ABSTRACT
With the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, questions about transmissibility, vaccine efficacy, and impact on mortality are important to support decision-making in public health measures. Modifications related to transmissibility combined with the fact that much of the population has already been partially exposed to infection and/or vaccination, have stimulated recommendations to reduce the isolation period for COVID-19. However, these new guidelines have raised questions about their effectiveness in reducing contamination and minimizing impact in work environments. Therefore, a collaborative task force was developed to review the subject in a non-systematic manner, answering questions about SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 vaccines, isolation/quarantine periods, testing to end the isolation period, and the use of masks as mitigation procedures. Overall, COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing severe illness and death but are less effective in preventing infection in the case of the Omicron variant. Any strategy that is adopted to reduce the isolation period should take into consideration the epidemiological situation of the geographical region, individual clinical characteristics, and mask for source control. The use of tests for isolation withdrawal should be evaluated with caution, due to results depending on various conditions and may not be reliable.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines , Humans , Quarantine , SARS-CoV-2/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Enterobacterales and other non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria have become a threat worldwide owing to the frequency of multidrug resistance in these pathogens. On the other hand, efficacious therapeutic options are quickly diminishing. The aims of this study were to describe the susceptibility of 50 multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria, mostly pan-resistant, against old and less-used antimicrobial drugs and to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. METHODS: A total of 50 genetically distinct isolates were included in this study, including 14 Acinetobacter baumannii (belonging to ST79, ST317, ST835 and ST836), 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ST245), 8 Serratia marcescens and 27 Klebsiella pneumoniae (belonging to ST11, ST340, ST258, ST16, ST23, ST25, ST101, ST234, ST437 and ST442). The isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing to evaluate lineages and resistance genes. RESULTS: Our results showed that some strains harboured carbapenemase genes, e.g. blaKPC-2 (28/50; 56%) and blaOXA-23 (11/50; 22%), and other resistance genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (49/50; 98%). Susceptibility rates to tigecycline (96%) in all species (except P. aeruginosa), to minocycline (100%) and doxycycline (93%) in A. baumannii, to ceftazidime/avibactam in S. marcescens (100%) and K. pneumoniae (96%), and to fosfomycin in S. marcescens (88%) were high. Chloramphenicol and quinolones (6% susceptibility each) did not perform well, making their use in an empirical scenario unlikely. CONCLUSIONS: This study involving genetically distinct bacteria showed promising results for tigecycline for all Gram-negative bacteria (except P. aeruginosa), and there was good activity of minocycline against A. baumannii, ceftazidime/avibactam against Enterobacterales, and fosfomycin against S. marcescens.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Minocycline , TigecyclineABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal hypertension in major burn patients and its association with the occurrence of acute kidney injury. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of a population of burn patients hospitalized in a specialized intensive care unit. A convenience sample was taken of adult patients hospitalized in the period from 1 August 2015 to 31 October 2016. Clinical and burn data were collected, and serial intra-abdominal pressure measurements taken. The significance level used was 5%. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were analyzed. Of these, 38 patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension (82.6%). The median increase in intra-abdominal pressure was 15.0mmHg (interquartile range: 12.0 to 19.0). Thirty-two patients (69.9%) developed acute kidney injury. The median time to development of acute kidney injury was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 - 7). The individual analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury indicated an association with intra-abdominal hypertension (p = 0.041), use of glycopeptides (p = 0.001), use of vasopressors (p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.006). Acute kidney injury was demonstrated to have an association with increased 30-day mortality (log-rank, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Intra-abdominal hypertension occurred in most patients, predominantly in grades I and II. The identified risk factors for the occurrence of acute kidney injury were intra-abdominal hypertension and use of glycopeptides, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Acute kidney injury was associated with increased 30-day mortality.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology , Burns/complications , Intensive Care Units , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/epidemiology , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Burns/therapy , Cohort Studies , Critical Care , Female , Humans , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Pneumonia is the most frequent hospital infection in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and is also responsible for the highest lethality rates, as well as an increase in both the duration and costs of hospitalization. The objective of this study was to identify predisposing factors for pneumonia. A prospective cohort study was carried out between June 1996 and June 1997, and included 540 patients admitted consecutively for periods greater than 24 hours to the adult ICU of the Londrina State University's Teaching Hospital. Of these, 83 (15.4%) developed pneumonia. All patients were analyzed with respect to various risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia. Univariate analysis identified the following factors: decreased level of consciousness, craniotomy, prior use of antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, nasogastric tube feeding, enteral feeding, aspiration of gastric contents, central venous catheter and the time spent in the ICU. Multivariate analysis identified four risk factors for pneumonia in the ICU: tracheotomy (RR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.04-1.17), nasogastric tube feeding (RR = 1.11; 95%CI = 1.05-1.18), H2-blocker use (RR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.05-1.14) and decreased level of consciousness (RR = 2.67; 95%CI = 1.43-5.04). In 56.6% of patients, pneumonia occurred within the first four days following ICU admission. The risk factors identified were all necessary for the treatment of the patient except for decreased level of consciousness, either present at admission or occurring during hospitalization due to deterioration in the clinical condition of the patient or to the use of sedatives.