[Promoting Intergenerational Relationships as a Strategy to Face the Challenges of Demographic Aging]. / La promoción de las relaciones intergeneracionales como estrategia para afrontar los desafíos del envejecimiento poblacional.

Nowadays, social and health representatives are putting the focus on emerging need: promote intergenerational programs and practices to generate spaces of encounter and collaboration between people of different ages. According to it, the purpose of intergenerational practices should be to achieve as aim for a society for all ages, regardless of age, an expression proposed by United Nations, not only to integrate all ages but to respond to their needs and provide them a higher quality of life.

[Gender Analysis in the Agreement in Assessing the Signs Between Professionals and Parents Whose Children Have Attention Deficit and/or Hyperactivity Disorder]. / Análisis de género en la concordancia entre profesionales y progenitors en la Valoración de los Signos del Trastorino por Déficit de Atención Con o sin Hiperactividad de los Hijos.

The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent chronic neuropsychiatric illness in childhood. It interferes with normal development of children. Its impact transcends childhood to appear in adolescence and adulthood. Diagnosis would be developed if the child shows the main symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, with consequences in different aspects of daily life, such as academic achievements, family life or social interactions with other children. These symptoms will come up along life in different ways. When the child is young, hyperactivity and impulsivity prevail, but as he/she grows, the dispersion and difficulty to remember things and facts will become more evident. The aim of the study was to assess with the Vanderbilt scale, based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, the differences of the impact of ADHD among parents, in comparison to the medical diagnosis. A retrospective study was carried out by using this questionnaire, which completed by both parents individually. A total of 78 children took part in this study, all of them diagnosed with ages ranging from 6 to 16 years old, who attended to Neuropedriatics at VAlle del Nalón Hospital(Asturias), between October 2011 and March 2013. Regarding attention deficit, the average responses given by mothers (7.38 ± 1.81) was higher than that offered by fathers (647 ± 2/46). The same is true for hyperactivity/impulsivity, with average scores of mothers (5.80 ± 2.90) which were one positive response higher than those given by male patients (4.74 ± 3.04). Mothers show a higher percentage of agreement with the medical diagnosis (86.3%) when the child was a girl and 66% with boys, whereas for fathers the percentage of agreement was less than 50% female children and 44.6% for male children.

[COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCALES]. / Escalas de valoración geriátrica integral.

The process of comprehensive geriatric assessment is one of the key elements of geriatric care management aimed at the population. it includes evaluating the clinical, functional, mental and social aspects of aging result and/or pathological processes that appear at this stage of the life cycle. For their achievement, as well as other tools, professionals have a large number of validated rating scales specifically designed in the assessment of the different areas or fields. Its use can be very useful, especially for the objectification of evaluation results. The future of research in this area goes through deepening the adequacy of the scales to the characteristics and needs of older people in each care level or place of care.

[Elderly caregivers of elderly people].

The ageing of the population is a reality in our society nowadays. The aging process changes increase the probability that health problems occur. This fact involves that the needs of care demanded by the population increase too. The care for the elderly generally are provided in home environments, where often, the primary caregiver is another old person. In this sense, must be taken into account that this stage of life, the old age, although there has been important improvements in the quality of life and in the resolution of health problems, presents certain limitations refers to physical and mental declines that affect to the functional capacity of elderly caregivers. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive geriatric assessment to identify unresolved needs and establish care strategies required to attend their demands for care.

[ELDERLY CAREGIVERS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE: BURDEN AND SOCIAL SUPPORT]. / El cuidador mayor de personas mayores. SOBRECARGA Y APOYOSOCIAL.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the burden and social support perceived by elderly caregivers of elderly people. METHOD: Cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire for elderly caregivers of elderly people. RESULTS: In the population of elderly caregivers of elderly people, the prevalent type of care is by couples (84.1 %), and the percentages of men and women correspond to 40.2 % and 59.8 %, respectively. The 53.3 % of caregivers have burden, of which a 31.8 % present an intense burden, and a 21.5 % a slight burden. Regarding to perceived social support of elderly caregivers, it is normal in a 81.3 % of cases, compared to a 18.7 % who reflecting a low perceived social support. Finally, there is correlation between Duke social support questionnaire and Zarit scale caregiver burden. CONCLUSION: Elderly caregivers of elderly people who have higher levels of burden have lower perceived social support.

