AttABseq: an attention-based deep learning prediction method for antigen-antibody binding affinity changes based on protein sequences.

The optimization of therapeutic antibodies through traditional techniques, such as candidate screening via hybridoma or phage display, is resource-intensive and time-consuming. In recent years, computational and artificial intelligence-based methods have been actively developed to accelerate and improve the development of therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we developed an end-to-end sequence-based deep learning model, termed AttABseq, for the predictions of the antigen-antibody binding affinity changes connected with antibody mutations. AttABseq is a highly efficient and generic attention-based model by utilizing diverse antigen-antibody complex sequences as the input to predict the binding affinity changes of residue mutations. The assessment on the three benchmark datasets illustrates that AttABseq is 120% more accurate than other sequence-based models in terms of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the predicted and experimental binding affinity changes. Moreover, AttABseq also either outperforms or competes favorably with the structure-based approaches. Furthermore, AttABseq consistently demonstrates robust predictive capabilities across a diverse array of conditions, underscoring its remarkable capacity for generalization across a wide spectrum of antigen-antibody complexes. It imposes no constraints on the quantity of altered residues, rendering it particularly applicable in scenarios where crystallographic structures remain unavailable. The attention-based interpretability analysis indicates that the causal effects of point mutations on antibody-antigen binding affinity changes can be visualized at the residue level, which might assist automated antibody sequence optimization. We believe that AttABseq provides a fiercely competitive answer to therapeutic antibody optimization.

Inhibition of autocrine HGF maturation overcomes cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer.

Although amplifications and mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) act as bona fide oncogenes, in most cancers, RTKs maintain moderate expression and remain wild-type. Consequently, cognate ligands control many facets of tumorigenesis, including resistance to anti-RTK therapies. Herein, we show that the ligands for the RTKs MET and RON, HGF and HGFL, respectively, are synthesized as inactive precursors that are activated by cellular proteases. Our newly generated HGF/HGFL protease inhibitors could overcome both de novo and acquired cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Conversely, HGF overexpression was necessary and sufficient to induce cetuximab resistance and loss of polarity. Moreover, HGF-induced cetuximab resistance could be overcome by the downstream MET inhibitor, crizotinib, and upstream protease inhibitors. Additionally, HAI-1, an endogenous inhibitor of HGF proteases, (i) was downregulated in CRC, (ii) exhibited increased genomic methylation that correlated with poor prognosis, (iii) HAI-1 expression correlated with cetuximab response in a panel of cancer cell lines, and (iv) exogenous addition of recombinant HAI-1 overcame cetuximab resistance in CC-HGF cells. Thus, we describe a targetable, autocrine HAI-1/Protease/HGF/MET axis in cetuximab resistance in CRC.

Long-Term Triclocarban Exposure Induced Enterotoxicity by Triggering Intestinal AhR-Mediated Inflammation and Disrupting Microbial Community in Mice.

Exposure to triclocarban (TCC), a commonly used antibacterial agent, has been shown to induce significant intestine injuries and colonic inflammation in mice. However, the detailed mechanisms by which TCC exposure triggered enterotoxicity remain largely unclear. Herein, intestinal toxicity effects of long-term and chronic TCC exposure were investigated using a combination of histopathological assessments, metagenomics, targeted metabolomics, and biological assays. Mechanically, TCC exposure caused induction of intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its transcriptional target cytochrome P4501A1 (Cyp1a1) leading to dysfunction of the gut barrier and disruption of the gut microbial community. A large number of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are released from the gut lumen into blood circulation owing to the markedly increased permeability and gut leakage. Consequently, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling pathways were activated by high levels of LPS. Simultaneously, classic macrophage phenotypes were switched by TCC, shown with marked upregulation of macrophage M1 and downregulation of macrophage M2 that was accompanied by striking upregulation of proinflammatory factors such as Il-1ß, Il-6, Il-17, and Tnf-α in the intestinal lamina propria. These findings provide new evidence for the TCC-induced enterotoxicity.

Clinical significance and predictive risk factors for event-free survival at 24 months in patients with PTCL, NOS.

Peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS), is a heterogeneous and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with a bleak prognosis. This study was designed to assess the value of EFS24 as an alternative clinical endpoint and identify prognosis-related factors in PTCL, NOS. Patients diagnosed with PTCL, NOS were retrospectively collected and slides were reviewed by two hematopathologists. EFS was defined as the time from diagnosis to the occurrence of disease progression after initial treatment, retreatment, or death. Subsequent overall survival (OS) was defined from EFS24 or time of progression, if it occurred within 24 months, to the last follow-up or death. 97 cases with complete follow-up were selected. Approximately 66 patients (68.04%) failed to achieve ES24, with the median OS of 12.17 months, and 5-year OS rate of 15.17%. While patients who reached EFS24 had a median OS of 60.57 months and a 5-year OS rate of 68.77%. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that bone marrow involvement and elevated ß2 Microglobulin (ß2-MG) were associated with a poor prognosis. B symptoms, extranodal involvement more than one site, and a high Ki67 index were significant factors in predicting the failure of EFS24. EFS24 can help stratify the subsequent outcomes of PTCL, NOS. Patients who achieve EFS24 have a favorable prognosis, although it does not reach that of the general population. On the other hand, patients who do not achieve EFS24 have an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, EFS24 can be used for patient risk stratification, patient counseling, and study design.

Outcomes following KRASG12C inhibitor treatment in patients with KRASG12C-mutated solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of FDA-approved KRASG12C inhibitors in patients with KRASG12C-mutated solid tumors. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and major international conferences for clinical trials published in English up to March 6, 2023. Clinical trials investigating sotorasib or adagrasib and reporting the clinical outcomes of the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), or incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 adverse events (AEs) were eligible. The primary endpoint was the ORR. Secondary endpoints included the DCR, incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 AEs, and odds ratio (OR) of the ORR between patients with or without co-mutation. The Random-effects model was applied for the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: 18 studies with 1224 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled ORR, DCR, and incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 AEs were 31 % (95 % CI, 25-37 %), 86 % (95 % CI, 82-89 %), and 29 % (95 % CI, 23-36 %), respectively. KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC patients with a co-mutation of KEAP1 exhibited a worse ORR than those with wild-type KEAP1 (OR: 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.16-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety of KRASG12C inhibitors in treating solid tumors and identified KEAP1 mutation as a potential predictive biomarker of inferior response in patients treated with KRASG12C inhibitors. These findings may assist in the design of future clinical trials for identifying populations that may benefit from KRASG12C inhibitor treatment.

Expansion of exhausted CD8+ T cells associates with increased pulmonary fungal infection risk in anti-melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVES: Anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis was associated with poor prognosis due to the high incidence of rapid progressive interstitial lung disease, pulmonary infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the abundance and clinical relevance of exhaustion markers on peripheral CD8 T cells from patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy controls (HCs) and 71 patients with IIM were enrolled, including 42 with anti-MDA5+ and 18 with anti-MDA5- dermatomyositis (DM) and 11 with anti-synthetase syndrome (ASS). Flow cytometry was applied to detect PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 in CD8 T cells. The clinical associations of the CD8 T cell exhaustion phenotype in patients with anti-MDA5+ DM were analysed. RESULTS: CD8 T cells from patients with anti-MDA5+ DM showed significantly increased LAG-3, TIM-3 and PD-1 compared to those from patients with anti-MDA5- IIM (18 with anti-MDA5- DM and 11 with ASS) or HCs (adjusted p all < 0.05). CD8 T cells with distinct exhaustion levels were all significantly increased in anti-MDA5+ DM patients compared with HCs (p all < 0.05). Patients with high level of PD-1+ TIM-3+LAG-3+ CD8+ T cells had a significant higher incidence of pulmonary fungal infections but lower counts of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. ROC analysis revealed that the frequency of PD-1+TIM-3+LAG-3+CD8+ T cell significantly predicted pulmonary fungal infections (area under the curve: 0.828). CONCLUSIONS: CD8 T cells from patients with anti-MDA5+ DM show significant exhausted phenotype, and increased exhausted CD8 T cells were associated with high risk of pulmonary fungal infection.

Particulate matter 2.5 causally increased genetic risk of autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggested that particulate matter (PM) exhibit an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the causal association between PM and ASD risk remains unclear. METHODS: We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, using instrumental variables (IVs) sourced from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) databases. We employed three MR methods: inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WM), and MR-Egger, with IVW method serving as our primary MR method. Sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the stability of these findings. RESULTS: The MR results suggested that PM2.5 increased the genetic risk of ASD (ß = 2.41, OR = 11.13, 95% CI: 2.54-48.76, P < 0.01), and similar result was found for PM2.5 absorbance (ß = 1.54, OR = 4.67, 95% CI: 1.21-18.01, P = 0.03). However, no such association was found in PM10 (ß = 0.27, OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.72-2.36, P = 0.38). After adjusting for the false discovery rate (FDR) correction, our MR results remain consistent. Sensitivity analyses did not find significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that PM2.5 is a potential risk factor for ASD. Effective strategies to mitigate air pollutants might lead to a reduced incidence of ASD.

