I-III. A direct proportional correlation was found between the percentage uptake of [123I]MIBG by the tumor and the number of neurosecretory granules in the tissue sections but not with plasma or urinary catecholamines. This technique for imaging reflects the storage status of the tumor better than plasma and urinary catecholamine measurements.

Quantitation of iodine-123 MIBG uptake by normal adrenal medulla in hypertensive patients.

Eighteen hypertensive patients with a clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma and raised or borderline raised plasma catecholamine and urinary vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) levels were studied by scintigraphy using 123I-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). None of these patients had any scintigraphic evidence of pheochromocytoma at the time of study or on subsequent clinical follow-up. A quantitative approach was taken to calculate the adrenal medullary uptake of [123I]MIBG in these patients. Three different methods of quantitation were evaluated using data acquired from an anthropomorphic phantom and analysed by three independent observers. In the patient studies 34 out of 35 adrenal medullas were visualized with uptake in the range of 0.01-0.22% of the administered dose 22 hr postinjection which was calculated using the preferred quantitation method. This is an appropriate control group range for comparison with patients who have proven norepinephrine and epinephrine secreting tumors. A quantitative approach to [123I]MIBG imaging provides an important tool for studying adrenomedullary pathophysiology.

Kinetic analysis and probability mapping applied to the detection of ovarian cancer by radioimmunoscintigraphy.

Kinetic analysis with probability mapping is an objective method of serial image analysis applicable to radioimmunoscintigraphy. The technique is described and subjected to clinical testing by comparing the prediction of biopsy histology from the probability map in patients coming to operation. In those with ovarian cancer undergoing second-look laparotomy after completing full courses of chemotherapy, the prediction of histology in 108 biopsy sites was 45 true positives and 38 true negatives, sensitivity 80%, specificity 73%, accuracy 77% p less than 0.001. In patients with tumors less than 2 cm diameter, 41 biopsy sites were predicted with a specificity of 78% and an accuracy of 76%, p less than 0.01. The technique is reducing the need for second-look laparotomy in patients with subclinical and subradiological disease. Such disease is suitable for intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy.

Imaging prostate cancer with technetium-99m-7E11-C5.3 (CYT-351).

UNLABELLED: To evaluate the performance of the 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibody CYT-351 in visualizing prostate cancer, radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) was performed in 35 patients. METHODS: Antibody (0.5 mg) labeled with 600 MBq 99mTc was injected intravenously after obtaining informed consent. Planar and SPECT imaging was performed at 10 min and 6-8 and 22-24 hr postinjection. The scans were evaluated for visualization of the primary focus or local recurrence, extraprostatic invasion, lymph node involvement and uptake in bone and soft tissue metastases. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies in 35 patients were performed. In 13/14 evaluable studies with clinically localized prostate cancer, RIS had a true-positive rate of 92% (12/13). In eight patients with previous incidental carcinoma detected during transurethral resection undertaken for clinically benign disease, there were 86% true-positive results (6/7) and one true-negative result, which were confirmed by systematic needle biopsies. In six patients with evidence of local recurrence after a previous radical prostatectomy, the true-positive rate was 100% (6/6), which was confirmed by raised or rising prostate-specific antigen levels (PSA) and/or by biopsy. In the eight patients with known metastases, the disease was visualized in 4/4 with progression but not in the 3/3 with regression; one patient demonstrated regressing disease as determined by PSA levels. The overall accuracy was 92%. CONCLUSION: RIS with 99mTc CYT-351 is capable of providing good quality images and yielding clinically useful information safely. It has a potentially important clinical role for patients with rising PSA levels but negative images by conventional modalities.