Perioperative clinical practice recommendations for pediatric tonsillectomy: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children. Since most clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are designed to support surgical decisions, none are specifically designed for the perioperative management of children undergoing tonsillectomy. We aimed to identify and analyze the existing CPGs with recommendations for the perioperative management of children undergoing tonsillectomy by conducting a systematic review. SOURCE: We searched Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE ePub Ahead of Print, and CINAHL for relevant articles published from inception to 3 August 2022. The inclusion criteria were: 1) CPG of perioperative recommendations for tonsillectomy under general anesthesia in children, 2) CPG that include at least one evidence-based recommendation, 3) peer-reviewed CPG published in English after 2000. We extracted data on baseline characteristics of each CPG and general recommendations for perioperative interventions or complications. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Out of five eligible CPGs, AGREE II and REX confirmed that two CPGs were high quality while only one of the two was recommended for implementation without modifications. Most of the recommendations were for pain management. Acetaminophen was the only medication recommended in all five CPG. Except for the oldest CPG, the CPG all supported of the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids as a pain adjunct. CONCLUSIONS: Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and steroids are recommended in the perioperative management of pediatric tonsillectomy. Future CPG should further clarify the safe use of opioids based on severity of obstructive sleep apnea and in the context of opioid-sparing techniques, such as dexmedetomidine, high-dose dexamethasone, and gabapentinoids. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42021253374); first submitted 18 June 2021.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'amygdalectomie est l'une des interventions chirurgicales les plus courantes pratiquées chez les enfants. Étant donné que la plupart des lignes directrices de pratique clinique sont conçues pour soutenir les décisions chirurgicales, aucune n'est spécifiquement conçue pour la prise en charge périopératoire des enfants bénéficiant d'une amygdalectomie. Notre objectif était d'identifier et d'analyser les lignes directrices de pratique clinique existantes comportant des recommandations pour la prise en charge périopératoire des enfants bénéficiant d'une amygdalectomie en réalisant une revue systématique. SOURCES: Nous avons recherché des articles pertinents dans Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE ePub Ahead of Print et CINAHL, publiés depuis la création de ces bases de données jusqu'au 3 août 2022. Les critères d'inclusion étaient les suivants : 1) lignes directrices de pratique clinique comportant des recommandations périopératoires pour l'amygdalectomie sous anesthésie générale chez les enfants, 2) lignes directrices de pratique clinique incluant au moins une recommandation fondée sur des données probantes, et 3) lignes directrices de pratique clinique évaluées par des pairs et publiées en anglais après 2000. Nous avons extrait des données sur les caractéristiques de base de chacune des lignes directrices de pratique clinique et des recommandations générales pour les interventions périopératoires ou les complications. CONSTATATIONS PRINCIPALES: Sur les cinq lignes directrices de pratique clinique admissibles, AGREE II et REX ont confirmé que deux lignes directrices de pratique clinique étaient de haute qualité, tandis qu'une seule des deux a été recommandée pour une mise en œuvre sans modifications. La plupart des recommandations portaient sur la prise en charge de la douleur. L'acétaminophène était le seul médicament recommandé dans les cinq lignes directrices de pratique clinique. À l'exception des lignes directrices de pratique clinique les plus anciennes, les autres ont toutes soutenu l'utilisation d'agents anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et de stéroïdes comme adjuvants pour la douleur. CONCLUSION: L'acétaminophène, les agents anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et les stéroïdes sont recommandés pour la prise en charge périopératoire de l'amygdalectomie pédiatrique. À l'avenir, les lignes directrices de pratique clinique devraient clarifier davantage l'utilisation sécuritaire des opioïdes en fonction de la gravité de l'apnée obstructive du sommeil et dans le contexte des techniques d'épargne des opioïdes, telles que la dexmédétomidine, la dexaméthasone à forte dose et les gabapentinoïdes. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: PROSPERO (CRD42021253374); soumise pour la première fois le 18 juin 2021.

