Macaca leonina has a wider niche breadth than sympatric M. mulatta in a fragmented tropical forest in southwest China.

Niche differentiation has long been identified as an essential stabilizing mechanism for the coexistence of sympatric species. Using camera trapping data obtained during 2012-2016, we identified Macaca leonina and M. mulatta as the dominant macaque species in the Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve (NRW-NNR), a tropical forest in southwestern China. In general, M. leonina exhibited a wider distribution and greater niche breadth than co-occurring M. mulatta. According to a fitted maximum entropy model (MaxEnt), M. leonina was predicted to predominantly occur in forest at higher elevation, whereas M. mulatta was predicted at lower elevation; the broadleaved evergreen forest was predicted as the most suitable vegetation for both species to inhabit, while the unsuitable area was bordered by rubber plantation, in which both food scarcity and human disturbance restricted the movement of macaques. Although the niches of these two species highly overlapped across space and time, we also found evidence for their spatiotemporal niche differentiation. When the two species inhabited independent areas with different elevations and vegetation, they maintained a similar activity pattern; however, in the zones of overlap, their activity patterns differed significantly. Further comparative field studies of these two macaques, considering other niche dimensions, are required to ensure their coexistence and long-term conservation.

Effects of law enforcement and community outreach on mammal diversity in a biodiversity hotspot.

Management activities such as law enforcement and community outreach are thought to affect conservation outcomes in protected areas, but their importance relative to intrinsic environmental characteristics of the parks and extrinsic human pressures surrounding the parks have not been explored. Furthermore, it is not clear which is more related to conservation outcomes-the management itself or local people's perceptions of the management. We measured objective (reports by park staff) and subjective (reports by local people) levels of community outreach and law enforcement based on responses to 374 questionnaires. We estimated mammal abundance and diversity of 6 protected areas based on data from 115 camera traps in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, a biodiversity hotspot with high hunting and land-conversion pressures. We then examined correlations among them and found that local people's perception of law enforcement was positively related to the local abundance of 2 large, hunted species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) (ß = 15.22) and muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) (ß = 14.82), but not related to the abundance of smaller mammals or to objective levels of enforcement. The subjective frequency of outreach by park staff to local communities (ß = 3.42) and park size (ß = 3.28) were significantly and positively related to mammal species richness, whereas elevation, human population density, and subjective frequency of law enforcement were not. We could not conclude that community outreach and law enforcement were directly causing increased mammal abundance and diversity. Nevertheless, the patterns we detected are some of the first empirical evidence consistent with the idea that biodiversity in protected areas may be more positively and strongly related to local perceptions of the intensity of park management than to either intrinsic (e.g., elevation, park size) or extrinsic (e.g., human population density) environmental factors.

Efectos de la Aplicación de la Ley y la Participación de la Comunidad sobre la Diversidad de Mamíferos en un Punto Caliente de Biodiversidad Resumen Las actividades de manejo como la aplicación de la ley y la participación de la comunidad afectan los resultados de conservación dentro de las áreas protegidas, pero su importancia en relación con las características ambientales intrínsecas de los parques y las presiones humanas extrínsecas que rodean a los parques no han sido exploradas. Además, no está claro cuál está más relacionado con los resultados de conservación - el manejo en sí o las percepciones que las personas locales tienen sobre el manejo. Medimos los niveles objetivos (reportes dados por el personal del parque) y subjetivos (reportes dados por los locales) de la participación de la comunidad y la aplicación de la ley con base en las respuestas a 347 cuestionarios. Estimamos la abundancia y diversidad de mamíferos de seis áreas protegidas con base en datos de 115 cámaras trampa en Xishuangbann, al suroeste de China, un punto caliente de biodiversidad con altas presiones causadas por la caza y la conversión del uso de suelo. Después examinamos la correlación entre ellos y encontramos que la percepción que los locales tienen sobre la aplicación de la ley estuvo relacionada positivamente con la abundancia local de dos grandes especies que son cazadas, el jabalí (Sus scrofa) (ß = 15.22) y el muntíaco (Muntiacus vaginalis) (ß = 14.82), pero no estuvo relacionada con la abundancia de mamíferos más pequeños o con los niveles objetivos de la aplicación de la ley. La frecuencia subjetiva del alcance del personal del parque hacia las comunidades locales (ß = 3.42) y el tamaño del parque and (ß = 3.28) estuvieron relacionadas significativa y positivamente con la riqueza de las especies de mamíferos, mientras que la elevación, la densidad de la población humana, y la frecuencia subjetiva de la aplicación de la ley no lo estuvieron. No pudimos concluir que la participación de la comunidad y la aplicación de la ley estuvieran causando directamente una abundancia y diversidad aumentada de mamíferos. Sin embargo, los patrones que detectamos son de las primeras evidencias empíricas consistentes con la idea de que la biodiversidad en las áreas protegidas podría estar relacionada positiva y fuertemente con la percepción que tienen los locales de la intensidad del manejo del parque y no con los factores ambientales intrínsecos (p. ej.: elevación, tamaño del parque) o extrínsecos (p.ej.: densidad de la población humana).

