Takayasu's Arteritis: A Special Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background: Takayasu's arteritis is a rare type of vasculitis with severe complications like stroke, ischemic heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, secondary hypertension, and aneurysms. Diagnosis is achieved using clinical and angiographic criteria. Treatment is medical and surgical, but unfortunately, the outcome is limited. Case presentation: A 34-year-old Caucasian woman had an ischemic stroke (2009). She was diagnosed with Takayasu's arteritis and received treatment with methotrexate, prednisolone, and antiplatelet agents, with a mild improvement in clinical state. After 6 years (2015), she experienced an ascending aorta aneurysm, pulmonary hypertension, and mild aortic regurgitation. Surgical treatment solved both the ascending aorta aneurysm and left carotid artery stenosis (ultrasound in 2009 and computed tomography angiogram in 2014). Morphopathology revealed a typical case of Takayasu's arteritis. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNF inhibitors) were prescribed with methotrexate. At 48 years old (2023), she developed coronary heart disease (angina, electrocardiogram); echocardiography revealed severe pulmonary hypertension, and angiography revealed normal coronary arteries, abdominal aorta pseudoaneurysm, and arterial-venous fistula originating in the right coronary artery with drainage in the medium pulmonary artery. The patient refused surgical/interventional treatment. She again received TNF inhibitors, methotrexate, antiplatelet agents, and statins. Conclusions: This case report presented a severe form of Takayasu's arteritis. Our patient had multiple arterial complications, as previously mentioned. She received immunosuppressive treatment, medication targeted to coronary heart disease, and surgical therapy.

Flaxseed prevents leukocyte and platelet adhesion to endothelial cells in experimental atherosclerosis by reducing sVCAM-1 and vWF.

We studied the possible effect of flaxseed to prevent leukocytes and platelets adhesion to endothelial cells and to reduce soluble adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1) and endothelial integrity markers (vWF) in ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet. Forty-two female Wistar rats were either sham-operated or ovariectomized and randomly assigned for 36 weeks to three different diets: (1) low-fat diet (8% energy as fat); (2) high-fat diet (40% energy as fat, lard based, lard group); (3) high-fat diet enriched with ground flaxseed 15 g/100 g of food (40% energy as fat, lard + flaxseed group). The ovariectomized rats fed with lard + flaxseeds had significantly lower serum concentrations of sVCAM and vWF, reduced platelet adhesiveness, and lower extent of platelet and leukocyte adherence to endothelium in the histological evaluation of the aorta as compared to Ovx + lard group. In our study, high dose of ground flaxseed incorporated to lard-based diet prevented the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in estrogen deficiency rats by decreasing platelet and endothelium reactivity. Assessment of platelet adhesion, serum soluble adhesion molecule sVCAM, and endothelium integrity molecule vWF could be useful to detect the risk for atherosclerotic lesions in estrogen deficiency states and to estimate the effect of flaxseed supplementation.

Controversial Link between Cannabis and Anticancer Treatments-Where Are We and Where Are We Going? A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cannabinoids are currently used in cancer patients primarily for their pain-relieving and antiemetic properties. The aim of our review was to synthesize all available data of studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of cannabis in combination with oncological treatments in cancer patients and to explore ongoing studies with different goals and medical areas registered in the field of oncology worldwide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A search using MEDLINE/PubMed database was performed between 1 January 2006 and 1 March 2022. Search terms included the following: cannabidiol, cannabis, CBD, dronabinol, endocannabinoids, medical marijuana, nabiximols, nabilone, THC, and cancer. All studies that examined the efficacy of cannabis administered during oncological treatments, regardless of cancer localization, subtype, and sample size, were considered eligible. RESULTS: In three studies, cannabis was administered to patients with glioblastoma, and in two other studies, cannabis was used in combination with immunotherapy in various cancer subgroups. The results of the clinical trials in cancer patients are not sufficient to draw conclusions at this time. Interestingly, several other studies addressing the systemic effects of cannabinoids in cancer patients are currently listed in the U.S. National Library of Medicine's registry on the ClinicalTrials.gov website. However, only one of the registered studies examined the efficacy of cannabinoids as a potential option for systemic cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although cannabis is touted to the public as a cancer cure, clinical trials need to clarify which combinations of chemotherapeutic agents with cannabinoids are useful for cancer patients.