Effects of dexamethasone on opioid consumption in pediatric tonsillectomy: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common ambulatory procedures performed in children worldwide, with around 40,000 procedures performed in Canada every year. Although a prior systematic review indicated a clear role for dexamethasone as an analgesic adjunct, the quantity effect on opioid consumption is unknown. In the current systematic review with meta-analysis, we hypothesized that the use of dexamethasone reduces perioperative opioid consumption in pediatric tonsillectomy but does not increase rates of postoperative hemorrhage. SOURCE: We systemically searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Databases, and Web of Science from inception to 23 April 2024. Randomized controlled trials that compared intravenous dexamethasone to placebo in pediatric tonsillectomy were included in the study. The primary outcome was perioperative opioid consumption, and the secondary outcomes included the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage. We used a random effects meta-analysis to compute the mean difference (MD) or risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of the 1,329 studies identified in the search, we included 16 in the final analysis. Intravenous dexamethasone administration significantly reduced opioid consumption (MD, -0.11 mg·kg-1 oral morphine equivalent; 95% CI, -0.22 to -0.01) without increasing the incidence of readmission (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.67) or reoperation due to postoperative hemorrhage (RR, 3.67; 95% CI, 0.79 to 17.1). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous dexamethasone reduced perioperative opioid consumption in pediatric tonsillectomy without increasing the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ( CRD42023440949 ); first submitted 4 September 2023.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'amygdalectomie est l'une des interventions ambulatoires les plus courantes chez les enfants dans le monde, avec environ 40 000 interventions réalisées au Canada chaque année. Bien qu'une revue systématique antérieure ait clairement indiqué le rôle de la dexaméthasone en tant qu'adjuvant analgésique, son effet quantitatif sur la consommation d'opioïdes est inconnu. Dans la présente revue systématique avec méta-analyse, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'utilisation de la dexaméthasone réduirait la consommation périopératoire d'opioïdes lors des cas d'amygdalectomie pédiatrique sans augmenter les taux d'hémorragie postopératoire. SOURCES: Nous avons effectué des recherches systématiques dans les bases de données MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane et Web of Science depuis leur création jusqu'au 23 avril 2024. Nous avons inclus les études randomisées contrôlées comparant la dexaméthasone intraveineuse à un placebo dans les cas d'amygdalectomie pédiatrique. Le critère d'évaluation principal était la consommation périopératoire d'opioïdes, et les critères d'évaluation secondaires comprenaient l'incidence d'hémorragie postopératoire. Nous avons utilisé une méta-analyse à effets aléatoires pour calculer la différence moyenne (DM) ou le risque relatif (RR) avec un intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 % pour chaque critère d'évaluation. CONSTATATIONS PRINCIPALES: Sur les 1329 études identifiées dans la recherche, nous en avons inclus 16 dans l'analyse finale. L'administration intraveineuse de dexaméthasone a permis de réduire significativement la consommation d'opioïdes (DM, −0,11 mg·kg−1 en équivalent oral de morphine; IC 95 %, −0,22 à −0,01) sans augmenter l'incidence de réadmission (RR, 0,69; IC 95 %, 0,28 à 1,67) ou de réopération due à une hémorragie postopératoire (RR, 3,67; IC à 95 %, 0,79 à 17,1). CONCLUSION: La dexaméthasone par voie intraveineuse a réduit la consommation périopératoire d'opioïdes dans les cas d'amygdalectomie pédiatrique, sans augmenter l'incidence d'hémorragie postopératoire. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: PROSPERO ( CRD42023440949 ); première soumission le 4 septembre 2023.

A visiting otolaryngology team in northern Ontario - demographics, clinical presentation and barriers to access.