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Pneumonia/epidemiology , Cross Infection/etiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Hospitals, University , Humans , Male , Pneumonia/etiologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre os níveis de priorização para admissão na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e o prognóstico dos pacientes. Material e Método: estudo longitudinal retrospectivo que incluiu adultos internados na UTI de hospital universitário, ano de 2020. As variáveis, coletadas nos prontuários e banco de dados eletrônicos do hospital contemplam: identificação, data de entrada no hospital e de admissão na UTI, diagnósticos, antecedentes, data de alta, desfecho, cálculo do Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3) e nível de priorização da admissão. Resultados: o estudo avaliou 274 pacientes. As patologias respiratórias totalizaram 41,25% das admissões, sendo COVID-19 o diagnóstico mais frequente (65 casos confirmados e 2 suspeitos). Dentre as comorbidades, destacam-se hipertensão arterial sistêmica (64,32%), diabetes mellitus (25,82%) e tabagismo (18,78%). O SAPS 3 médio foi de 59,29 pontos, representando uma probabilidade de óbito de 39,00%. A respeito dos níveis de priorizações, 174 (63,50%) pacientes foram classificados como prioridade 1 (P1); 94 (34,31%) pacientes como prioridade 2 (P2); e 6 (2,19%) pacientes como prioridade 3 (P3). Comparando os grupos P1 e P2, a probabilidade de óbito foi, respectivamente, 51,95% e 13,75%. E o número de óbitos observado foi de 90 (60,81%) no grupo P1 e 19 no grupo P2 (25,30%; p<0,001)). Conclusão: os pacientes classificados como P1 foram mais frequentes na amostra de estudo. A classificação de prioridades identificou os pacientes mais graves e com maior taxa de mortalidade na primeira categoria, apesar de não haver diferença na idade, comorbidade e fragilidade.
Objective: to assess the association between levels of prioritization for admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and patients' prognosis. Material and Method: longitudinal retrospective study that included adult patients admitted to the ICU of a University Hospital during 2020. The data were collected from paper and electronic medical records, including identification, date of admission to the hospital, date of admission to ICU, diagnosis, medical history, date of hospital discharge, outcome, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS-3) and prioritization level. Results: the study evaluated 274 patients during 2020. Respiratory diseases represented 41.25% of admissions, COVID-19 being the most frequent diagnosis (totaling 65 confirmed and 2 suspected cases). Among the comorbidities, the following were highlighted: arterial hypertension (64.32%), diabetes mellitus (25.82%), and smoking (18.78%). The mean SAPS 3 score was 59.29 points, representing a probability of death of 39.00%. About prioritization levels, 174 (63.50%) patients were categorized as Priority 1 (P1); 94 (34.31%) patients as Priority 2 (P2) and 6 (2.19%) patients as Priority 3 (P3), which was not considered due to insufficient sample for testing. Comparing groups P1 and P2, the probability of death of each category was, respectively, 51.95% and 13.75%. During the study period, the number of deaths in each category was 90 (60.81%) for P1 and 19 (25.30%; p<0,001) for P2. Conclusion: the prioritization classification identified patients with more severity and with greater mortality rates in category P1 of prioritization to ICU admission, even though there was no difference on age, comorbidity and frailty.
Subject(s)
Patients , Prognosis , Association , Tobacco Use Disorder , Medical Records , Disease , Diabetes Mellitus , Diagnosis , Hospitals , Hospitals, University , Hypertension , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
Abstract With the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, questions about transmissibility, vaccine efficacy, and impact on mortality are important to support decision-making in public health measures. Modifications related to transmissibility combined with the fact that much of the population has already been partially exposed to infection and/or vaccination, have stimulated recommendations to reduce the isolation period for COVID-19. However, these new guidelines have raised questions about their effectiveness in reducing contamination and minimizing impact in work environments. Therefore, a collaborative task force was developed to review the subject in a non-systematic manner, answering questions about SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 vaccines, isolation/quarantine periods, testing to end the isolation period, and the use of masks as mitigation procedures. Overall, COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing severe illness and death but are less effective in preventing infection in the case of the Omicron variant. Any strategy that is adopted to reduce the isolation period should take into consideration the epidemiological situation of the geographical region, individual clinical characteristics, and mask for source control. The use of tests for isolation withdrawal should be evaluated with caution, due to results depending on various conditions and may not be reliable.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o IMPACTO-MR, um estudo brasileiro de plataforma nacional em unidades de terapia intensiva focado no impacto das infecções por bactérias multirresistentes relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Métodos: Descrevemos a plataforma IMPACTO-MR, seu desenvolvimento, critérios para seleção das unidades de terapia intensiva, caracterização da coleta de dados, objetivos e projetos de pesquisa futuros a serem realizados na plataforma. Resultados: Os dados principais foram coletados por meio do Epimed Monitor System® e consistiram em dados demográficos, dados de comorbidades, estado funcional, escores clínicos, diagnóstico de internação e diagnósticos secundários, dados laboratoriais, clínicos e microbiológicos e suporte de órgãos durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, entre outros. De outubro de 2019 a dezembro de 2020, 33.983 pacientes de 51 unidades de terapia intensiva foram incluídos no banco de dados principal. Conclusão: A plataforma IMPACTO-MR é um banco de dados clínico brasileiro de unidades de terapia intensiva focado na pesquisa do impacto das infecções por bactérias multirresistentes relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Essa plataforma fornece dados para o desenvolvimento e pesquisa de unidades de terapia intensiva individuais e ensaios clínicos observacionais e prospectivos multicêntricos.