Rib Exostoses Presenting as Mediastinal Masses: A Rare Presentation and Minireview of the Literature.

Costal osteocartilaginous exostoses, also known as osteochondromas, are the most common neoplasms of the long bones but are rare tumors of the ribs. Osteochondroma is often asymptomatic and incidentally observed. Tumors typically begin to grow before puberty and continue until bone maturation is reached. Our paper presents the case of a 16-year-old young male who was admitted to the hospital with nonspecific symptoms and having a family history of exostosis. Chest X-ray and computed tomography imaging revealed multiple costosternal exostoses, manifested as mediastinal masses, with protrusion into the thoracic cavity, exerting compressive effects on the ascending aorta and pulmonary parenchyma. Surgery is required in childhood if lesions are painful. But if tumor formation occurs in adulthood, such pathological bony outgrowths should always be resected for avoiding further complications. In this patient, surgical intervention removed the tumoral masses and improved the symptoms. Subsequently, histological exam confirmed the diagnosis of osteocartilaginous exostoses and showed the lack of dysplastic changes.

The Advantages of New Multimodality Imaging in Choosing the Optimal Management Strategy for Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

In recent years, significant advances have been made in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients, which has led to an important improvement in their longevity and quality of life. The use of multimodality imaging has an essential role in the diagnosis, assessing the regional distribution and severity of the disease, with important prognostic implications. At the same time, imaging contributes to the identification of optimal treatment for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, whether it is pharmaceutical, interventional or surgical treatment. Novel pharmacotherapies (like myosin inhibitors), minimally invasive procedures (such as transcatheter mitral valve repair, high-intensity focused ultrasound or radiofrequency ablation) and gene-directed approaches, may soon become alternatives for HCM patients. However, there are only few data on the early diagnosis of patients with HCM, in order to initiate treatment as soon as possible, to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The aim of our review is to highlight the advantages of contemporary imaging in choosing the optimal management strategies for HCM patients, considering the novel therapies which are currently applied or studied for these patients.

Sub-classification of non-inflammatory and inflammatory surgical aortic aneurysms and the association of histological characteristics with potential risk factors.

The present study aimed to analyze the histological characteristics of surgical thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) specimens on the basis of the most recent consensus documents on non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions. The current study also aimed to establish an association with various risk factors. Aortic wall specimens were collected from 52 patients (38 men and 14 women; age, 19-80 years) undergoing surgery for aortic dilatation at The Cardiovascular Disease Institute (Iasi, Romania). For histological evaluation, the aortic specimens (39 TAAs and 13 AAAs) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Van Giessen, alcian blue and Movat pentachrome. The specimens were evaluated and graded according to the severity of histopathological conditions: Fragmentation of elastic fibers, medial mucoid accumulation, smooth muscle cell loss and medial fibrosis. The severity of atherosclerotic lesions in surgically resected segments of the aorta were graded as follows: i) mild=1; ii) moderate=2; and iii) severe=3. The risk factors associated with TAA were the male sex (80%), smoking (56%), hypertension (33%) and bicuspid aortic valve (13%). Advanced age (70 years), male sex (69%) and smoking (54%) were determined to be the risk factors of AAA. The histopathological abnormalities included medial degeneration (MD) (82%), atherosclerosis (ATS) (42%) and aortitis (10%). MD was the leading histopathological diagnosis in TAA and the severity of lesions were graded as follows: Mild (8% of cases), moderate (44% of cases) and severe (31% of cases). Severe atherosclerotic lesions were identified in AAA (100% of cases). In the present study, medial degenerative aortic lesions (1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe) significantly correlated with advanced age (>65 years; r=-0.39; P<0.01) and male sex (r=0.27; P<0.05). Significant correlations were also identified between atherosclerotic aortic lesions (1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe) and advanced age (>65 years) (r=-0.40, P<0.01) or smoking (r=-0.29; P<0.05). Advanced age, male sex and smoking were determined to be the main risk factors for the development of degenerative aortic aneurysms.