CONTEXT: Approximately 20% of Canadians reside in rural or remote communities where access to medical specialties such as otolaryngology remains challenging due to long wait times and distance to services. The purpose of this study was to characterize patient demographics, common clinical diagnoses, and barriers to accessing otolaryngology services, in a remote Northern Ontario setting. A secondary objective was to describe a care model that provides multi-subspecialty otolaryngology services to a remote community. ISSUE: A team of academic otolaryngologists provided annual (2020-2021) subspecialty services in otology, neurotology, rhinology, head and neck oncology, and pediatrics to a remote hospital with admitting, general anesthesia and surgical resources. Data regarding patient demographics, otolaryngology-related diagnosis, wait times and distance travelled were recorded. Data were obtained for 276 patients treated in the clinic. The median age was 47 years (range 0-85 years). The most common otolaryngological conditions were hearing loss (n=62) and nasal obstruction (n=34). Nearly 30% of patients traveled further than 150 km to access care, and 62% waited 3-6 months for a consultation. LESSONS LEARNED: This is the first study to characterize the demographics and range of otolaryngological disorders encountered in a remote Northern Ontario setting. The results have identified specific otolaryngology needs and barriers to access to care. The data can be used to guide healthcare providers and administrators on resource allocation to optimize the delivery of otolaryngology services.

SARS-CoV-2-Reactive Mucosal B Cells in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Uninfected Individuals.

SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory pathogen that can cause severe disease in at-risk populations but results in asymptomatic infections or a mild course of disease in the majority of cases. We report the identification of SARS-CoV-2-reactive B cells in human tonsillar tissue obtained from children who were negative for coronavirus disease 2019 prior to the pandemic and the generation of mAbs recognizing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein from these B cells. These Abs showed reduced binding to Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants and did not recognize Spike proteins of endemic coronaviruses, but subsets reacted with commensal microbiota and exhibited SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing potential. Our study demonstrates pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-reactive Abs in various B cell populations in the upper respiratory tract lymphoid tissue that may lead to the rapid engagement of the pathogen and contribute to prevent manifestations of symptomatic or severe disease.

The educational value of thyroidectomy YouTube videos for surgical trainees.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of thyroidectomy videos posted on YouTube for surgical training. METHODS: The following keywords were searched on YouTube: "thyroidectomy", "conventional thyroidectomy", "hemithyroidectomy", and "thyroid lobectomy". The first 30 videos from each search were selected for a total of 120 videos. Included videos were those displaying a conventional approach to thyroidectomy and real, non-animated patient surgery. Two independent reviewers assessed each video using the LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational Guidelines (LAP-VEGaS) and a thyroidectomy-specific grading score (TSS). RESULTS: The search yielded 22 videos that met the selection criteria. The inter-rater agreement was excellent for the grading systems (ICC = 0.910). The average LAP-VEGaS score was of medium quality (8.82 ± 3.56 standard deviation (SD)). The highest average score (11.00 ± 1.68 SD) was assigned to videos published from academic institutions. There was no statistically significant difference in LAP-VEGaS scores when comparing the type of publisher between videos (p = 0.132). The majority of the videos (12/22, 55 %) did not include all hallmarks of thyroidectomy according to the novel TSS score. There was a significant positive correlation between TSS markers and the overall LAP-VEGaS score (r = 0.577, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: YouTube videos as an educational resource for thyroidectomy instructions vary in quality. Most of the thyroidectomy videos were medium quality according to the LAP-VEGaS score. YouTube sourced thyroidectomy videos should be used to supplement traditional educational methods.

FCRL4 Is an Fc Receptor for Systemic IgA, but Not Mucosal Secretory IgA.

Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 4 is an immunoregulatory receptor expressed on a subpopulation of human memory B cells of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Fc receptor function of FCRL4 was demonstrated by binding of IgA to FCRL4 following heat aggregation of the Ig. In this study, we demonstrate that FCRL4 recognizes J chain-linked systemic IgA in the absence of heat aggregation. We further demonstrate that mucosal secretory IgA is not recognized by FCRL4 and that systemic IgA binding can be competitively inhibited by recombinant secretory component protein. Finally, we provide evidence that primary FCRL4-bearing human memory B cells are constitutively bound to IgA. Our study provides a mechanism for the negative regulatory activity of FCRL4 on AgR-mediated B cell activation.