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the IMPACTO-MR, a Brazilian nationwide intensive care unit platform study focused on the impact of health care-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methods: We described the IMPACTO-MR platform, its development, criteria for intensive care unit selection, characterization of core data collection, objectives, and future research projects to be held within the platform. Results: The core data were collected using the Epimed Monitor System® and consisted of demographic data, comorbidity data, functional status, clinical scores, admission diagnosis and secondary diagnoses, laboratory, clinical, and microbiological data, and organ support during intensive care unit stay, among others. From October 2019 to December 2020, 33,983 patients from 51 intensive care units were included in the core database. Conclusion: The IMPACTO-MR platform is a nationwide Brazilian intensive care unit clinical database focused on researching the impact of health care-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. This platform provides data for individual intensive care unit development and research and multicenter observational and prospective trials.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:: This study aimed to assess whether currently used dosages of vancomycin for treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections in intensive care unit patients provided initial therapeutic vancomycin trough levels and to examine possible factors associated with the presence of adequate initial vancomycin trough levels in these patients. METHODS:: A prospective descriptive study with convenience sampling was performed. Nursing note and medical record data were collected from September 2013 to July 2014 for patients who met inclusion criteria. Eighty-three patients were included. Initial vancomycin trough levels were obtained immediately before vancomycin fourth dose. Acute kidney injury was defined as an increase of at least 0.3mg/dL in serum creatinine within 48 hours. RESULTS:: Considering vancomycin trough levels recommended for serious gram-positive infection treatment (15 - 20µg/mL), patients were categorized as presenting with low, adequate, and high vancomycin trough levels (35 [42.2%], 18 [21.7%], and 30 [36.1%] patients, respectively). Acute kidney injury patients had significantly greater vancomycin trough levels (p = 0.0055, with significance for a trend, p = 0.0023). CONCLUSION:: Surprisingly, more than 40% of the patients did not reach an effective initial vancomycin trough level. Studies on pharmacokinetic and dosage regimens of vancomycin in intensive care unit patients are necessary to circumvent this high proportion of failures to obtain adequate initial vancomycin trough levels. Vancomycin use without trough serum level monitoring in critically ill patients should be discouraged.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Intensive Care Units , Vancomycin/administration & dosage , Acute Kidney Injury/complications , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Creatinine/blood , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Monitoring/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Vancomycin/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of a multidisciplinary rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed assessment forms that were completed during the assessments made by the rapid response team of a university hospital between March 2009 and February 2014. RESULTS: Data were collected from 1,628 assessments performed by the rapid response team for 1,024 patients and included 1,423 code yellow events and 205 code blue events. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. The multivariate analysis indicated that age (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.03; p < 0.001), being male (OR 1.48; 95%CI 1.09 - 2.01; p = 0.01), having more than one assessment (OR 3.31; 95%CI, 2.32 - 4.71; p < 0.001), hospitalization for clinical care (OR 1.77; 95%CI 1.29 - 2.42; p < 0.001), the request of admission to the intensive care unit after the code event (OR 4.75; 95%CI 3.43 - 6.59; p < 0.001), and admission to the intensive care unit before the code event (OR 2.13; 95%CI 1.41 - 3.21; p = 0.001) were risk factors for hospital mortality in patients who were seen for code yellow events. CONCLUSION: The hospital mortality rates were higher than those found in previous studies. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. Moreover, hospital mortality was higher among patients admitted for clinical care.