Multiscale spatial relationship-based model for predicting bladder wall dose in pelvic radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: This research aimed to develop a prediction model to assess bladder wall dosimetry during radiotherapy for patients with pelvic tumors, thereby facilitating the refinement and evaluation of radiotherapy treatment plans to mitigate bladder toxicity. METHODS: Radiotherapy treatment plans of 49 rectal cancer patients and 45 gynecologic cancer patients were collected, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to generate prediction models for bladder wall dose parameters ( V 10 - 45 G y ( c m 3 ) ${V_{10 - 45Gy\ }}( {{\mathrm{c}}{{\mathrm{m}}^3}} )$ , D m e a n ( Gy ) ${D_{mean}}( {{\mathrm{Gy}}} )$ ). These models were based on the multiscale spatial relationship between the planning target volume (PTV) and the bladder or bladder wall. The proportion of bladder or bladder wall volume overlapped by the different distance expansions of the PTV was used as an indicator of the multiscale spatial relationship. The accuracy of these models was verified in a cohort of 12 new patients, with further refinement of radiotherapy treatment plans using the predicted values as optimization parameters. Model accuracy was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE) and mean percentage error (MPE). RESULTS: Models derived from individual disease data outperformed those derived from combined datasets. Predicted bladder wall dose parameters were accurate, with the majority of initial calculated values for new patients falling within the 95% confidence interval of the model predictions. There was a robust correlation between the predicted and actual dose metrics, with a correlation coefficient of 0.943. Using the predicted values to optimize treatment plans significantly reduced bladder wall dose (p < $\ < \ $ 0.001), with bladder wall D mean ( G y ) ${D_{{\mathrm{mean}}}}( {Gy} )$ and V 10 - 45 G y ( c m 3 ) ${V_{10 - 45Gy\ }}( {{\mathrm{c}}{{\mathrm{m}}^3}} )$ decreasing by 2.27±0.80 Gy (5.8%±1.8%) and 2.96±2.05 cm3 (7.9%±5.4%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The formulated prediction model provides a valuable tool for predicting and minimizing bladder wall dose and for optimizing and evaluating radiotherapy treatment plans for pelvic tumor patients. This approach holds promise for reducing bladder toxicity and potentially improving patient outcomes.

Iterative Pulse-Echo Tomography for Ultrasonic Image Correction.

Acoustic aberration, caused by the uneven distribution of tissue speed-of-sound (SoS), significantly reduces the quality of ultrasound imaging. An important approach to mitigate this issue is imaging correction based on local SoS estimation. Computed ultrasound tomography in echo mode (CUTE) is an SoS estimation method that utilizes phase-shift information from ultrasound pulse-echo signals, offering both practical utility and computational efficiency. However, the traditional single-pass CUTE often suffers from poor accuracy and robustness. In this paper, an advanced approach known as iterative CUTE is introduced, which refines SoS estimates through iterative correction of errors and noise, addressing the limitations of traditional single-pass methods. It is argued that traditional precision indicators like root mean square error (RMSE) fall short in adequately reflecting the quality of SoS estimates for imaging correction, and coherence factor (CF) is proposed as a more indicative metric. Performance validation of the iterative CUTE algorithm was conducted using a simulation and agar phantom experiment. The results indicated that the iterative CUTE approach surpasses the single-pass approach, enhancing the average CF for SoS estimates by up to 18.2%. In phantom experiments, imaging corrected with SoS estimates from iterative CUTE reduced the Array Performance Index (API) by up to 40% compared to traditional methods.