Preoperative graft assessment in aortocoronary bypass surgery.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a surgical procedure able to improve the blood supply to the myocardium. In the present study, the distal segments of grafts taken from the internal thoracic artery (ITA), radial artery (RA) and saphenous vein (SV) for use in aortocoronary bypass surgery were examined. The morphologies of the grafts were investigated in order to draw conclusions concerning their patency and viability. In addition, clinical and laboratory risk factors considered to be significant predictors of lesion severity in graft vessels used in CABGs were investigated. In total, 54 distal graft segments of ITAs, RAs and SVs from 20 men and 6 women aged between 42 and 78 years, were evaluated. Histological analyses were used to visualize graft lesions. Morphometrically, the intimal thickness index (ITI) and luminal narrowing were assessed as an indication of graft patency. The histological changes observed in the graft vessel walls included the presence of distinct atheromatous plaques (fatty streaks in 2 cases) or thickening of the intima (20 cases) and media (17 cases). Morphometric analysis showed that the mean ITI of the vessel conduits was 0.37 in the SVs, 0.95 in the RAs, and 1.66 in the ITAs. No patient had >50% conduit stenosis. By assessing the association between risk factors and graft lesions, it was found that all the patients showed risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as age (61.54%), arterial hypertension (65.38%), hyperlipidemia (65.38%), smoking (34.61%), diabetes mellitus (38.46%) and obesity (15.38%). The presence of pre-existing lesions in bypass grafts may contribute to a reduction in their viability, particularly in the case of venous grafts. Further long-term follow-ups are mandatory to evaluate the consequences of such lesions upon the patency of the grafts.

Assessment of vulnerable and unstable carotid atherosclerotic plaques on endarterectomy specimens.

The types of lesion instability responsible for the majority of acute coronary events frequently include plaque disruption and plaque erosion with superimposed thrombosis. The term 'vulnerable plaque is used to describe atherosclerotic (ATS) plaques that are particularly prone to rupture and susceptible to thrombus formation, such as the thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA). The aim of the present study was to assess the morphological and histological differences between plaques that are unstable and those that are vulnerable to instability. Carotid artery endarterectomy specimens were obtained from 26 patients with carotid artery stenosis, consisting of 20 men and 6 women (age range, 35-80 years). Histological and morphometric methods were used to visualize and characterize the ATS plaques. Among the 26 carotid ATS plaques, 23% were stable, 23% were unstable and 54% were vulnerable. With regard to morphometric characteristics, the following mean values were obtained for the TCFA and unstable plaques, respectively: Fibrous cap thickness, 21.91 and 11.66 µM; proportion of necrotic core area in the total plaque area, 25.90 and 22.03%; and the proportion of inflammatory area in the total plaque area, 8.41 and 3.04%. No plaque calcification was observed in any of them. Since ATS coronary artery disease is considerably widespread and fatal, it is crucial to further study ATS lesions to obtain an improved understanding of the nature of vulnerable and unstable plaques. The methods used to detect plaque size, necrotic core area and fibrous cap thickness are considered to be particularly useful for identifying vulnerable and unstable plaques.

Clinical and histological predictive risk factors of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication subsequent to cardiac surgery. Various risk factors have been reported for the development of this complication; however, their precise role in POAF is unknown. In the present study, we attempted to identify clinical factors and histopathological changes in atrial tissue that may predict the development of POAF. Atrial tissue was sampled from 103 patients in sinus rhythm that had undergone open-heart surgery, including elective coronary artery bypass grafting (79.61%) and heart valve surgery (20.38%). Atrial surgical biopsies were obtained from the right atrial appendage at the site of cannulation, prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Tissues were processed routinely for light microscopy, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin and sirius red. Microscopical exams were used to observe the atrial lesions and morphometry was conducted for quantification. In total, 37 patients (35.92%) developed POAF and atrial lesions were identified in the majority of patients in the normal postoperative sinus rhythm and POAF groups, but were most common in the POAF patients. The most common risk factors involved in developing POAF were found to be: Age of >60 years, male gender, ejection fraction of <50% and increased pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, interstitial fibrosis and myocytolysis were the most common injuries identified. Abnormalities in atrial surgical biopsies may indicate the susceptibility of a patient to developing POAF. The present results suggest that the pre-existent alterations in the structure of the right atrium may be a major determinant in the development of POAF.