Subject(s)
Hospital Mortality , Hospital Rapid Response Team/organization & administration , Intensive Care Units/organization & administration , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cohort Studies , Female , Hospitals, University , Humans , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar os aspectos clínicos, gravidade e mortalidade de pacientes com sepse atendidos em setor de urgência e emergência de um hospital terciário, relacionando-os aos serviços de saúde de origem, onde foi feito o atendimento inicial. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado com pacientes sépticos atendidos em setor de urgência e emergência de um hospital universitário terciário. Resultados: Dos 225 pacientes elegíveis, 115 (51,1%) foram admitidos com sepse, e destes, 63,5% foram encaminhados de outros serviços. Entre os pacientes procedentes de outros serviços o desenvolvimento do choque séptico e necessidade de ventilação mecânica foi significativamente mais frequente. Os pacientes admitidos no hospital do estudo por sepse tiveram maior aderência ao pacote de 3 horas da Surviving Sepsis Campaining-2016. Não houve diferença entre a mortalidade dos admitidos por sepse ou aqueles que desenvolveram sepse no hospital do estudo, entretanto, evoluíram a óbito 60,4% dos pacientes, destes, 63,2% procedentes de outros serviços. Conclusão: Mais da metade dos pacientes admitidos por sepse provém de outros serviços de saúde. Estes apresentaram maior grau de gravidade e requereram mais intervenções terapêuticas. Entretanto, não houve diferença nas taxas de mortalidade.
Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar los aspectos clínicos, gravedad y mortalidad de pacientes con sepsis atendidos en sector de urgencia y emergencia de un hospital terciario, relacionándolos con los servicios de salud de origen, donde se realizó la atención inicial. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado con pacientes sépticos atendidos en sector de urgencia y emergencia de un hospital universitario terciario. Resultados: De los 225 pacientes elegibles, 115 (51,1%) fueron admitidos con sepsis, y de éstos, el 63,5% fueron encaminados de otros servicios. Entre los pacientes procedentes de otros servicios el desarrollo del shock séptico y la necesidad de ventilación mecánica fue significativamente más frecuente. Los pacientes admitidos en el hospital del estudio por sepsis tuvieron mayor adherencia al paquete de 3 horas de la Surviving Sepsis Campaining-2016. No hubo diferencia entre la mortalidad de los admitidos por sepsis o aquellos que desarrollaron sepsis en el hospital del estudio, sin embargo, evolucionaron a muerte el 60,4% de los pacientes, de éstos, el 63,2% procedentes de otros servicios. Conclusión: Más de la mitad de los pacientes admitidos por sepsis provienen de otros servicios de salud. Estos presentaron mayor grado de gravedad y requirieron más intervenciones terapéuticas. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia en las tasas de mortalidad.
Abstract Objective: To characterize the clinical aspects, severity and mortality of sepsis patients treated in the urgency and emergency departments of a tertiary hospital, relating them to the health services of origin, where initial care was performed. Methods: Cross-sectional, quantitative study with sepsis patients, treated in the urgency and emergency departments of a tertiary university hospital. Results: Of the 225 eligible patients, 115 (51.1%) were hospitalized with sepsis; of these, 63.5% were referred from other services. Among patients from other services, the development of septic shock and the need for mechanical ventilation was significantly more frequent. Patients admitted to the sepsis study hospital had greater adherence to the 3-hour package of the Surviving Sepsis Campaining-2016. There was no difference between the mortality of those admitted for having sepsis and those who developed sepsis in the study hospital. However, 60.4% of the patients died, 63.2% of whom came from other services. Conclusion: More than half of the patients hospitalized with sepsis come from other health services. they presented a greater degree of severity and required more therapeutic interventions. However, there was no difference in mortality rates.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Clinical Protocols , Sepsis/diagnosis , Sepsis/mortality , Delivery of Health Care , Emergency Service, Hospital , Health Services , Hospitals, University , Cross-Sectional Studies , Evaluation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar fatores de risco para mortalidade em pacientes idosos com internação em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pacientes idosos admitidos em UTI, em um estudo de coorte histórica. Foi realizada amostragem de conveniência de todos os pacientes com 60 anos ou mais, internados nos 20 leitos de uma UTI de um hospital de alta complexidade. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Cox para estimar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A proporção de pacientes idosos representou 45% das admissões em UTI no período. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 38,4%. A variável pós-operatório de cirurgia de urgência e os escores Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) e Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) da admissão foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade foram os escores APACHE II e SOFA da admissão e pós-operatório de cirurgia de urgência.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for mortality in geriatric patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We studied older patients admitted to the ICU in a historical cohort study. Convenience sampling was performed for all patients aged 60 years or older, admitted to the 20 beds of an ICU of a highly complex hospital. Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate risk factors associated with mortality. The significance level used was 5%. RESULTS: The proportion of geriatric patients represented 45% of ICU admissions in the period. In-hospital mortality was 38.4%. The postoperative emergency surgery variable and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) admission scores were identified as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Risk factors associated with mortality were APACHE II and SOFA scores for admission and postoperative emergency surgery.