Prognostic implications of synaptophysin, CD56, thyroid transcription factor-1, and Ki-67 in pulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between the expression of immunohistochemical markers and the clinicopathological characteristics of pulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (HGNEC) and its impact on the clinical outcomes of individuals with HGNEC has not yet been explored. METHODS: This study enrolled patients diagnosed with HGNEC between April 2015 and July 2023. Based on the expression levels of synaptophysin (Syn), the neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), and Ki-67, a comprehensive analysis was conducted. This involved a comparison of clinicopathological characteristics, chemosensitivity, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Furthermore, the study identified prognostic factors associated with patient survival through univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were analyzed. Significant differences were identified in tumor stage (χ2 = 5.473, P = 0.019), lymphatic invasion (χ2 = 8.839, P = 0.003), and distant metastasis (χ2 = 5.473, P = 0.019), respectively, between the CD56 positive and negative groups. A significant difference in lymphatic invasion was observed (χ2 = 9.949, P = 0.002) between the CD56 positive and negative groups. A significant difference in vascular invasion was observed (χ2 = 5.106, P = 0.024) between the low and high Ki-67 groups. Compared to the Syn negative group, the Syn positive group had significantly shorter PFS (P = 0.006). Compared to the Syn negative group, the Syn positive group had significantly shorter OS (P = 0.004). The CD56 positive group also had significantly shorter OS than the CD56 negative group (P = 0.027). Univariate analysis revealed that tumor stage and Syn expression were associated with OS and PFS. Lymphatic invasion and CD56 expression were associated with OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor stage was the strongest predictor of poor prognosis for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.551, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.328-0.927, P = 0.025) and PFS (HR 0.409, 95 % CI 0.247-0.676, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Positive expression of Syn was associated with reduced PFS and OS, while positive CD56 expression was correlated with a shorter OS in HGNEC. The TNM stage was an independent risk factor that significantly influenced PFS and OS in patients with HGNEC. More studies are needed to make further progress in future treatment.

Electroreductive Synthesis of Nickel(0) Complexes.

Over the last fifty years, the use of nickel catalysts for facilitating organic transformations has skyrocketed. Nickel(0) sources act as useful precatalysts because they can enter a catalytic cycle through ligand exchange, without needing to undergo additional elementary steps. However, most Ni(0) precatalysts are synthesized with stoichiometric aluminum-hydride reductants, pyrophoric reagents that are not atom-economical and must be used at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that Ni(II) salts can be reduced on preparative scale using electrolysis to yield a variety of Ni(0) and Ni(II) complexes that are widely used as precatalysts in organic synthesis, including bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(COD)2 ]. This method overcomes the reproducibility issues of previously reported methods by standardizing the procedure, such that it can be performed anywhere in a robust manner. It can be transitioned to large scale through an electrochemical recirculating flow process and extended to an in situ reduction protocol to generate catalytic amounts of Ni(0) for organic transformations. We anticipate that this work will accelerate adoption of preparative electrochemistry for the synthesis of low-valent organometallic complexes in academia and industry.

Electrophilic Sulfur Reagent Design Enables Directed syn-Carbosulfenylation of Unactivated Alkenes.

A multi-component approach to structurally complex organosulfur products is described via the nickel-catalyzed 1,2-carbosulfenylation of unactivated alkenes with organoboron nucleophiles and tailored organosulfur electrophiles. The key to the development of this transformation is the identification of a modular N-alkyl-N-(arylsulfenyl)arenesulfonamide family of sulfur electrophiles. Tuning the electronic and steric properties of the leaving group in these reagents controls pathway selectivity, favoring three-component coupling and suppressing side reactions, as examined via computational studies. The unique syn-stereoselectivity differs from traditional electrophilic sulfenyl transfer processes involving a thiiranium ion intermediate and arises from the directed arylnickel(I) migratory insertion mechanism, as elucidated through reaction kinetics and control experiments. Reactivity and regioselectivity are facilitated by a collection of monodentate, weakly coordinating native directing groups, including sulfonamides, alcohols, amines, amides, and azaheterocycles.