Analysis of the factors influencing of sleep quality in intensive care unit awake patients based on a structural equation model: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to construct and validate a structural equation model (SEM) to identify factors associated with sleep quality in awake patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to assist in the development of clinical intervention strategies. RESEARCH METHODS/SETTING: In this cross-sectional study, 200 awake patients who were cared for in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in China were surveyed via several self-report questionnaires and wearable actigraphy sleep monitoring devices. Based on the collected data, structural equation modelling analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical analysis software. The study is reported using the STROBE checklist. RESULTS: The fit indices of the SEM were acceptable: χ2/df = 1.676 (p < .001) and RMSEA = .058 (p < 0.080). Anxiety/depression had a direct negative effect on the sleep quality of awake patients cared for in the ICU (ß = -.440, p < .001). In addition, disease-freeness progress had an indirect negative effect on the sleep quality of awake patients cared for in the ICU (ß = -.142, p < .001). Analgesics had an indirect negative effect on the sleep quality of awake patients cared for in the ICU through pain and sedatives (ß = -.082, p < .001). Sedation had a direct positive effect on the sleep quality of conscious patients cared for in the ICU (ß = .493; p < .001). CONCLUSION: The results of the SEM showed that the sleep quality of awake patients cared for in the ICU is mainly affected by psychological and disease-related factors, especially anxiety, depression and pain, so we can improve the sleep quality of patients through psychological intervention and drug intervention.

Four new alkaloids from the roots of Dactylicapnos scandens.

Four new alkaloids (1 - 4), together with five known ones (5 - 9), were isolated from the bulbs of Dactylicapnos scandens. The structures were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data and quantum-chemical calculations. All the isolates were tested for their ability to modulate neuronal Ca2+ mobilization in primary cultured neocortical neurons. Compound 8 inhibited spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations at low micromolar concentrations.

Efficacy of the newly designed "SkyWalker" robot compared to the MAKO robotic system in primary total knee arthroplasty: a one-year follow-up study.

PURPOSE: Robot-assisted surgical systems for performing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have gained significant attention. This study was designed to compare the surgical outcomes in primary TKA surgery between the recently developed "SkyWalker" robot system and the more commonly used MAKO robot. METHODS: A total of 75 patients undergoing primary TKA surgery by the same surgical team were included in this study, with 30 patients in the "SkyWalker" group and 45 patients in the "MAKO" group. We documented the osteotomy plan for both robotic systems. The lower limb alignment angles were evaluated by postoperative radiographic assessment. The operation time, estimated blood loss, postoperative hospital stays, and changes in laboratory indexes were collected during hospitalization. In addition, a comparative evaluation of knee functional assessments and complications was conducted during six month and one year follow-ups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the accuracy of restoring lower limb alignment, estimated blood loss, or operation time. The knee function assessments at six months and one year postoperatively were similar in both groups. Except for day three after surgery, the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the change in IL-6 (∆IL-6) from preoperative baseline were higher in the "SkyWalker" group than in the MAKO group (median: 20.53 vs. 14.17, P=0.050 and median: 17.30 vs. 10.09, P=0.042, respectively). Additionally, one patient from the MAKO group underwent revision surgery at nine months postoperatively due to ongoing periprosthetic discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed "SkyWalker" robot showed comparable efficacy to the MAKO robot in terms of lower limb alignment accuracy and postoperative six month and one year follow-up of clinically assessed resumption of knee function.

Why robot-assisted total hip arthroplasty aborted: Chinese experience of four hundred and twenty nine consecutive cases.

PURPOSE: Robot-assisted total hip arthroplasty (RA-THA) helps with precise orientation of the prosthesis, but some RA-THA procedures are aborted intraoperatively and are converted to manual total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study aimed to analyse why RA-THA is sometimes aborted intraoperatively and to make recommendations accordingly. METHODS: A total of 429 consecutive Mako THA cases in our prospective database from August 2018 to June 2021 were included in our study. All robotic procedures aborted intraoperatively for any reason were recorded. The patients' demographics, diagnoses, and surgeons' information were included in the statistical analysis to pinpoint the risk factors for intraoperative robot to manual conversion. RESULTS: Intraoperative RA-THA abortions occurred in 17 cases (3.96%) and the patients had to be converted to manual THA. The adverse events leading to intraoperative abortions included pelvic array loosening or malposition (5, 1.17%), inaccurate bone mapping or construction (6, 1.40%), inaccurate initial registration (4, 0.93%), and other reasons (2, 0.47%). CONCLUSION: Robot-related adverse events could be found in all perioperative steps of RA-THA, and some of these events might result in intraoperative abortion. Complex hip disease was a statistically significant factor for an increased risk of intraoperative abortion of RA-THA. Standardized surgical procedures and preoperative assessments can be helpful in reducing the rate of RA-THA abortions.

Squalene Epoxidase: Its Regulations and Links with Cancers.

Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway that plays a critical role in cellular physiological processes. It converts squalene to 2,3-epoxysqualene and catalyzes the first oxygenation step in the pathway. Recently, intensive efforts have been made to extend the current knowledge of SQLE in cancers through functional and mechanistic studies. However, the underlying mechanisms and the role of SQLE in cancers have not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we retrospected current knowledge of SQLE as a rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway, while shedding light on its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, and revealed its therapeutic values in cancers. We showed that SQLE is regulated at different levels and is involved in the crosstalk with iron-dependent cell death. Particularly, we systemically reviewed the research findings on the role of SQLE in different cancers. Finally, we discussed the therapeutic implications of SQLE inhibitors and summarized their potential clinical values. Overall, this review discussed the multifaceted mechanisms that involve SQLE to present a vivid panorama of SQLE in cancers.

Transcriptome Sequencing Unveils a Molecular-Stratification-Predicting Prognosis of Sarcoma Associated with Lipid Metabolism.

Sarcomas are heterogeneous connective tissue malignancies that have been historically categorized into soft tissue and bone cancers. Although multimodal therapies are implemented, many sarcoma subtypes are still difficult to treat. Lipids play vital roles in cellular activities; however, ectopic levels of lipid metabolites have an impact on tumor recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Thus, precision therapies targeting lipid metabolism in sarcoma need to be explored. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of molecular stratification based on lipid metabolism-associated genes (LMAGs) using both public datasets and the data of patients in our cohort and constructed a novel prognostic model consisting of squalene epoxidase (SQLE) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We first integrated information on gene expression profile and survival outcomes to divide TCGA sarcoma patients into high- and low-risk subgroups and further revealed the prognosis value of the metabolic signature and immune infiltration of patients in both groups, thus proposing various therapeutic recommendations for sarcoma. We observed that the low-risk sarcoma patients in the TCGA-SARC cohort were characterized by high proportions of immune cells and increased expression of immune checkpoint genes. Subsequently, this lipid metabolic signature was validated in four external independent sarcoma datasets including the CHCAMS cohort. Notably, SQLE, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, was identified as a potential therapeutic target for sarcoma. Knockdown of SQLE substantially inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation while promoting the apoptosis of sarcoma cells. Terbinafine, an inhibitor of SQLE, displayed similar tumor suppression capacity in vitro. The prognostic predictive model and the potential drug target SQLE might serve as valuable hints for further in-depth biological, diagnostic, and therapeutic exploration of sarcoma.

SARS-CoV-2 N Protein Antagonizes Stress Granule Assembly and IFN Production by Interacting with G3BPs to Facilitate Viral Replication.

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and poses a significant threat to global health. N protein (NP), which is a major pathogenic protein among betacoronaviruses, binds to the viral RNA genome to allow viral genome packaging and viral particle release. Recent studies showed that NP antagonizes interferon (IFN) induction and mediates phase separation. Using live SARS-CoV-2 viruses, this study provides solid evidence showing that SARS-CoV-2 NP associates with G3BP1 and G3BP2 in vitro and in vivo. NPSARS-CoV-2 could efficiently suppress G3BP-mediated SG formation and potentiate viral infection by overcoming G3BP1-mediated antiviral innate immunity. G3BP1 conditional knockout mice (g3bp1fl/fL, Sftpc-Cre) exhibit significantly higher lung viral loads after SARS-CoV-2 infection than wild-type mice. Our findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the pathogenicity of NPSARS-CoV-2 and provide insight into new therapeutics targeting NPSARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE In this study, by in vitro assay and live SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, we provide solid evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 NP associates with G3BP1 and G3BP2 in vitro and in vivo. NPSARS-CoV-2 could efficiently suppress G3BP-mediated SG formation and potentiate viral infection by overcoming antiviral innate immunity mediated by G3BP1 in A549 cell lines and G3BP1 conditional knockout mice (g3bp1-cKO) mice, which provide in-depth evidence showing the mechanism underlying NP-related SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis through G3BPs.

Metabolomics provide new insights into mechanisms of Wolbachia-induced paternal defects in Drosophila melanogaster.