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Hospital Mortality/trends , Health Services for the Aged , Hospitalization , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Health of the Elderly , Survival Rate/trends , Risk Factors , Cohort StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe a single center experience involving the administration of colistin to treat nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and identify factors associated with acute kidney injury and mortality. METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal study evaluates critically ill patients with infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. All adult patients who required treatment with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) from January to December 2008 were considered eligible for the study. Data include demographics, diagnosis, duration of treatment, presence of acute kidney injury and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Colistin was used to treat an infection in 109 (13.8%) of the 789 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The 30-day mortality observed in these patients was 71.6%. Twenty-nine patients (26.6%) presented kidney injury prior to colistin treatment, and six of these patients were able to recover kidney function even during colistin treatment. Twenty-one patients (19.2%) developed acute kidney injury while taking colistin, and 11 of these patients required dialysis. The variable independently associated with the presence of acute kidney injury was the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment at the beginning of colistin treatment (OR 1.46; 95%CI 1.20-1.79; p<0.001). The factors age (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.00-1.05; p=0.02) and vasopressor use (OR 12.48; 95%CI 4.49-34.70; p<0.001) were associated with death in the logistic-regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Organ dysfunction at the beginning of colistin treatment was associated with acute kidney injury. In a small group of patients, we were able to observe an improvement of kidney function during colistin treatment. Age and vasopressor use were associated with death.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Colistin/analogs & derivatives , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Administration, Intravenous , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Colistin/administration & dosage , Colistin/adverse effects , Colistin/therapeutic use , Critical Illness , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/mortality , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Female , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/mortality , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de hipertensão intra-abdominal no paciente grande queimado e sua associação com a ocorrência de injúria renal aguda. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, com população de pacientes queimados internados nos leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva especializada. Realizada amostragem de conveniência de pacientes adultos internados no período de 1º de agosto de 2015 a 31 de outubro de 2016. Foram coletados dados clínicos e da queimadura, além de medidas seriadas da pressão intra-abdominal. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram analisados 46 pacientes. Evoluíram com hipertensão intra-abdominal 38 pacientes (82,6%). A mediana da maior pressão intra-abdominal foi 15,0mmHg (intervalo interquartílico: 12,0 - 19,0). Desenvolveram injúria renal aguda 32 (69,9%) pacientes. A mediana do tempo para desenvolvimento de injúria renal aguda foi de 3 dias (intervalo interquartílico: 1 - 7). A análise individual de fatores de risco para injúria renal aguda apontou associação com hipertensão intra-abdominal (p = 0,041), uso de glicopeptídeos (p = 0,001), uso de vasopressor (p = 0,001) e uso de ventilação mecânica (p = 0,006). Foi evidenciada associação de injúria renal aguda com maior mortalidade em 30 dias (log-rank, p = 0,009). Conclusão: Ocorreu hipertensão intra-abdominal em grande parte dos pacientes estudados, predominantemente nos graus I e II. Os fatores de risco identificados para ocorrência de injúria renal aguda foram hipertensão intra-abdominal, uso de glicopeptídeos, vasopressor e ventilação mecânica. Injúria renal aguda esteve associada à maior mortalidade em 30 dias.
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal hypertension in major burn patients and its association with the occurrence of acute kidney injury. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of a population of burn patients hospitalized in a specialized intensive care unit. A convenience sample was taken of adult patients hospitalized in the period from 1 August 2015 to 31 October 2016. Clinical and burn data were collected, and serial intra-abdominal pressure measurements taken. The significance level used was 5%. Results: A total of 46 patients were analyzed. Of these, 38 patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension (82.6%). The median increase in intra-abdominal pressure was 15.0mmHg (interquartile range: 12.0 to 19.0). Thirty-two patients (69.9%) developed acute kidney injury. The median time to development of acute kidney injury was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 - 7). The individual analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury indicated an association with intra-abdominal hypertension (p = 0.041), use of glycopeptides (p = 0.001), use of vasopressors (p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.006). Acute kidney injury was demonstrated to have an association with increased 30-day mortality (log-rank, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Intra-abdominal hypertension occurred in most patients, predominantly in grades I and II. The identified risk factors for the occurrence of acute kidney injury were intra-abdominal hypertension and use of glycopeptides, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Acute kidney injury was associated with increased 30-day mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Burns/complications , Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Burns/therapy , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Critical Care , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/etiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A pneumonia adquirida na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) ocasiona o prolongamento da hospitalização e impacta na mortalidade. Intervenções educativas com profissionais de saúde são estratégias de prevenção relevantes nas infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado de uma ação educativa na adesão à manutenção do decúbito elevado, acima de 30 graus, como medida para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. MÉTODOS: Estudo quase experimental do tipo antes e depois desenvolvido na UTI do Hospital Universitário de Londrina, no período de março e junho de 2010, dividido em três fases (pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção). Durante o período de estudo, foram treinados 49 profissionais. Foram realizadas observações diretas da altura do decúbito antes e após o treinamento e coletados dados clínicos dos pacientes admitidos na UTI. A adesão à recomendação de manter o decúbito elevado foi definida como a manutenção de decúbito acima de 30 graus para cada observação. RESULTADOS: A média de angulação do decúbito apresentou aumento significativo do período pré-intervenção (27,85 ± 6,76 graus) para o primeiro mês pós-intervenção (30,70 ± 8,18 graus; p<0,001), no entanto esses valores não persistiram no terceiro mês de observação pós-intervenção (29,46 ± 6,19 graus). CONCLUSÃO: A ação educativa mostrou-se eficaz a curto prazo, na adesão à elevação do decúbito em ambiente hospitalar, porém essa adesão sofreu redução progressiva, demonstrando a necessidade de uma intervenção continuada para manutenção dos resultados.