Multidisciplinary treated thymomas with fatal outcome. A retrospective study.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to assess factors concurring to fatal outcome of patients operated for thymoma with or without myasthenia gravis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out on a series of 10 patients treated for thymoma in the IIIrd Surgical Unit of "St. Spiridon" University Hospital. RESULTS: Mean survival time was 4.45 years and mortality rate was 38.4%. In 8 patients III and IV Osserman stage myasthenia gravis was associated. 2 patients without myasthenia gravis were diagnosed with a locally advanced stage of thymic carcinoma. According to WHO pathological classification of thymoma, 2 cases were included in type C, those without myasthenia gravis associated and the rest in type B1 (2 cases) and B2 (6 cases). According to Masaoka classification all cases presented invasive thymoma: 6 cases type II, 3 cases type III and one case with type IV. Apart of one case in stage IV, all cases benefitted of complete surgical resection. No perioperative and early postoperative mortality was recorded. On long-term follow-up the cause of death was related to aggravation of myasthenia gravis in 6 cases, to cardiac failure in 2 cases (acute myocardial infarction and constrictive pericarditis) and in 2 cases to metastatic disease (thymoma related death - 20%). CONCLUSIONS: Aggravation of myasthenia gravis was the first cause of death in this series in spite of complete resection and intensive immunosupressive treatment. Completeness of surgical resection is the most important prognostic factor. The histopathological type of thymoma with fatal outcome was type B and C after WHO classification.

Pathological comparative assessment of two cases of thymic cyst and cystic thymoma and review of the literature.

Cystic changes of the thymus are rare lesions. In addition to their appearance in non-neoplastic congenital and acquired conditions, they have been seen in association with certain malignancies of the thymus. Our aim is to highlight the possibility of confusing between benign and malignant thymus cysts having different cure approach. We report two thymic cyst cases, one congenital ectopic condition, and the other one, a cystic thymoma. Investigations included blood counts, echograms, and computed tomography. The cysts were excised by mediastinal route and examined pathologically. The final diagnosis was made only after histopathological examination of the surgery biopsy revealing two types of cystic thymic lesions: congenital and tumoral. Because thymic cysts may present malignant transformation, they represent a diagnostic challenge that is resolved only by surgical excision and histological examination. Due to cystic changes masking tumoral features in these cases, thorough sampling is required to ensure that a malignancy is not overlooked.

[A primary undifferentiated pleomorph cardiac sarcoma. Case report]. / Sarcomul cardiac primar pleomorf nediferentiat. Prezentare de caz.

The aim of the study was to characterize the clinical and histological picture of a malignant cardiac tumor, to assess the prognosis and to develop a management strategy. We described a primary cardiac sarcoma, located in the right ventricle. Minimal invasive right thoracotomy was used and a partial surgical excision of the malignant cardiac tumor was made as a palliative procedure. The malignant cardiac tumour continues to have a poor prognosis despite of the individualization of the approach.

[Hypersensitivity myocarditis, a surprising diagnosis. Case report]. / Miocardita de hipersensibilizare--o surpriza diagnostica. Caz clinic.

Hypersensitivity myocarditis is a rare morphoclinical entity that may cause sudden death through arrhythmia and cardiogenic shock. The focus of the paper is the histological evaluation of the cases to identify the death cause of a 50-year-old patient, known to have suffered of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, infective endocarditis and severe mitral regurgitation, case in which hypersensitivity myocarditis precipitated the evolution of the disease. The basis of the study was a complete cardiac evaluation including the morphological diagnosis on necropsy specimens. The paper shows that hypersensitivity myocarditis is a cause of sudden death through acute cardiac failure, and the setting of a precise morphological diagnosis is very important for an early targeted treatment.