Radiating the prostate bed in relapsed oligometastatic prostate cancer: How comprehensive should we be?

PURPOSE: A subset of patients with high-risk pathological features at radical prostatectomy recur with oligometastatic disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the rate of prostate bed recurrence, with or without history of prostate bed irradiation (PBRT), in oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC) patients after metastasis-directed therapy (MDT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of hormone-sensitive OMPC patients treated initially with curative-intent radical prostatectomy followed by disease recurrence and metastasis-directed stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) at our institution. Prostate bed recurrence rates were compared between patients who had PBRT at any point (i.e., before oligometastatic diagnosis or concurrently with MDT) versus those with no history of PBRT. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were included, and 68.8% had received PBRT. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between those who had received and had not received PBRT. There were five prostate bed recurrences following MDT, specifically with a 24-month cumulative incidence of 30.4% in patients who did not have PBRT and 2.4% in those who did (p = 0.03). Three of the five recurrences were isolated to the prostate bed at time of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Relapsed oligometastatic prostate cancer patients who have not received maximal local consolidative therapy to the prostate bed may have higher rates of local failure. Prospective studies are warranted investigating when prostate bed irradiation should be considered for patients after radical prostatectomy who ultimately have oligometastatic prostate cancer.

Utilizing E-Waste for Construction of Magnetic and Core-Shell Z-Scheme Photocatalysts: An Effective Approach to E-Waste Recycling.

The increasingly large stream of e-waste is seriously threatening the environment; meanwhile, global energy shortage is on the rise. Based on the principles of energy regeneration and waste utilization, we introduced a win-win approach to utilize waste capacitors for construction of magnetic and core-shell Z-scheme Nb-Pb-codoped BaTiO3/Ni-Pd@graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalysts for H2 evolution. Using simple ball-milling, waste capacitors were transformed to Nb-Pb-codoped BaTiO3/Ni-Pd-Ag-Sn nanoparticles and g-C3N4 was coated on the nanoparticles, forming a core-shell structure. The Ni-Pd acted as the electron mediator in the Z-scheme, and Ag-Sn also facilitated the electron transfer. Moreover, Ni made the Z-scheme magnetically separable. The Z-scheme showed a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rate, which was 22.2 times higher than that of g-C3N4. Such an enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to the special Z-scheme and core-shell structure, improving the light adsorption, increasing the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, facilitating the efficient separation of electron-hole pairs, and maintaining the strong redox ability of charge carriers. Furthermore, the photoluminescence analysis combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided the basis for the Z-scheme mechanism. This study adequately utilized the composition of e-waste to construct a highly efficient and magnetically separable Z-scheme for H2 generation, which realizes energy regeneration, waste recycling, and environmental protection.

Safe, Scalable, Inexpensive, and Mild Nickel-Catalyzed Migita-Like C-S Cross-Couplings in Recyclable Water.

A new approach to C-S couplings is reported that relies on nickel catalysis under mild conditions, enabled by micellar catalysis in recyclable water as the reaction medium. The protocol tolerates a wide range of heteroaromatic halides and thiols, including alkyl and heteroaryl thiols, leading to a variety of thioethers in good isolated yields. The method is scalable, results in low residual metal in the products, and is applicable to syntheses of targets in the pharmaceutical area. The procedure also features an associated low E Factor, suggesting a far more attractive entry than is otherwise currently available, especially those based on unsustainable loadings of Pd catalysts.

Comparison of intensity-modulated radiation therapy alone vs. intensity-modulated radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy in elderly nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (aged >65 years).

