Hemodynamic evaluation in preterm infants using ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM).

We aimed to establish reference ranges for USCOM parameters in preterm infants, determine factors that affect cardiac output, and evaluate the measurement repeatability. This retro-prospective study was performed at Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy. We included infants below 32 weeks of gestational age (GA) and/or 1500 g of birth weight (BW). We excluded infants with congenital heart diseases or hemodynamic instability. Measurements were performed at 3 ± 1, 7 ± 2, and 14 ± 2 postnatal days. We analyzed 204 measurements from 92 patients (median GA = 30.57 weeks, BW = 1360 g). The mean (SD) cardiac output (CO) was 278 (55) ml/min/kg, cardiac index (CI) was 3.1 (0.5) L/min/m2, and systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) was 1292 (294) d*s*cm-5/m2. CO presented a negative correlation with postmenstrual age (PMA), while SVRI presented a positive correlation with PMA. The repeatability coefficient was 31 ml/kg/min (12%).  Conclusion: This is the first study describing reference values for USCOM parameters in hemodynamically stable preterm infants and factors affecting their variability. Further studies to investigate the usefulness of USCOM for the longitudinal assessment of patients at risk for cardiovascular instability or monitoring the response to therapies are warranted. What is Known: • The ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring (USCOM) has been widely used on adult and pediatric patients and reference ranges for cardiac output (CO) by USCOM have been established in term infants. What is New: • We established reference values for USCOM parameters in very preterm and very-low-birth-weight infants; the reference ranges for CO by USCOM in the study population were 198-405 ml/kg/min. • CO normalized by body weight presented a significant negative correlation with postmenstrual age (PMA); systemic vascular resistance index presented a significant positive correlation with PMA.

Thrombocytopenia and Cornelia de Lange syndrome: Still an enigma?

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cohesion complex and its regulators. The syndrome is characterized by multiple organ system abnormalities, pre- and post-natal growth retardation and typical facial features. Thrombocytopenia is a reduction in platelet count to <150 × 10(9) L. It can be caused by congenital or acquired decreased production, increased destruction, or sequestration of platelets. In recent years, several papers reported thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia in patients affected by CdLS. In 2011, Lambert et al. estimated the risk of idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura in CdLS patients to be 31-633 times greater than in the general population. We describe the incidence of thrombocytopenia in 127 Italian CdLS patients, identifying patients with transient or persistent thrombocytopenia, but a lower incidence of true idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

Early Postnatal Infection of Neonates Born to Mothers Infected by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the rate of postnatal infection during the first month of life in neonates born to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive mothers during the predominant circulation of the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. METHODS: This prospective, 10-center study enrolled mothers infected by SARS-CoV-2 at delivery and their infants, if both were eligible for rooming-in, between December 2021 and March 2022. Neonates were screened for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at 1 day of life (DOL), 2 to 3 DOL, before discharge, and twice after hospital discharge. Mother-infant dyads were managed under a standardized protocol to minimize the risk of viral transmission. Sequencing data in the study area were obtained from the Italian Coronavirus Disease 2019 Genomic platform. Neonates were included in the final analysis if they were born when the omicron variant represented >90% of isolates. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent (302/366) of mothers had an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 368 neonates, 1 was considered infected in utero (0.3%), whereas the postnatal infection rate during virtually exclusive circulation of the omicron variant was 12.1%. Among neonates infected after birth, 48.6% became positive during the follow-up period. Most positive cases at follow-up were detected concurrently with the peak of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Italy. Ninety-seven percent of the infected neonates were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of early postnatal infection by the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant is higher than that reported for previously circulating variants. However, protected rooming-in practice should still be encouraged given the paucity of symptoms in infected neonates.

Evaluation of hemodynamics in healthy term neonates using ultrasonic cardiac output monitor.

BACKGROUND: Transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is a critical phase during which several changes occur in cardiovascular system. In clinical practice, it is important to have a method that allows an easy, rapid and precise evaluation of hemodynamic status of a newborn for clinical management. We here propose a rapid, broadly applicable method to monitor cardiovascular function using ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring (USCOM). METHODS: We here present data obtained from a cohort of healthy term newborns (n = 43) born by programmed cesarean section at Fondazione MBBM, Ospedale San Gerardo. Measurements were performed during the first hour of life, then at 6 + 2, at 12-24, and 48 h of life. We performed a screening echocardiography to identify a patent duct at 24 h and, if patent, it was repeated at 48 h of life. RESULTS: We show that physiologically, during the first 48 h of life, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance gradually increase, while there is a concomitant reduction in stroke volume, cardiac output, and cardiac index. The presence of patent ductus arteriosus significantly reduces cardiac output (p = 0.006) and stroke volume (p = 0.023). Furthermore, newborns born at 37 weeks of gestational age display significantly lower cardiac output (p < 0.001), cardiac index (p = 0.045) and stroke volume (p < 0.001) compared to newborns born at 38 and ≥ 39 weeks. Finally, birth-weight (whether adequate, small or large for gestational age) significantly affects blood pressure (p = 0.0349), stroke volume (p < 0.0001), cardiac output (p < 0.0001) and cardiac index (p = 0.0004). In particular, LGA infants display a transient increase in cardiac index, cardiac output and stroke volume up to 24 h of life; showing a different behavior from AGA and SGA infants. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to previous studies, we expanded measurements to longer time-points and we analyzed the impact of commonly used clinical variables on hemodynamics during transition phase thus making our data clinically applicable in daily routine. We calculate reference values for each population, which can be of clinical relevance for quick bedside evaluation in neonatal intensive care unit.