INTRODUCTION: Intensive Care Unit (ICU) acquired pneumonia prolongs hospitalization and influences mortality rates. Educational interventions with health professionals are relevant preventive strategies for healthcare-associated infections. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the result of an educational activity on adherence to the maintenance of a high decubitus, above 30 degrees, as a measure for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study with a pretestposttest design conducted in the ICU of the University Hospital of Londrina from March to June 2010, divided in three periods (preintervention, intervention and post-intervention). During study period, 49 health professionals were trained. Direct observations of the decubitus' height were performed before and after training and clinical data of patients admitted to the ICU were collected. Adherence to the recommendation of high decubitus was defined as maintenance of decubitus above 30 degrees in each observation. RESULTS: There was an increase in the mean of decubitus' angle from pre-intervention period (27.85±6.76 degrees) to post-intervention (30.70±8.18 degrees; p<0.001), although this difference did not persisted in the third month postintervention observation (29.46±6.19 degrees). CONCLUSION: The educational activity was transiently effective in increasing adherence to maintain high decubitus during hospitalization, but the adherence decreased progressively, showing the need for a continuous intervention to maintain results.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Health Education , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/prevention & control , Intensive Care Units , Hospitals, UniversityABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se a posologia atualmente utilizada de vancomicina para tratamento de infecções bacterianas graves causadas por microrganismos Gram-positivos em pacientes admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva proporcionam níveis plasmáticos de vale de vancomicina em nível terapêutico, e examinar possíveis fatores associados com níveis de vale de vancomicina adequados nesses pacientes. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo descritivo com amostra de conveniência. Os pacientes que cumpriam os critérios de inclusão tiveram seus dados coletados a partir das anotações da enfermagem e dos registros médicos entre setembro de 2013 e julho de 2014. Incluíram-se 83 pacientes. Os níveis plasmáticos de vale iniciais de vancomicina foram obtidos imediatamente antes da quarta dose de vancomicina. Definiu-se lesão renal aguda como um aumento de, pelo menos, 0,3mg/dL na creatinina sérica dentro de 48 horas. Resultados: Considerando os níveis de vale plasmáticos de vancomicina recomendados para o tratamento de infecções graves por Gram-positivos (15 - 20µg/mL), os pacientes foram categorizados em grupos como níveis de vale de vancomicina baixos, adequados e elevados, respectivamente divididos em 35 (42,2%), 18 (21,7%), e 30 (36,1%) pacientes. Os pacientes com lesão renal aguda tiveram níveis plasmáticos de vale de vancomicina significantemente mais elevados (p = 0,0055, com significância para tendência, p = 0,0023). Conclusão: Preocupantemente, mais de 40% dos pacientes não obtiveram níveis plasmáticos de vale de vancomicina considerados eficazes. São necessários estudos de farmacocinética e de regimes posológicos de vancomicina em pacientes admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva, para contornar esta elevada proporção de falhas na obtenção de níveis de vale iniciais adequados de vancomicina. Deve ser desencorajado o uso de vancomicina sem monitoramento dos níveis de vale plasmáticos.