PURPOSE: The efficacy and tolerability of adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy in the era of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) remain controversial among older patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The present study compared IMRT alone with IMRT in combination with chemotherapy in elderly NPC patients. METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2014, 102 patients aged >65 years with NPC who received IMRT alone (IMRT group) or IMRT in combination with chemotherapy (IMRT/CT group) were enrolled. Patients from both treatment arms were pair-matched (1:1 ratio) based on six clinical factors. Differences in overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models, whereas the toxicity profile was assessed using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted in OS (72.1% vs. 72.5%, p = 0.799), DFS (65.9% vs. 70.1%, p = 0.733), LRRFS (76.4% vs. 71.6%, p = 0.184), and DMFS (90.8% vs. 98.0%, p = 0.610) between the IMRT and IMRT/CT groups. Multivariate analyses showed that chemotherapy was not an independent factor for OS, DFS, LRRFS, and DMFS. However, the incidences of grade 3 vomiting/nausea (p = 0.000), leukopenia/neutropenia (p = 0.000), thrombocytopenia (p = 0.041), and anemia (p = 0.040) were significantly higher in the IMRT/CT group compared with the IMRT group. No grade 4 toxicities were observed. CONCLUSION: IMRT alone was similar to IMRT/CT in treating elderly NPC patients (age >65 years), with comparable survival outcomes and less grade 3 toxicities.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived and dermal fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles protect dermal fibroblasts from ultraviolet radiation-induced photoaging in vitro.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a major cause of aging in dermal fibroblasts. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) show antioxidant activity. In this study, the anti-aging effects of MSC-EVs on dermal fibroblast photoaging induced by UVB radiation were evaluated, and the effects of extracellular vesicles derived from dermal fibroblasts (Fb-EVs) were compared. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and human dermal fibroblasts were cultured, and MSC-EVs and Fb-EVs were isolated and characterized. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in the absence or presence of different concentrations of EVs 24 hours prior to UVB radiation exposure. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were evaluated, and senescent cells and intracellular ROS were detected. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), extracellular matrix protein collagen type 1 (Col-1), and antioxidant proteins such as glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase were also analyzed. Pretreatment with MSC-EVs or Fb-EVs significantly inhibited the production of ROS induced by UVB radiation, increased dermal fibroblast proliferation, protected cells against UVB-induced cell death and cell cycle arrest, and remarkably decreased the percentage of aged cells. Pretreatment with MSC-EVs or Fb-EVs promoted the expressions of GPX-1 and Col-1 and decreased the expression of MMP-1. Both MSC-EVs and Fb-EVs protected dermal fibroblasts from UVB-induced photoaging, likely through their antioxidant activity.

UBE3A alleviates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy through the inhibition of the TLR4/MMP-9 signaling pathway.

Cardiac hypertrophy is considered to be a leading factor in heart function-related deaths. In this study, we explored the potential mechanism underlying cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol. Our results showed that isoproterenol induced cardiac hypertrophy in AC16 cells, as reflected by the increased cell surface area and increased hypertrophic markers, which was accompanied by increased ubiquitin-protein ligase E3a (UBE3A) expression. Moreover, UBE3A knockdown by siRNAs accelerated cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that increased UBE3A expression induced by isoproterenol might be a protective response and UBE3A might be a protective factor against cardiac hypertrophy. Our study also revealed that UBE3A knockdown increased the protein expression of the TLR4/MMP-9 pathway that has been shown to be associated with cardiac hypertrophy, which suggested that UBE3A-mediated protection is likely to be associated with the blockade of the TLR4/MMP-9 signaling pathway. UBE3A might be thus a potential target gene for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.

Effects of physiological aging factor on bone tissue engineering repair based on fetal BMSCs.

BACKGROUND: At present, many laboratories and hospitals all over the world are attempting and exploring the clinical transformation of this tissue engineered bone graft (TEBG) strategy. Many successful cases of bone tissue engineering (BTE) repair were based on young individuals. But there are little studies about the effectiveness of TEBG strategy in physiological aged individuals. METHODS: In this research, we studied whether aging factor has influence on the skull repair effect of Fetal-TEBG, at the level of the large animal models. We used the fetal bone marrow stromal cells (Fetal-BMSCs) as the seed cells, combining the decalcified bone matrix (DBM) scaffolds, to repair the skull defects of the aged goats and the young goats. The repair effects on both aged goat and young goat were compared by Micro-CT and histology examination. RESULTS: The skull defects of the young goats could be repaired better than that of the aged goats after 6 months by Fetal-TEBG; In the aged goats, although not completely repaired, the defects repaired by Fetal-TEBG was better than that repaired by the Control DBM scaffold. CONCLUSIONS: Aging factor has impact on the bone repair effect of Fetal-TEBG; and the BTE strategy is still efficacious even in the aged individuals. The improvement of the aged state may promote the repair effect of the BTE in the aged individuals.