[THE VALUE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN AGING]. / El valor de las tecnologías de la información y La comunicación (TICs) en la vejez.

Nowadays, acquiring, managing, disseminating and understanding information through new technologies is an important aspect of our daily life. We can search for and store information, but we can also spread it. The proper handling of information and communications technology (TICs) is beneficial, but does not reach all alike. The difficulties posed by the elderly when adapting to TICs are increased by the fact that they are unknown and unfamiliar to them, resulting in rejection from the elderly and thus an increased risk of inequality and social exclusion. TICs value in aging lies in the improvement of self-learning and personal development as well as in promoting participation, social integration and healthy aging.

[The functional assessment as comprehensive geriatric assessment axis]. / La valoración funcional como eje de la valoración geriátrica integral.

The comprehensive geriatric assessment (VGI) is a diagnostic process dynamic, structured, multidimensional and interdisciplinary to detect problems and needs of older people to develop an intervention strategy, although scientific evidence should not apply to all groups elderly. The VGI is developed by an interdisciplinary team, which plays a key role nursing. The framework nurse and nursing conceptual models, especially the 11 functional health patterns, enable the multidimensional assessment and subsequent intervention. The VGI covers four areas, clinic, mental, social and functional, although its axis, its importance and globalization concept is functional assessment. For this we have the history, physical examination and a series of specific instruments, geriatric assessment scales. They are a complement to, not only the VGI axis.

[Pain in the elderly]. / Dolor en al anciano.

Pain leads to unpleasant sensory or emotional experience for any individual. In the elderly, given their biopsychosocial characteristics, the pain requires a specific approach, different from other age groups: this is the objective of this article, which dealt with the different types of pain, the assessment and treatment of the same.

Implications of gut and oral microbiota in neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease.

A diverse and stable microbiota promotes a healthy state, nevertheless, an imbalance in gut or oral bacterial composition, called dysbiosis, can cause gastrointestinal disorders, systemic inflammatory states and oxidative stress, among others. Recently, gut and oral dysbiosis has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is considered the most common form of dementia and a public health priority due to its high prevalence and incidence. The aim of this review is to highlight the implications of gut and oral microbiota in the neuroinflammation characteristic of AD pathology and the subsequent cognitive impairment. It is a systematic review of the current literature obtained by searching the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The characteristic intestinal dysbiosis in AD patients leads to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier and activates immune cells in the central nervous system due to translocation of microbiota-derived metabolites and/or bacteria into the circulation leading to increased neuroinflammation and neuronal loss, thus generating the cognitive impairment characteristic of AD. The presence in the central nervous system of Porphyromonas gingivalis can cause an increased neuroinflammation and beta-amyloid peptide accumulation.

Analysis of Knowledge of Smoking-Related Diseases in Spanish Nursing Students.

Smoking causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in developed countries. In addition, it is the cause of numerous diseases in the body, despite the fact that the prevalence of tobacco use is decreasing. Nursing students, as future professionals, should be aware of action plans for cessation and information designed for smokers. To determine the level of knowledge among nursing students about smoking-related diseases and analyze the prevalence of student who smoke at the University of Leon, Spain, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in which students were given an anonymous questionnaire, which was previously validated, during the 2021-2022 academic year. In a sample of 477 (79.5%) nursing students, a smoking prevalence of 17.6% was obtained. In addition, students' knowledge about the diseases directly caused by tobacco consumption and others associated with exposure to environmental smoke was assessed, and in both cases (8.03 points of 9 for consumption and 5.24 of 6 to exposure), scores were obtained that allow us to state that students do not know for sure the types of diseases that are related to tobacco use and passive smoking. In spite of this, it is necessary to continue to reduce the prevalence of smoking through different programs implemented in schools and universities, as it is also necessary to improve teaching plans when explaining smoking-related diseases, so that students, in the future, will be able to advise patients correctly.

