Effects of Tylosin Administration Routes on the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Fecal Enterococci of Finishing Swine.

Antibiotics can be administered orally or parenterally in swine production, which may influence antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development in gut bacteria. A total of 40 barrows and 40 gilts were used to determine the effects of tylosin administration route on growth performance and fecal enterococcal AMR. The antibiotic treatments followed Food and Drug Administration label directions and were as follows: (1) no antibiotic (CON), (2) 110 mg tylosin per kg feed for 21 d (IN-FEED), (3) 8.82 mg tylosin per kg body weight through intramuscular injection twice daily for the first 3 d of each week for 3 weeks (IM), and (4) 66 mg tylosin per liter of drinking water (IN-WATER). Antibiotics were administered during d 0 to 21 and all pigs were then fed the CON diet from d 21 to 35. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 21, and 35. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by microbroth dilution method. No evidence of route × sex interaction (p > 0.55) was observed for growth performance. From d 0 to 21, pigs receiving CON and IN-FEED had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than those receiving IM, with the IN-WATER group showing intermediate ADG. Pigs receiving CON had greater (p < 0.05) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than IM and IN-WATER, but were not different from pigs receiving IN-FEED. Overall, enterococcal isolates collected from pigs receiving IN-FEED or IM were more resistant (p < 0.05) to erythromycin and tylosin than CON and IN-WATER groups. Regardless of administration route, the estimated probability of AMR to these two antibiotics was greater on d 21 and 35 than on d 0. In summary, IM tylosin decreased ADG and G:F in finishing pigs, which may be because of a response to the handling during injection administration. Tylosin administration through injection and feed resulted in greater probability of enterococcal AMR to erythromycin and tylosin compared with in-water treatment.

Identification, Shiga toxin subtypes and prevalence of minor serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle feces.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens that cause illnesses in humans ranging from mild to hemorrhagic enteritis with complications of hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death. Cattle are a major reservoir of STEC, which reside in the hindgut and are shed in the feces, a major source of food and water contaminations. Seven serogroups, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145 and O157, called 'top-7', are responsible for the majority of human STEC infections in North America. Additionally, 151 serogroups of E. coli are known to carry Shiga toxin genes (stx). Not much is known about fecal shedding and prevalence and virulence potential of STEC other than the top-7. Our primary objectives were to identify serogroups of STEC strains, other than the top-7, isolated from cattle feces and subtype stx genes to assess their virulence potential. Additional objective was to develop and validate a novel multiplex PCR assay to detect and determine prevalence of six serogroups, O2, O74, O109, O131, O168, and O171, in cattle feces. A total of 351 strains, positive for stx gene and negative for the top-7 serogroups, isolated from feedlot cattle feces were used in the study. Of the 351 strains, 291 belonged to 16 serogroups and 60 could not be serogrouped. Among the 351 strains, 63 (17.9%) carried stx1 gene and 300 (82.1%) carried stx2, including 12 strains positive for both. The majority of the stx1 and stx2 were of stx1a (47/63; 74.6%) and stx2a subtypes (234/300; 78%), respectively, which are often associated with human infections. A novel multiplex PCR assay developed and validated to detect six serogroups, O2, O74, O109, O131, O168, and O171, which accounted for 86.9% of the STEC strains identified, was utilized to determine their prevalence in fecal samples (n = 576) collected from a commercial feedlot. Four serogroups, O2, O109, O168, and O171 were identified as the dominant serogroups prevalent in cattle feces. In conclusion, cattle shed in the feces a number of STEC serogroups, other than the top-7, and the majority of the strains isolated possessed stx2, particularly of the subtype 2a, suggesting their potential risk to cause human infections.

Impact of added copper, alone or in combination with chlortetracycline, on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance of fecal enterococci of weaned piglets.

Studies suggest a link between added copper (Cu) and co-selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterococcus spp., but data are inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the impact of added Cu, alone or with a feed-grade antimicrobial, on growth performance, transferable Cu resistance gene (tcrB) prevalence, abundance of tcrB in fecal community DNA, and AMR in fecal enterococci in weaned piglets. A total of 320 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, DNA Genetics) weaned at approximately 21 d of age with 7.4 kg (7.4 ±â€…0.06 kg) BW were used in a 28-d study. Piglets were fed a common non-medicated diet for 7 d of acclimation. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of added Cu (0 vs. 200 mg/kg Cu from Cu sulfate) and chlortetracycline (0 vs. 440 mg/kg CTC). Growth performance and fecal samples were obtained on days 0, 14, and 28. There was no evidence (P > 0.05) for Cu and CTC interaction in growth performance. Pigs fed diets with added Cu had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI from days 0 to 14, with no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) from days 15 to 28 and 0 to 28. Pigs fed diets with CTC had improved (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F from days 0 to 28. Prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was not affected by the addition of Cu and/or CTC (P > 0.05). Prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was higher on day 14 than other sampling days (P = 0.002). Prevalence of tetracycline resistance gene [tet(M)]-positive enterococci was not affected by treatments or day (P > 0.05). Prevalence of macrolide resistance gene [erm(B)]-positive enterococci had a significant treatment and sampling day interaction (P = 0.021). The abundance of the tcrB gene in feces, quantified by PCR, was not affected by Cu treatment. The median Cu minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tcrB-negative and -positive isolates were 3 and 20 mM, respectively (P < 0.001). For day 0 and day 28, all Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, daptomycin, and tigecycline, with a majority of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin, linezolid, tetracycline, tylosin tartrate, and Synercid. In conclusion, 200 mg/kg added Cu or 440 mg/kg CTC in nursery diets improved growth performance of nursery pigs. Added Cu, with or without a selection pressure of CTC, did not increase Cu-resistant enterococci and did not co-select resistance to antibiotics.