Top Canopy Height and Stem Size Variation Enhance Aboveground Biomass across Spatial Scales in Seasonal Tropical Forests.

Tropical forests are biologically diverse and structurally complex ecosystems that can store a large quantity of carbon and support a great variety of plant and animal species. However, tropical forest structure can vary dramatically within seemingly homogeneous landscapes due to subtle changes in topography, soil fertility, species composition and past disturbances. Although numerous studies have reported the effects of field-based stand structure attributes on aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests, the relative effects and contributions of UAV LiDAR-based canopy structure and ground-based stand structural attributes in shaping AGB remain unclear. Here, we hypothesize that mean top-of-canopy height (TCH) enhances AGB directly and indirectly via species richness and horizontal stand structural attributes, but these positive relationships are stronger at a larger spatial scale. We used a combined approach of field inventory and LiDAR-based remote sensing to explore how stand structural attributes (stem abundance, size variation and TCH) and tree species richness affect AGB along an elevational gradient in tropical forests at two spatial scales, i.e., 20 m × 20 m (small scale), and 50 m × 50 m (large scale) in southwest China. Specifically, we used structural equation models to test the proposed hypothesis. We found that TCH, stem size variation and abundance were strongly positively associated with AGB at both spatial scales, in addition to which increasing TCH led to greater AGB indirectly through increased stem size variation. Species richness had negative to negligible influences on AGB, but species richness increased with increasing stem abundance at both spatial scales. Our results suggest that light capture and use, modulated by stand structure, are key to promoting high AGB stocks in tropical forests. Thus, we argue that both horizontal and vertical stand structures are important for shaping AGB, but the relative contributions vary across spatial scales in tropical forests. Importantly, our results highlight the importance of including vertical forest stand attributes for predicting AGB and carbon sequestration that underpins human wellbeing.

A new species of Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Yunnan, China.

Scolytus unicornis, a new species of Scolytus Geoffroy from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Three DNA barcoding sequences (COI, 28S, CAD) of this species are provided. The new species is distinguished from other Asian Scolytus species by the longitudinal wrinkles on the frons only in the area below the eyes, a large median spine situated in the middle of the ventrite 2 base, and female frons with a slightly raised blunt tubercle above the epistoma.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Rusa unicolor cambojensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae).

Rusa unicolor has been listed as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources because of human activities. In recent years, population numbers have decreased due to heavy hunting and habitat loss, and little genetic data on this species exists; thus, our knowledge of range distribution and population size remains limited. In the current study, the complete R. u. cambojensis mitochondrial genome was sequenced using polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genome was determined to be circular and contain 16,557 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region, the gene composition and order were similar to those of most other vertebrates reported to date. Most mitochondrial genes, except for ND6 and eight tRNAs, were encoded on the heavy strand. The overall base composition of the heavy strand was 33.6% A, 28.9% T, 24.2% C, and 13.3% G, with a strong AT bias of 62.5%. There were 13 regions of gene overlap totaling 96 bp and 12 intergenic spacer regions totaling 70 bp. The phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of R. unicolor based on the mitochondrial genome four subspecies of R. unicolor were clustered into a well-supported single clade, and R. u. cambojensis was most closely related to R. u. dejeani. This study will assist in the exploration of the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of the sambar, as well as its protection as a genetic resource.

Two new species of Quedius Stephens, subgenus Raphirus Stephens from Yunnan, Southwest China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini).

Two new species of the genus Quedius Stephens collected from Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, Quedius nabanhensissp. n. and Quedius maoxingisp. n., are described and illustrated. Keys to the multipunctatus group and intricatus group of Quedius species of Yunnan are provided. A map of the collecting sites is given.

On Chinese species of Dianous group I (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Steninae).

Chinese species of Dianous group I are studied and three new species are described: Dianous fengtingaesp. n. from Hainan Province, Dianous zhujianqingisp. n. from Jiangxi and Guizhou Province, and Dianous huanghaoisp. n. from Yunnan Province. Dianous shan Rougemont and Dianous viridicupreus Rougemont are discovered from China for the first time. Their diagnostic characters are illustrated and a key to Chinese species of Dianous group I is provided.