[Morphologic study of cardiac myxomas]. / Studiul morfologic al mixoamelor cardiace.

The aim of the paper was the morphological study of the cardiac myxomas, admitted and operated at CCI, between 2000 and 2004. We evaluated the histology of the tumor, the incidence of the specific lesions, and we analysed the tumoral types on the basis of cardiac myxoma macroscopic appearance in correlation with clinical picture of tumor.

[Systemic amyloidosis. Case report]. / Amiloidoza sistemica. Prezentare de caz.

The amyloid deposition in skeletal muscle is well known but a rare occurrence. The study reflects the morphoclinical picture in cardiac amyloidosis in a 51 years old woman, having progressive cardiac failure and sinus node disease. A complete clinical evaluation of the patient showed a concomitant malignancy, plasma-cell myeloma. Muscle-cutaneous biopsy and a sulfated blue alcian staining was routinely performed to screen for amyloid. Histologically, amyloid was confirmed by the presence of deposits in the interstitium around perivascular region, or rarely, in the endomysial region. Focally, the muscles showed a small group atrophy and scattered regenerating muscle fibers and some degenerating myofibers. Generally, is known that prevalence rate of amyloid myopathy in muscle biopsy specimens is low (0.004%), and, as in our case, only a minority of patients have multiple myeloma, as well.

[Cardiac amyloidosis. A case report]. / Amiloidoza cardiaca. Prezentare de caz.

The paper presents the morphoclinical picture in cardiac amyloidosis to a 50 years old man admitted at Iasi Cardiology Center with progressive chronic cardiac failure, the patient having recent history of restrictive cardiomyopathy. It was made a complete cardiovascular evaluation including the right cardiac catheterization for endomyocardial biopsy. The biopsy specimens were fixed in buffered 10 % formalin, followed by routine paraffin embedding, and were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, elastic Van Gieson and sulphated blue Alcian for amyloid evaluation. The amyloid deposits were evidentiated in the interstitium and into vascular walls of the biopsy, pointing the importance of the morphological exam for amyloidosis diagnosis.

[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]. / Displazia aritmogena a ventriculului drept.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a new form of cardiomyopathy probably more frequent than commonly reported. The incidence is unknown. ARVD is a heart muscle disorder of unknown cause that is characterised pathologically by fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium. It is a rare but important cause of sudden cardiac death in young, otherwise healthy persons. The right ventricle should be extensively sampled histologically in all cases of sudden unexpected death, especially those that are exercise related. The disease is often familial (about 30%) with an autosomal dominant inheritance.

[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--cause of sudden death]. / Cardiomiopatia hipertrofica--cauza de moarte subita.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMH) is defined by the absence of left ventricular dilatation and the presence of myocardial hypertrophy that is not due to another recognised cause of hypertrophy such as systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. The bizarre histological appearance of the myocardium is the hallmark of CMH. Myocytes and bundles of myocytes are malaligned and fibrosis may be extensive. Disarray is maximal in areas of macroscopic wall thickening. The condition is most easily recognized in a series of transverse, short axis slices across both ventricles. Histological examination of sections taken in this transverse plane at all three levels (high, mid, apical) including septum, anterior, posterior and lateral walls are needed. The authors report a case of cardiac sudden death to a 45 years old white man. The diagnosis was revealed intra vitam and it was confirmed post mortem.

Cardiac consequences of the systemic lupus erythematosus therapy with corticosteroids morphological study.

It is presented the case of a fifty years old women, diagnosed 3 years ago with systemic lupus erythematosus, under therapy with prednisone and cyclophosphamid therapy. She was admitted in our hospital for right decompensated heart disease and the presence of an apical right ventricular mass occluding part of the right ventricular cavity. The endomyocardial biopsy was made to clearify the nature of this mass. After processing the specimen, the histological study evidenciated an organizing apical thrombotic mass formed in a large right ventricular cavity in conditions of pulmonary hypertention. There are presented data concerning the adverse effects of the systemic lupus erythematosus drug therapy, as well. In these circumstances, we demonstrated histologically, that both conditions could alter the heart morphology.