Wolbachia is a group of intracellular symbiotic bacteria that widely infect arthropods and nematodes. Wolbachia infection can regulate host reproduction with the most common phenotype in insects being cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which results in embryonic lethality when uninfected eggs fertilized with sperms from infected males. This suggests that CI-induced defects are mainly in paternal side. However, whether Wolbachia-induced metabolic changes play a role in the mechanism of paternal-linked defects in embryonic development is not known. In the current study, we first use untargeted metabolomics method with LC-MS to explore how Wolbachia infection influences the metabolite profiling of the insect hosts. The untargeted metabolomics revealed 414 potential differential metabolites between Wolbachia-infected and uninfected 1-day-old (1d) male flies. Most of the differential metabolites were significantly up-regulated due to Wolbachia infection. Thirty-four metabolic pathways such as carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid, and vitamin and cofactor metabolism were affected by Wolbachia infection. Then, we applied targeted metabolomics analysis with GC-MS and showed that Wolbachia infection resulted in an increased energy expenditure of the host by regulating glycometabolism and fatty acid catabolism, which was compensated by increased food uptake. Furthermore, overexpressing two acyl-CoA catabolism related genes, Dbi (coding for diazepam-binding inhibitor) or Mcad (coding for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase), ubiquitously or specially in testes caused significantly decreased paternal-effect egg hatch rate. Oxidative stress and abnormal mitochondria induced by Wolbachia infection disrupted the formation of sperm nebenkern. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms of Wolbachia-induced paternal defects from metabolic phenotypes.

Adsorption of HF and H2S on α-Al2O3 (0001) Surfaces: A DFT Study.

Ex-service SF6 adsorbents in SF6 gas-insulated electric equipment contain many toxic substances. Inside, HF and H2S are two typical toxic gases. Based on the first principle, the interaction process between HF/H2S and α-Al2O3 (0001) surfaces was calculated using the density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that the adsorption of HF on α-Al2O3 (0001) is stronger than that of H2S. Under the five adsorption sites, the adsorption effect of HF-H and HF-F was similar. At O-2 site, the adsorption energy of H2S-H adsorption configuration is significantly higher than that of the other four sites. The density of states (DOS) indicated that new peaks appeared after adsorption. The DOS and partial density of states (PDOS) indicated that the adsorption of HF and H2S occurs via chemical adsorption. The DOS and PDOS shifted to the right when the S atom was approaching, proving that the system shifts to instability. Compared with the energy gap of α-Al2O3 (0001), HF and H2S adsorption systems decreased significantly. The energy gap of the HF adsorption system was 1.173 eV larger than that of the H2S system and the geometry was relatively stable, which is consistent with the DOS and PDOS adsorption calculation results. Thus, the adsorption of HF and H2S on α-Al2O3 (0001) surfaces was clearly different. The findings of this study may provide theoretical guidance for the adsorption of other gases or developing a new adsorbent.

Preparation of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon via Steam Activation for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption: Modeling and Mechanism Studies.

Dye pollution has long been an ecological and human health issue. Activated carbon is considered to be the most promising material for dye adsorption. In this study, bamboo was used as a biomass precursor to produce activated carbon with a high specific surface area by the steam activation method. The physical activation reaction between water vapor and bamboo promotes the carbonization product to have a rich porous structure. The prepared activated carbon was investigated from the perspectives of surface morphology, elemental change, surface porosity, and surface functional groups using a variety of techniques. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, the activated carbon has a high surface area (1273 m2/g) and a mesoporous structure (average pore size 3.1 nm). On this basis, the effect of activated carbon on the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous environments was evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Key adsorption parameters include initial MB concentration (150-200 mg/L), adsorption time (5-120 min), adsorbent dosage (30-50 mg), adsorption temperature (5-50 °C), and solution pH (3-11). Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used for modeling and analysis. Kinetic and isotherm model studies show that pseudo-second-order model kinetics and Langmuir isotherm can better describe the process of MB dye adsorption. This study will provide new ideas for the preparation of bamboo-activated carbon and provide a model prediction basis for dye adsorption research.

Transcriptome analysis of the hepatopancreas in Penaeus vannamei under experimental infection with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP).

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a specialized intracellular parasite that mainly resides in the hepatopancreas of shrimp, causing significant growth retardation in shrimp. In this study, Penaeus vannamei was infected with EHP through an artificial challenge experiment, and the different genes and pathways in the hepatopancreas between EHP-infected and healthy shrimp were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that a total of 240 significantly differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 99 up-regulated genes and 141 down-regulated genes. Immune-related genes such as Astakine, lysozyme, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and macrophage mannose receptor 1-like (MMR) were up-regulated, and the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2), lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA), and adiponectin receptor protein (AdipoR) were also increased. However, several genes were down-regulated in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), trypsin-1, and delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (ALDH18A1). The results suggested that EHP infection of shrimps could significantly activate the immune system, but the energy and material metabolism processes were disturbed. This study identified a substantial number of genes and pathways associated with EHP infection, providing a valuable resource for revealing the molecular mechanism of growth retardation in shrimp.