[Analysis of the consumption of drugs in the elderly and its relationship with chronic disease]. / Consumo de fármacos en personas mayores y su relación con la enfermedad crónica.

OBJECTIVES: To determine chronic disease diagnosed at the population and their influence on the use of drugs among noninstitutionalized elderly. METHOD: A cross sectional study using a standardized questionnaire to people over 65 do not institutionalized. RESULTS: The elderly population suffers an average of 1.91 chronic illnesses. The 38.65% had no disease, 40.40% have any, have 12.72% 7.98% two one suffers three or more. Drug use varies by age (higher in older age) and sex (higher in women). The average number of medications taken per day is 2.58 and the most consumed are hypotensive (56.6%), drugs for headache, leg or foot (37.7%), tranquilizers, soothing (36%) diabetes (25.7%), cholesterol (22.9%), and cardiovascular diseases (20.7%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive relationship between drugs consumed and chronic diseases that have the elderly.

[Analysis of Bullying and Harassment Experienced by Fourth-Year Nursing Students in their Clinical Practice.] / Análisis de la intimidación y acoso experimentado por estudiantes de Enfermería de cuarto curso durante sus prácticas clínicas.

OBJECTIVE: Nursing students, with their inexperience and the frequent challenge of encountering new environments, are a potentially vulnerable group for bullying and harassment in the work setting. The aim of this study was to analyze the bullying and/or harassment experienced by Nursing students during their clinical practice. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the University of León and the study population was fourth-year nursing students. The measurement instrument was a 24-item questionnaire approved by the University Ethics Committee. The chi-square test, Student's t-test and Mann Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A prevalence of 26.5% (22/83) of students who suffered episodes of bullying and/or harassment was observed; younger students suffered these events from physicians, patients and family members and/or companions to a greater extent. This produced an impact on the psychological well-being of the students, who felt depressed, humiliated and incapable, which negatively affected the level of care provided to patients. CONCLUSIONS: The overall problem studied presents a lower prevalence than that obtained in other work carried out in the rest of the world; as a consequence, there is an impact on the psychological well-being of the students that affects their level of attention to the tasks they are carrying out and their way of working with others.

OBJETIVO: Los estudiantes de Enfermería, con su inexperiencia y el desafío frecuente de encontrarse con nuevos entornos, son un grupo potencialmente vulnerable para sufrir intimidación y acoso en el ámbito del trabajo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la intimidación y/o acoso padecidos por los estudiantes de Enfermería durante sus prácticas clínicas. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Universidad de León. La población a estudio fueron los estudiantes del Grado en Enfermería de cuarto curso. El instrumento de medida fue un cuestionario que constó de 24 items y que se aprobó por el Comité de Ética de la Universidad. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado, t de Student y la U de Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS: Se observó una prevalencia del 26,5% (n=83) de estudiantes que sufrieron episodios de intimidación y/o acoso; los estudiantes de menor edad padecieron estos hechos por parte de los médicos, pacientes y familiares y/o acompañantes en mayor medida. Esto produjo un impacto en su bienestar psicológico e hizo que se sintieran deprimidos, humillados e incapaces, lo que afectó negativamente al nivel de atención prestado a los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: El problema global estudiado presenta una prevalencia inferior a la obtenida en otros trabajos llevados a cabo en el resto del mundo. Como consecuencia, existe un impacto en el bienestar psicológico de los estudiantes que afecta a su nivel de atención en las tareas que están llevando a cabo y a su forma de trabajar con los demás.

[Safety patient in medication use and administration]. / Seguridad del paciente. Manejo y administración de medicamentos.