One-Year Relapse of Mandibular Distraction for Hemifacial Microsomia Using Masseteric Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections.

BACKGROUND: The relapse of hemifacial microsomia was thought to be highly related to the soft tissue envelope around the mandible angle mainly composed by masseter and medial pterygoid. According to the reason, we tried to apply masseter injection of type A botulinum toxin to weaken the soft envelope tension on the early stage post mandible distraction in adult HFM patients. METHODS: Eight patients diagnosed with HFM were studied and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Patients in the experimental group were treated with DO, orthognathic surgeries, autologous fat grafting, and bilateral masseter muscle injection with type A botulinum toxin. The patients in control group were treated with the same procedures as the patients in experimental group except for masseter muscle injection with type A botulinum toxin. The recurrence rates of both groups were evaluated and analyzed after nearly 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean recurrence rate was 26.30% ±â€Š11.84% (range 7.62%-37.27%) in the 8 patients after 1-year follow-up. The relapse rate was 16.32% ±â€Š7.78% (7.62%-26.22%) in the experimental group and 36.28% ±â€Š1.03% (34.84%-37.27%) in the control group. There was a significant difference (P = 0.002) between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of DO, orthognathic surgeries, autologous fat particle transplantation, and masseter muscle type A botulinum toxin injection technique could be a comprehensive treatment plan for adult patients of HFM. Furthermore, masseter injection of type A botulinum toxin might be an alternative method to reduce the early recurrence rate of postoperative adult patients of HFM.

Seasonal Variations in Microtia of Chinese Population.

BACKGROUND: Seasonality of congenital birth defect could help to identify environmental risk factors. Data concerning the seasonality of the prevalence of microtia are little. This article aims to determine whether births of microtia follow a certain pattern. METHODS: Data were obtained from 2669 patients with microtia who were admitted to Second Ear Reconstruction Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science from January 2007 to December 2013. The controls consist of all living births from the Obstetric Department of the Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital during the same time. Seasonal variations in months of births were analyzed by using χ test. RESULTS: A total of 2669 patients with microtia and 89,273 healthy living newborns were included in this study. Birth time peak of the patients occurred in autumn, especially in November, compared with the nadir in the spring, especially in April (P G 0.05). The birth time peak of male patients occurred in autumn, too, especially in October and November, While the valley occurred in spring (April, too). However, the seasonality in female patients is not so apparent with the peak occurred in the tail of summer and autumn, especially in August, November, and September orderly, while the valley occurred in March. CONCLUSIONS: There is a possible seasonality in birth months and a difference between sexes of patients with microtia in this native Chinese population. This approach could be useful to study the etiology of microtia.

Evaluation of human platelet lysate and dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectants for the cryopreservation of human adipose-derived stem cells.

Cryopreservation provides an effective technique to maintain the functional properties of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) are frequently used as cryoprotectants for this purpose. However, the use of DMSO can result in adverse effects and toxic reactions and FBS can introduce risks of viral, prion, zoonose contaminations and evoke immune responses after injection. It is therefore crucial to reduce DMSO concentrations and use serum-free solution in the cryopreservation process. Human platelet lysate (PL) is a promising candidate for use as an alternative to DMSO and FBS. Therefore, in this study, with an aim to identify a cryoprotective agent for ASC cryopreservation, we determined the viability, proliferation potential, phenotype, and differentiation potential of fresh ASCs and ASCs cryopreserved using different combinations of three cryoprotective agents: fetal bovine serum (FBS), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and human platelet lysate (PL). The viability of the ASCs cryopreserved with 90% FBS and 10% DMSO, 95% FBS and 5% DMSO, and 97% PL and 3% DMSO was >80%, and the proliferation potentials, cell phenotypes, and differentiation potentials of these groups were similar to those of fresh ASCs. Together, our findings suggest that a combination of 97% PL and 3% DMSO is an ideal cryoprotective agent for the efficient cryopreservation of human ASCs.