Pseudodiverticulum of the Cervical Esophagus With Remnant of Branchial Tissues in a Newborn: A Case Report.

Congenital pseudodiverticula of the esophagus are very rare. This case report describes the presentation, management and histopathology of a peudodiverticulum of the cervical esophagus in a neonate. The infant presented with respiratory distress and a right neck mass that required surgical excision. Pathology revealed a pseudodiverticulum that contained ectopic thymic, thyroid, and parathyroid tissue within the wall of the lesion. The presence of ectopic tissues of branchial origin and an aberrant right subclavian artery suggest an error in branchial development and neural crest cell migration.

Adenotonsillectomy, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in the management of preschool children with severe asthma: pilot study.

PURPOSE: This is a pilot study that describes the feasibility and clinical course of a cohort of preschool children with severe asthma undergoing a combined adenotonillectomy (TA), bronchoscopy (B), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of preschool patients with severe asthma who underwent a combined TA-B-BAL procedure between 2012 and 2019. Subjects were treated at a tertiary care asthma clinic and had a diagnosis of preschool asthma according to the Canadian Thoracic Society Guidelines. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, medication use, virology and microbiology from bronchoalveolar lavage, and asthma control questionnaires were collected. Variables were analyzed using paired t test. RESULTS: Eighteen preschool subjects (mean age 3.19 ± 1.13 years) with severe asthma were identified through the asthma clinic. Patients treated with standard asthma care and a combined  TA-B-BAL procedure  experienced a decrease in the number of oral steroid courses (p = 0.017), emergency department visits (p = 0.03) and wheezing exacerbations (p = 0.026) following the procedure. Ten patients experienced clinically meaningful improvements in TRACK scores after the procedure (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This pilot study provides early evidence that a combined TA-B-BAL procedure is feasible in preschool children with severe asthma and that the procedure may reduce asthma medication use and hospital visits.

Fetal Endoscopic Tracheal Intubation: Modification of the Fetal Endoscopic Tracheal Intubation Procedure to Establish an Airway in a Fetus with a Congenital Cervical Teratoma.

INTRODUCTION: FETI is a technique where the fetal airway is secured in-utero via intubation by percutaneous endoscopic fetal tracheoscopy under ultrasound guidance. FETI has been described in large fetal neck masses with anatomical airway compression as a feasible airway management strategy and a potential alternative to an EXIT procedure in select cases. CASE PRESENTATION: This report describes the use of a modified FETI procedure under continuous fetoscopic and ultrasound guidance, in a fetus with a large cervical teratoma causing airway displacement and compression. Following the FETI procedure, an uncomplicated caesarean section was performed. The endotracheal tube was in place at the time of birth, and a patent airway was confirmed. CONCLUSION: The modified FETI procedure described in this report represents another technique that can be used to establish an airway in fetuses with challenging upper airway anatomy, potentially mitigating the risks associated with an EXIT procedure.

Fetal therapy using rapamycin for a rapidly enlarging, obstructive, cervical lymphatic malformation: a case report.

WHAT'S ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC?: Fetal lymphatic malformations (LMs) can be detected on prenatal ultrasound and until recently, therapeutic options were limited. Recently the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin has emerged as a safe, effective therapy for children with LMs and multiple studies have demonstrated improved efficacy if started early. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?: We report the first in-utero therapy with rapamycin for a rapidly enlarging, obstructive, fetal cervical LM. Fetal therapy with rapamycin was safe and effective in managing this severe malformation, despite rapamycin being started only in the last 6.5 weeks of pregnancy. We speculate that had rapamycin been commenced earlier, the reduction in mass size might have been even greater.

Antibodies Encoded by FCRL4-Bearing Memory B Cells Preferentially Recognize Commensal Microbial Antigens.