We face two realities of great importance in health today: first patient safety as a basic and essential component of quality of care, and secondly the complexity of drug management. Ensure appropriate use and administration medication is essential to guarantee patient safety and necessary condition to ensure optimal levels of quality of clinical practice. We made an analysis of both realities to see what are the implications to health professionals in this area.

[Strategies for patient safety in medication management and administration]. / Estrategias para la seguridad del paciente manejo y administración de medicamentos.

Clinical safety is one of the greatest challenges currently facing healthcare organizations. Is a key element in the quality of care processes, care processes among which noted, by its impact, the medication management and administration. All health professionals need, in developing their professional competence, strategies to improve safety in medication management and to incorporate the prevention of errors and adverse events in their training programs and assistance: only from proper planning will be approached for excellence in clinical care and safety.

The Influence of Nutrition in Alzheimer's Disease: Neuroinflammation and the Microbiome vs. Transmissible Prion.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a primary, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder. Many risk factors for the development of AD have been investigated, including nutrition. Although it has been proven that nutrition plays a role in AD, the precise mechanisms through which nutrition exerts its influence remain undefined. The object of this study is to address this issue by elucidating some of the mechanisms through which nutrition interacts with AD. This work is a qualitative systematic bibliographic review of the current literature searchable on various available databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Our evidence comprises 31 articles selected after a systematic search process. Patients suffering with AD present a characteristic microbiome that promotes changes in microglia generating a proinflammatory state. Many similarities exist between AD and prion diseases, both in terms of symptoms and in the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Changes in the composition of the gut microbiome due to dietary habits could be one of the environmental factors affecting the development of AD; however, this is probably not the only factor. Similarly, the mechanism for self-propagation of beta-amyloid seen in AD is similar to that seen in prions.

Self-Medication of Drugs in Nursing Students from Castile and Leon (Spain).

To determine the prevalence of self-medication in nursing students and their related factors, a transversal, descriptive study was performed on a sample of 378 nursing students. A total of 73.8% of the sample declared having used off-prescription drugs during the last month (2.84;2.26-3.58). A total of 28.9% said they did this because they are familiar with the health problem and its pharmacological solution and 25% deemed that it was a mild health problem. Drugs most commonly used off-prescription were analgesics in 88.91% (3.63;2.74-4.80) of occasions. They were mainly recommended by the students' family (1.31;1.03-1.65) on 58.12% of the cases. Students keep analgesics they take off-prescription in their home first aid kit (4.47;3.28-6.08; p < 0.001). Unlike other studies, 53.2% obtained off-prescription drugs from the home first aid kit (1.13;0.89-1.43; p < 0.001). In addition, they gave advice and recommend drugs they have taken to other people with similar symptoms (1.97;1.59-2.44). A total of 85.72% kept excess drugs after a treatment (6.00;4.50-7.99). Self-medication is related to the storage of unused medicines and giving advice on the use of drugs to other people, among other things. Self-medication of drugs among nursing students is high. Thus, it appears necessary to review the training on rational the use of drugs and responsible self-medication in the discipline's curriculum.

Relationship of Perceived Social Support with Mental Health in Older Caregivers.

BACKGROUND: Elderly caregivers present increased physical and mental health problems. These factors can lead to a lack of autonomy and a need for social support. This study aims to analyse the relationships between perceived social support and mental health status in elderly caregivers aged 65 and older. METHODS: a cross-sectional study based on data from the Spanish National Health Survey (ENSE-17) carried out on 7023 people. The study population was restricted to 431 caregivers aged ≥65 years. A study of the correlation between the mental health state and the perceived social support was carried out. Both variables were related to the sex of the caregiver. RESULTS: Perceived social support by older caregivers is significantly related to mental health (p = 0.001), and stress (p < 0.001). Also, there is a significant relationship between perceived social support and mental well-being (p = 0.001), self-esteem (p = 0.005) and stress (p = 0.001) in older women caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: Older caregivers have adequate mental well-being and perceive high social support. Perceived social support can contribute to improving the mental well-being of older caregivers.