Volumetric Analysis of Alveolar Bone Defect Using Three-Dimensional-Printed Models Versus Computer-Aided Engineering.

Knowing the volume of a graft is essential in repairing alveolar bone defects. This study investigates the 2 advanced preoperative volume measurement methods: three-dimensional (3D) printing and computer-aided engineering (CAE). Ten unilateral alveolar cleft patients were enrolled in this study. Their computed tomographic data were sent to 3D printing and CAE software. A simulated graft was used on the 3D-printed model, and the graft volume was measured by water displacement. The volume calculated by CAE software used mirror-reverses technique. The authors compared the actual volumes of the simulated grafts with the CAE software-derived volumes. The average volume of the simulated bone grafts by 3D-printed models was 1.52 mL, higher than the mean volume of 1.47 calculated by CAE software. The difference between the 2 volumes was from -0.18 to 0.42 mL. The paired Student t test showed no statistically significant difference between the volumes derived from the 2 methods. This study demonstrated that the mirror-reversed technique by CAE software is as accurate as the simulated operation on 3D-printed models in unilateral alveolar cleft patients. These findings further validate the use of 3D printing and CAE technique in alveolar defect repairing.

Induction of predominant tenogenic phenotype in human dermal fibroblasts via synergistic effect of TGF-ß and elongated cell shape.

Micropattern topography is widely investigated for its role in mediating stem cell differentiation, but remains unexplored for phenotype switch between mature cell types. This study investigated the potential of inducing tenogenic phenotype in human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) by artificial elongation of cultured cells. Our results showed that a parallel microgrooved topography could convert spread hDFs into an elongated shape and induce a predominant tenogenic phenotype as the expression of biomarkers was significantly enhanced, such as scleraxis, tenomodulin, collagens I, III, VI, and decorin. It also enhanced the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, but not α-smooth muscle actin. Elongated hDFs failed to induce other phenotypes, such as adiopogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, and myogenic lineages. By contrast, no tenogenic phenotype could be induced in elongated human chondrocytes, although chondrogenic phenotype was inhibited. Exogenous TGF-ß1 could enhance the tenogenic phenotype in elongated hDFs at low dose (2 ng/ml), but promoted myofibroblast transdifferentiation of hDFs at high dose (10 ng/ml), regardless of cell shape. Elongated shape also resulted in decreased RhoA activity and increased Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activity. Antagonizing TGF-ß or inhibiting ROCK activity with Y27632 or depolymerizing actin with cytochalasin D could all significantly inhibit tenogenic phenotype induction, particularly in elongated hDFs. In conclusion, elongation of cultured dermal fibroblasts can induce a predominant tenogenic phenotype likely via synergistic effect of TGF-ß and cytoskeletal signaling.

Induction of transient tenogenic phenotype of high-density cultured human dermal fibroblasts.

Previous study showed that high-density culture supported phenotype maintenance of in vitro expanded tenocytes. This study explored the possibility of inducing the tenogenic phenotype of dermal fibroblasts by high-density monolayer culture. Human fibroblasts were seeded either in high-density (2.5 × 10(6) per 10 cm dish) or at low-density (0.36 × 10(6) per 10 cm dish). A preliminary tenogenic phenotype was observed in high-density cultured cells after one passage with significantly enhanced tenogenic gene expression. With continued cultivation to passage 3, scleraxis (SCX), tenomodulin (TNMD), collagen I, III, VI, decorin and tenascin-c were all significantly upregulated in high-density cultured dermal fibroblasts as opposed to low-density cells. High-density culture also led to relatively elongated cell shape, whereas cells appeared in spread shape in low-density culture. In addition, cytochalasin D treatment disrupted the cellular cytoskeleton and resulted in inhibition of density-induced tenogenic gene expression. However, high-density cultured fibroblasts failed to induce other lineage differentiations (osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic). It also failed to induce tenogenic phenotype in high-density cultured chondrocytes. Mechanism studies revealed enhanced gene expression of growth and differentiation factors (GDF) 5, 6, 7 and 8 and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)1 in the high-density group and enhanced protein production of both GDF8 and TGF-ß1. Moreover, BMP/GDF signaling inhibitor (LDN193189) and TGF-ß signaling inhibitor (LY2109761) could both abrogate the density induced phenotype. In conclusion, high-density culture was able to induce transient tenogenic phenotype of dermal fibroblasts likely via cell morphology change and production of pro-tenogenic factors.

