Upper limb dimensions in adults presenting for elective surgery - implications for blood pressure measurement.

BACKGROUND: Arm conicity is associated with non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement error and may be avoided by using finger cuffs. Predicting arm conicity may help decisions regarding NIBP measurement techniques. METHODS: We obtained upper limb measurements of adults presenting to the Pre-Anesthetic Clinic to determine: the suitability of arm and finger cuff sizes; the best anthropometric predictor of arm conicity based on the right arm slant angle; the incidence of a right arm slant angle < 83 degrees. Right mid-arm circumference (MAC) was compared to recommended cuff sizes and finger circumference compared to available cuffs. Slant angle was calculated from the measurements obtained. Linear regression was used to determine the better predictor of right arm slant angle. Correlation coefficients were calculated and R2 values compared. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-four patients participated and 453 had cone-shaped arms. One participant (0.2, 95% CI 0.0-1.2) had a MAC outside the recommended cuff range. Twenty-five participants (5.5, 95% CI 3.6-8.0) had a middle finger circumference greater than the largest ClearSight™ cuff. Body mass index (BMI), weight and right MAC all had low to moderate correlation with right arm slant angle (r = - 0.49, - 0.39, - 0.48, all p < 0.001) and regression revealed R2 values of 0.24, 0.15 and 0.23. Six participants (1.3, 95% CI 0.5-2.9) had a slant angle < 83 degrees. CONCLUSION: Current NIBP equipment caters for most patients, based on the traditional measure of MAC. The utility of finger cuffs is limited by cuff size. BMI and right MAC showed the most promise in predicting arm conicity.

Does a "Western Lifestyle" Confer a Higher Burden of Colorectal Cancer? A Comparison of EU15+ Countries versus Global Trends between 1990 and 2019.

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the U.S. is declining in adults 50 years and older; however, recent studies suggest an increasing disease burden among adults under age 50. This study aims to compare the incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) of CRC in EU15+ countries to determine if similar age-stratified occurrences are observed across these countries with similar "Western lifestyle"-related risk factors. Incidence and mortality rates for CRC between 1990 and 2019 were extracted using the Global Burden of Disease database. The data were age-stratified into groups between ages 25-49, 50-69, and greater than 69 years. We observed that the incidence of CRC increased globally for all age groups, with the highest increase observed for males (75.9%) and females (27.7%) aged 25-49. A similar trend was observed in 15 of the 19 EU15+ countries for males and 16 of the 19 EU15+ countries for females aged 25-49. Global mortality rates decreased for all age groups in females but increased for males in all age groups. This raises concerns regarding potentially modifiable risk factors contributing to increased CRC development and underscores the importance of implementing standardized screening at an earlier stage to ensure adequate detection in the younger population.

Arm Dimensions of Patients with Obesity and Their Experiences with Blood Pressure Measurement: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with obesity, it was determined what proportion had an arm slant angle (SA) < 83° and which measure best predicted arm conicity. Patient experience with noninvasive blood pressure measurement was evaluated. METHODS: Arm SA was calculated from arm measurements. Linear regression determined whether BMI, weight, or right midarm circumference (MAC) best predicted conicity. Patient experiences were evaluated by survey and conventional content analysis of free-text comments. RESULTS: One hundred participants had a median (interquartile range; range) BMI of 44.1 (39.1-53.1; 31.1-80.8). Thirty-three (33%) had a right arm SA < 83°. Seven (7%) had a right MAC outside the recommended range. BMI, weight, and the right MAC showed low correlation with and explained little of the variation (with age and sex adjustment) in right arm SA (r = -0.29, -0.27, -0.31; P = 0.003, 0.007, 0.002; R2 = 0.09, 0.08, 0.10). Forty-two (42%) reported noninvasive blood pressure measurement caused severe pain, and 30 (30%) reported skin damage. Themes identified in free-text responses were "problems with equipment," "feelings and experiences," and "concerns about accuracy." CONCLUSIONS: Current equipment is inadequate for patients with obesity based on MAC and conicity. Pain and skin damage contributed to negative experiences of these patients.