FCRL4, a low-affinity IgA Ab receptor with strong immunoregulatory potential, is an identifying feature of a tissue-based population of memory B cells (Bmem). We used two independent approaches to perform a comparative analysis of the Ag receptor repertoires of FCRL4+ and FCRL4- Bmem in human tonsils. We determined that FCRL4+ Bmem displayed lower levels of somatic mutations in their Ag receptors compared with FCRL4- Bmem but had similar frequencies of variable gene family usage. Importantly, Abs with reactivity to commensal microbiota were enriched in FCRL4+ cells, a phenotype not due to polyreactive binding characteristics. Our study links expression of the immunoregulatory FCRL4 molecule with increased recognition of commensal microbial Ags.

Training disrupted: Practical tips for supporting competency-based medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare systems around the world, impacting how we deliver medical education. The normal day-to-day routines have been altered for a number of reasons, including changes to scheduled training rotations, physical distancing requirements, trainee redeployment, and heightened level of concern. Medical educators will likely need to adapt their programs to maximize learning, maintain effective care delivery, and ensure competent graduates. Along with a continued focus on learner/faculty wellness, medical educators will have to optimize existing training experiences, adapt those that are no longer viable, employ new technologies, and be flexible when assessing competencies. These practical tips offer guidance on how to adapt medical education programs within the constraints of the pandemic landscape, stressing the need for communication, innovation, collaboration, flexibility, and planning within the era of competency-based medical education.

Development and use of a high-fidelity simulator for fetal endotracheal balloon occlusion (FETO) insertion and removal.

Objectives The objective of this article is to describe the development of an anatomically accurate simulator in order to aid the training of a perinatal team in the insertion and removal of a fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) balloon in the management of prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Methods An experienced perinatal team collaborated with a medical sculptor to design a fetal model for the FETO procedure. Measurements derived from 28-week fetal magnetic resonance imaging were used in the development of an anatomically precise simulated airway within a silicone rubber preterm fetal model. Clinician feedback was then used to guide multiple iterations of the model with serial improvements in the anatomic accuracy of the simulator airway. Results An appropriately sized preterm fetal mannequin with a high-fidelity airway was developed. The team used this model to develop surgical skills with balloon insertion, and removal, and to prepare the team for an integrated response to unanticipated delivery with the FETO balloon still in situ. Conclusions This fetal mannequin aided in the ability of a fetal therapy unit to offer the FETO procedure at their center for the first time. This model may be of benefit to other perinatal centers planning to offer this procedure.

Renal Implications of Long-Term Systemic Bevacizumab for Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor that is used off-label for select cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) that are severe, involve the distal airway or lung parenchyma, and refractory to other forms of adjuvant therapy. However, there is limited safety data for the use of bevacizumab in children and VEGF inhibitors are reported to have a range of adverse renal effects, including hypertension, proteinuria, and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). CASE-DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT: This report describes a case of severe juvenile-onset RRP that had an exceptionally high operative burden that was refractory to several adjuvant treatment strategies (including intralesional cidofovir and subcutaneous pegylated interferon). Bevacizumab treatment resulted in a dramatic and sustained improvement in disease control over a 5-year period. However, after 3 years of treatment, the patient developed hypertension and proteinuria and was found to have evidence of a glomerular TMA on kidney biopsy. These complications were successfully managed with a reduction in bevacizumab frequency and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians caring for children treated with VEGF inhibitors should be aware of the potential renal complications and their management.

Proposed Quality Indicators for Aspects of Pediatric Acute Otitis Media Management.