Microtia Combined With Split Sole of Feet, Deformed Middle Fingers and Café -au-lait Spots on the Trunk: A New Association.

Microtia is a spectrum of congenital deformities. Approximately, half of the patients are associated with hemifacial microtia. The birth rate of microtia ranges from 2 per 10,000 to 17.4 per 10,000. Microtia and limb deformities sometimes occurred simultaneously as described in the literature. In this report, the patient was found to be with unilateral microtia combined with bilateral split sole of feet, deformed middle fingers on both hands, and café-au-lait spots on the trunk. Despite a thorough literature search, the authors could not achieve a satisfactory diagnosis for the current case with respect to the type of anomalies seen in the case.

The Retrograde Transposition of the Remnant Earlobe in Patients With Low-Set Microtia.

During auricle reconstruction, lobular transposition has become a routine technique applied by most of surgeons. But to some low-set remnant ears, it is difficult to manipulate the conventional lobule transposition method in clinical application. In this article, the authors introduce a method to retrogradely transpose the remnant ear with the the ratio of length:width of the lobular flap being 4-5:1. The lobule transposition could be applied during the first stage of Nagata method or the third stage using expansion method. The authors take the superior part of the remnant ear as the pedicle and make the incision at the middle and inferior parts of the remnant ear to form the lobular flap. Then the inferior lobule is rotated posteriorly and superiorly to cover the rear end of the framework and to form the inferior part of helical rim. The results of the reconstructed auricles are satisfactory with aesthetic natural earlobes and the location of the reconstructed ear is symmetric to the contralateral ear. The authors believe that to the 2% to 5% patients with low-set microtia, this is a good way to make use of remnant ear for the purpose of a real earlobe.

Role of insulin-transferrin-selenium in auricular chondrocyte proliferation and engineered cartilage formation in vitro.

The goal of this study is to determine the effects of Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS) on proliferation of auricular chondrocytes and formation of engineered cartilage in vitro. Pig auricular monolayer chondrocytes and chondrocyte pellets were cultured in media containing 1% ITS at different concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS, 10%, 6%, 2%, 0%), or 10% FBS alone as a control for four weeks. Parameters including cell proliferation in monolayer, wet weight, collagen type I/II/X (Col I, II, X) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression, GAG content of pellets and gene expression associated with cartilage formation/dedifferentiation (lost cartilage phenotype)/hypertrophy within the chondrocyte pellets were assessed. The results showed that chondrocytes proliferation rates increased when FBS concentrations increased (2%, 6%, 10% FBS) in ITS supplemented groups. In addition, 1% ITS plus 10% FBS significantly promoted cell proliferation than 10% FBS alone. No chondrocytes grew in ITS alone medium. 1% ITS plus 10% FBS enhanced cartilage formation in terms of size, wet weight, cartilage specific matrices, and homogeneity, compared to 10% FBS alone group. Furthermore, ITS prevented engineered cartilage from dedifferentiation (i.e., higher index of Col II/Col I mRNA expression and expression of aggrecan) and hypertrophy (i.e., lower mRNA expression of Col X and MMP13). In conclusion, our results indicated that ITS efficiently enhanced auricular chondrocytes proliferation, retained chondrogenic phenotypes, and promoted engineered cartilage formation when combined with FBS, which is potentially used as key supplementation in auricular chondrocytes and engineered cartilage culture.