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to assess whether currently used dosages of vancomycin for treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections in intensive care unit patients provided initial therapeutic vancomycin trough levels and to examine possible factors associated with the presence of adequate initial vancomycin trough levels in these patients. Methods: A prospective descriptive study with convenience sampling was performed. Nursing note and medical record data were collected from September 2013 to July 2014 for patients who met inclusion criteria. Eighty-three patients were included. Initial vancomycin trough levels were obtained immediately before vancomycin fourth dose. Acute kidney injury was defined as an increase of at least 0.3mg/dL in serum creatinine within 48 hours. Results: Considering vancomycin trough levels recommended for serious gram-positive infection treatment (15 - 20µg/mL), patients were categorized as presenting with low, adequate, and high vancomycin trough levels (35 [42.2%], 18 [21.7%], and 30 [36.1%] patients, respectively). Acute kidney injury patients had significantly greater vancomycin trough levels (p = 0.0055, with significance for a trend, p = 0.0023). Conclusion: Surprisingly, more than 40% of the patients did not reach an effective initial vancomycin trough level. Studies on pharmacokinetic and dosage regimens of vancomycin in intensive care unit patients are necessary to circumvent this high proportion of failures to obtain adequate initial vancomycin trough levels. Vancomycin use without trough serum level monitoring in critically ill patients should be discouraged.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Vancomycin/administration & dosage , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Intensive Care Units , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Vancomycin/pharmacokinetics , Prospective Studies , Drug Monitoring/methods , Creatinine/blood , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Acute Kidney Injury/complications , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a implementação de time de resposta rápida multidisciplinar liderado por médico intensivista em hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado pela análise de fichas de atendimentos preenchidas durante os atendimentos realizados pelo time de resposta rápida do hospital universitário entre março de 2009 e fevereiro de 2014. Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 1.628 atendimentos realizados em 1.024 pacientes pelo time de resposta rápida, sendo 1.423 códigos amarelos e 205 códigos azuis. Houve maior número de atendimentos no primeiro ano, após implementação do time de resposta rápida. A análise multivariada identificou idade (OR 1,02; IC95% 1,02 - 1,03; p < 0,001), sexo masculino (OR 1,48; IC95% 1,09 - 2,01; p = 0,01), mais de um atendimento (OR 3,31; IC95% 2,32 - 4,71; p < 0,001), internação para especialidades clínicas (OR 1,77; IC95% 1,29 - 2,42; p < 0,001), pedido de vaga de unidade de terapia intensiva posterior ao código (OR 4,75; IC95% 3,43 - 6,59; p < 0,001) e admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva prévia ao código (OR 2,13, IC95% 1,41 - 3,21; p = 0,001) como fatores de risco para mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes atendidos em códigos amarelos. Conclusão: Os índices de mortalidade hospitalar foram elevados quando comparados aos da literatura e houve maior número de atendimentos no primeiro ano de atuação do time de resposta rápida. Houve maior mortalidade hospitalar entre pacientes internados para especialidades clínicas.
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the implementation of a multidisciplinary rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed assessment forms that were completed during the assessments made by the rapid response team of a university hospital between March 2009 and February 2014. Results: Data were collected from 1,628 assessments performed by the rapid response team for 1,024 patients and included 1,423 code yellow events and 205 code blue events. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. The multivariate analysis indicated that age (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.03; p < 0.001), being male (OR 1.48; 95%CI 1.09 - 2.01; p = 0.01), having more than one assessment (OR 3.31; 95%CI, 2.32 - 4.71; p < 0.001), hospitalization for clinical care (OR 1.77; 95%CI 1.29 - 2.42; p < 0.001), the request of admission to the intensive care unit after the code event (OR 4.75; 95%CI 3.43 - 6.59; p < 0.001), and admission to the intensive care unit before the code event (OR 2.13; 95%CI 1.41 - 3.21; p = 0.001) were risk factors for hospital mortality in patients who were seen for code yellow events. Conclusion: The hospital mortality rates were higher than those found in previous studies. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. Moreover, hospital mortality was higher among patients admitted for clinical care.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Hospital Mortality , Hospital Rapid Response Team/organization & administration , Intensive Care Units/organization & administration , Sex Factors , Multivariate Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Hospitals, University , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity-mortality among hospitalized patients. The aim of this epidemiological study was to determine mortality and risks related to death in adult patients with healthcare-associated infections admitted to a teaching hospital in one year. Patient data were collected from infection medical reports. The mortality rate associated with infections was 38.4%, and it was classified as a contributing factor to deaths in 87.1% of death cases. The correlation between healthcare-associated infection and death was statistically significant among clinical patients (41.3%) presenting comorbidities related to the diagnosis (55.8%), cardiovascular infection (62.2%), pneumonia (48.9%), developing sepsis (69.0%), as well as patients who had been colonized (45.2%) and infected (44.7%) by multidrug resistance microorganisms.
La infección relacionada con la atención sanitaria es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad entre los pacientes hospitalizados. El objetivo de este estudio epidemiológico fue determinar la mortalidad y los riesgos asociados con el fallecimiento de pacientes adultos con la infección relacionada con la atención sanitaria ingresados en un hospital universitario en el periodo de un año. Los datos de los pacientes se obtuvieron de registros de notificación de infecciones. La tasa de mortalidad asociada con las infecciones fue del 38,4%, y fueron clasificados como un factor que contribuye en el 87,1% de las muertes. La asociación de la infección relacionada con la atención sanitaria con el fallecimiento fue estadísticamente significativa entre pacientes clínicos (41,3%), que presentaron comorbilidad asociadas a el diagnóstico (55,8%), con infección cardiovascular (62,2%), neumonía (48,9%), que desarrollaron sepsis (69,0%), colonizados (45,2%) o infectados (44,7%) por microorganismos multirresistentes. Se concluyó que las infecciones contribuyeron a la muerte de la mayoría de los pacientes.
A infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade entre pacientes hospitalizados. O objetivo deste estudo epidemiológico foi determinar a mortalidade e os riscos associados ao óbito de pacientes adultos com infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde, internados em um hospital-escola no período de um ano. Dados dos pacientes foram coletados das fichas de notificação de infecções. A taxa de mortalidade associada a essas infecções foi de 38,4%, classificadas como fator contribuinte em 87,1% dos óbitos. A associação das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde com o óbito foi estatisticamente significativa entre pacientes clínicos (41,3%), que apresentavam comorbirdades associadas ao diagnóstico (55,8%), com infecção cardiovascular (62,2%), pneumonia (48,9%), que evoluíram com sepse (69,0%), colonizados (45,2%) ou infectados (44,7%) por microrganismos multirresistentes. Concluiu-se que as infecções contribuíram para o óbito da maioria dos pacientes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cross Infection , Epidemiology , Risk Factors , MortalityABSTRACT
Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de um único centro com o uso de colistina para tratar infecções hospitalares causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes a múltiplos fármacos e identificar fatores associados com lesão renal aguda e mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo que avaliou pacientes gravemente enfermos, com infecções causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes a múltiplos fármacos. Foram considerados elegíveis para este estudo, durante o período compreendido entre janeiro e dezembro de 2008, todos os pacientes adultos com necessidade de tratamento com colistina endovenosa (colistimetato de sódio). As informações coletadas incluem dados demográficos, diagnóstico, duração do tratamento, presença de lesão renal aguda e mortalidade em 30 dias. Resultados: A colistina foi utilizada para tratar uma infecção em 109 de 789 pacientes (13,8%) admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. A mortalidade em 30 dias observada nestes pacientes foi de 71,6%. Vinte e nove pacientes (26,6%) tinham lesão renal prévia ao tratamento com colistina, sendo que seis deles conseguiram recuperar a função renal, mesmo durante o tratamento com colistina. Vinte e um pacientes (19,2%) desenvolveram lesão renal aguda durante o tratamento com colistina, sendo que 11 destes pacientes necessitaram ser submetidos à diálise. A variável independentemente associada com a presença de lesão renal aguda foi a pontuação segundo o sistema Sequential Organ Failure Assessment no início do tratamento com colistina (OR=1,46; IC95%=1,20-1,79; p<0,001). Idade (OR=1,03; IC95%=1,00-1,05; p=0,02) e uso de vasopressores (OR=12,48; IC95%=4,49-34,70; p<0,001) foram fatores associados a óbito, segundo um modelo de regressão logística. ...
Objective: To describe a single center experience involving the administration of colistin to treat nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and identify factors associated with acute kidney injury and mortality. Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study evaluates critically ill patients with infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. All adult patients who required treatment with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) from January to December 2008 were considered eligible for the study. Data include demographics, diagnosis, duration of treatment, presence of acute kidney injury and 30-day mortality. Results: Colistin was used to treat an infection in 109 (13.8%) of the 789 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The 30-day mortality observed in these patients was 71.6%. Twenty-nine patients (26.6%) presented kidney injury prior to colistin treatment, and six of these patients were able to recover kidney function even during colistin treatment. Twenty-one patients (19.2%) developed acute kidney injury while taking colistin, and 11 of these patients required dialysis. The variable independently associated with the presence of acute kidney injury was the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment at the beginning of colistin treatment (OR 1.46; 95%CI 1.20-1.79; p<0.001). The factors age (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.00-1.05; p=0.02) and vasopressor use (OR 12.48; 95%CI 4.49-34.70; p<0.001) were associated with death in the logistic-regression model. Conclusions: Organ dysfunction at the beginning of colistin treatment was associated with acute kidney injury. In a small group of patients, we were able to observe an improvement of kidney function during colistin treatment. Age and vasopressor use were associated with death. .
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Colistin/analogs & derivatives , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Administration, Intravenous , Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Critical Illness , Colistin/administration & dosage , Colistin/adverse effects , Colistin/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/mortality , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/mortality , Intensive Care Units , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact that the implementation of therapeutic guidelines has on the empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. METHODS: A clinical trial, using historical controls and involving current ICU patients who had acquired nosocomial pneumonia, was carried out from June of 2002 to June of 2003. All were treated according to therapeutic guidelines developed by the Commission for Nosocomial Infection Control of the institution (group with intervention). As controls, the medical charts of the patients who acquired nosocomial pneumonia between June of 2000 and June of 2001 (group without intervention) were analyzed. Mortality and mean treatment period, as well as the length of hospital and ICU stays, were determined for the patients who acquired nosocomial pneumonia. RESULTS: Mortality associated with pneumonia was lower in the group treated according to the therapeutic guidelines (26 vs. 53.6%; p = 0.00). As for overall mortality, there was no statistically significant difference between the two periods (51 vs. 57.9%; p = 0.37). There was also no difference in the type of microorganisms isolated, treatment period, length of hospital stay or length of ICU stay. CONCLUSION: The implementation of therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia acquired in the ICU can be efficacious in decreasing mortality rates.