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of pediatric acute otitis media (AOM) makes the implications of overdiagnosis and overtreatment far-reaching. Quality indicators (QIs) for AOM are limited, drawing from generalized upper respiratory infection QIs, or locally developed benchmarks. Recognizing this, we sought to develop pediatric AOM QIs to build a foundation for future quality improvement efforts. METHODS: Candidate indicators (CIs) were extracted from existing guidelines and position statements. The modified RAND Corporation/University of California, Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) appropriateness methodology was used to select the final QIs by an 11-member expert panel consisting of otolaryngology-head and neck surgeons, a pediatrician and family physician. RESULTS: Twenty-seven CIs were identified after literature review, with an additional CI developed by the expert panel. After the first round of evaluations, the panel agreed on 4 CIs as appropriate QIs. After an expert panel meeting and subsequent second round of evaluations, the panel agreed on 8 final QIs as appropriate measures of high-quality care. The 8 final QIs focus on topics of antimicrobial management, specialty referral, and tympanostomy tube counseling. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of variable and substandard care persists in the diagnosis and management of pediatric AOM despite the existence of high-quality guidelines. This study proposes 8 QIs which compliment guideline recommendations and are meant to facilitate future quality improvement initiatives that can improve patient outcomes.

Comprehensive management and classification of first branchial cleft anomalies: An International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) consensus statement.

OBJECTIVE: First branchial cleft anomalies are rare congenital head and neck lesions. Literature pertaining to classification, work up and surgical treatment of these lesions is limited and, in some instances, contradictory. The goal of this work is to provide refinement of the classification system of these lesions and to provide guidance for clinicians to aid in the comprehensive management of children with first branchial cleft anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Delphi method survey of expert opinion under the direction of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) was conducted to generate recommendations for the definition and management of first branchial cleft anomalies. The recommendations are the result of expert consensus and critical review of the literature. RESULTS: Consensus recommendations include evaluation and diagnostic considerations for children with first branchial cleft anomalies as well as recommendations for surgical management. The current Work classification system was reviewed, and modifications were made to it to provide a more cogent categorization of these lesions. CONCLUSION: The mission of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) is to develop expertise-based recommendations based on review of the literature for the management of pediatric otolaryngologic disorders. These consensus recommendations are aimed at improving care of children presenting with first branchial cleft anomalies. Here we present a revised classification system based on parotid gland involvement, with a focus on avoiding stratification based on germ layer, in addition to guidelines for management.

Multidisciplinary perinatal management of the compromised airway on placental support: lessons learned.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to review fetal and maternal outcomes after management of the compromised perinatal airway via operation on placental support or ex utero intrapartum treatment and to discuss implications for future management of these complex and rare cases. METHODS: We have presented a retrospective case series of 12 neonates requiring airway management on placental support at a single tertiary care, academic center. RESULTS: One mother experienced significant blood loss. Operative recovery times were unremarkable. Eight neonates required airway management due to mass obstruction, two for removal of an endotracheal balloon for fetoscopic treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, one for laryngeal atresia, and one for severe retrognathia. One of our series is an unusual case of management on placental support after vaginal delivery. Another child would have ideally been managed on placental support, but an extremely short umbilical cord prevented this. Even though the airway was secured in all 12 cases, five neonates died in the perinatal period. CONCLUSIONS: These procedures have a risk for substantial maternal blood loss. Despite excellent rates of success securing the neonatal airway, children who require management on placental support still have high mortality. A formalized multidisciplinary approach at our institution has enhanced preparedness for these cases.

Competency-based medical education in the United States: What the otolaryngologist needs to know.

Competency-based medical education (CBME) is an outcomes-focused approach to educating medical professionals that will be central to future efforts to improve resident training in otolaryngology. The transition to CBME for otolaryngology in the United States will require the development of specialty-specific assessments and benchmarks, the financial and administrative support for implementation, the professional development of faculty and learners, and the cooperation of all major stakeholders in graduate medical education. In this article, we describe the need for evidence-based innovation in surgical training, the history of CBME in the United States, and the progress towards defining "entrustable professional activities" as the building blocks of assessments for CBME. We explore what such a paradigm shift in surgical education could mean for academic otolaryngologists by examining innovative educational practices in other surgical specialties and discussing foreseeable challenges in implementation for the American healthcare system.