Histomorphometrical and radiological comparison of low-level laser therapy effects on distraction osteogenesis: experimental study.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is the application of traction to the callus formed between bone segments and stimulation of bone formation by creating stress on the callus with this traction. Shorten the duration of DO and increasing the capacity of bone formation is important to prevent the possible complications of DO. For this reason, it was considered that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may affect positively DO and it can decrease the complication range by shortening the period. Unilateral mandibular distractors were applied on 16 female white New Zealand rabbit to prove this hypothesis with micro CT, plain radiograph and histomorphometric analyses. Eight rabbits were applied LLLT with GaAlAs laser on the distraction area during the distraction period. On the post-distraction 28th day, four rabbits from study group and four rabbits from control groups were sacrificed. The rest of the rabbits were sacrificed on post-distraction 56th day. As a result of this study, significant positive effects of LLLT on post-distraction 28th day were revealed with all analyses. In histomorphometrical analyses, new bone formation was significantly higher in short-term laser applied group comparing to that of short-term control group (p = 0.029). In both microCT and plain radiograph, the highest radioopacity values were observed in short-term laser group when compared with that of the controls (p = 0.043 and p = 0.025, respectively). Even though LLLT increased the healing capacity on short-term, it was not sufficient on long-term (post-distraction 56th day) healing. LLLT application on distraction period, activate healing on bone so it may decrease DO period. The result of this study should be supported with clinical studies and the most effective laser source, dose and application time should be revealed with experimental and clinical studies.

Anatomy of the azygos vein examined by computerized tomography imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the anatomy of the azygos vein AV using different parameters. Therefore, the diameter of the AV at its opening into the superior vena cava, the opening level of the AV into the superior vena cava, and the position of the AV, with respect to the vertebral column and carina, were examined by CT. METHODS: Chest CTs of 103 cases (42 female and 61 male) were reviewed at the Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey between July 2004 and February 2005. The CT examinations were performed with a Philips AU E1 spiral CT (Rotterdam, Netherlands) with the following parameters: 120 Hv; 200 mAs; slice thickness: 7 mm; pitch: 1; reconstruction index: 7 mm. The results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The diameter of the AV at the opening into the superior vena cava ranged between 4.3 mm and 16 mm. The AV was in the midline in 41 cases. The arching and opening level of the AV was at the fifth thoracic vertebra in most cases. The opening level was most often at the same level as the carina. Hemiazygos veins were detected in 90 patients. CONCLUSION: The parameters measured in this study may be useful in surgical procedures of the mediastinum and during the interpretation of chest radiographs.

Scanning electron microscopic observation of the brown tumor of the head of mandible.

Brown tumors are tumor-like, expansile osteolytic lesions of bone which are seen in both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. They generally resolve after surgical treatment of the parathyroid adenoma. Here, we report a case of brown tumor of the mandible of a cadaver with its scanning electron microscopic observation and review of literature.

Two cases of inferior vena cava duplication with their CT findings and a review of the literature.

Duplication of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is the most common anomaly to affect the vena cava. Variations in the IVC are diagnosed in routine dissection studies, in retroperitoneal surgeries, or in computerised tomography (CT) sections ordered for various reasons. In this paper we present two cases of a double IVC together with the CT findings. The duplication might have occurred during embryological development. Although venous anomalies are rare, they have particular importance with respect to the interruptions that may occur during retroperitoneal and thoracic surgery or in the treatment of thrombo-embolic disease.

Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of late changes in hair with hereditary trichodysplasia (Marie Unna hypotrichosis).

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the microscopic surface structural alteration in hair with hereditary trichodysplasia. This article presents the results of light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of cases having hereditary trichodysplasia. METHODS: The biopsy specimens were obtained from 2 girls of ages 3 and 5-years, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University in 2001. A large number of hair specimens were obtained from these 2 cases having hereditary trichodysplasia. Routine light microscopic and SEM procedure was performed on the tissue specimen, and then they were examined by light microscopy and SEM. RESULTS: Hair specimens taken from both patients had great similarities. Our results reveal that the atypical looking hair were flattened, twisted and partly scattered at the end. Moreover, these hairs had sheath structures with abnormal proliferation and these structures were damaged, the cuticles had fractures and were degenerative. CONCLUSION: There is only a small number of SEM studies in literature reporting the ultrastructural changes of hereditary trichodysplasia. Scanning electron microscopy is a 3 dimensional examination technique revealing easily comparable images and it is indispensable for diagnosis in various tissues which permit considerable magnification. As it is used in the hereditary trichodysplasia syndrome its routine usage in many dermatologic and hair diseases will result in valuable contributions to scientific literature.

Innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle by a branch from the lateral root of the median nerve.

Anomalies of the brachial plexus have previously been described in the literature. The coracobrachialis muscle is typically innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. During a gross anatomy dissection we found that the coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a branch from the lateral root of the median nerve. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system is important in interpreting unusual clinical presentations. This report will assist clinicians and surgeons by pointing out anatomical anomalies associated with the musculocutaneous nerve, the median nerve and their branches to the anterior compartment muscles of the upper arm.

Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) based affinity membranes for in vitro removal of anti-dsDNA antibodies from SLE plasma.

The preparation of polymeric membrane using affinity technology for application in blood filtration devices is described here. DNA attached poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) based microporous affinity membrane was prepared for selective removal of anti-dsDNA antibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient plasma in in vitro. In order to further increase blood-compatibility of affinity membrane, aminoacid based comonomer N-methacryloyl-L-alanine (MAAL) was included in the polymerization recipe. PHEMAAL membrane was produced by a photopolymerization technique and then characterized by swelling tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies. Blood-compatibility tests were also performed. The water swelling ratio of PHEMAAL membrane increased significantly (133.2%) compared with PHEMA (58%). PHEMAAL membrane has large pores around in the range of 5-10 microm. All the clotting times increased when compared with PHEMA membrane. Loss of platelets and leukocytes was very low. DNA loading was 7.8 mg/g. There was a very low anti-dsDNA-antibody adsorption onto the plain PHEMAAL membrane, about 78 IU/g. The PHEMAAL-DNA membrane adsorbed anti-dsDNA-antibody in the range of 10-68 x 10(3)IU/g from SLE plasma. Anti-dsDNA-antibody concentration decreased significantly from 875 to 144 IU/ml with the time. Anti-dsDNA-antibodies could be repeatedly adsorbed and eluted without noticeable loss in the anti-dsDNA-antibody adsorption amount.

Three-dimensional assessment of the morphology of the umbilical artery in normal and pre-eclamptic placentas.

AIM: Pre-eclampsia is one of the main causes of intrauterine growth retardation. Although there are many studies performed in this setting showing the course of the umbilical vessels within the umbilical cord along with its structural changes, studies are lacking with regard to intraplacental vasculature and its structural changes. METHODS: We investigated whether the vascular pattern differed in preeclamptic placentas in terms of intraplacental course and morphometry of the umbilical artery by using vascular corrosion cast technique. Furthermore, cross-sections taken from umbilical artery branches at different levels within the placenta, were examined with both light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Vascular corrosion casts generated in both pregnancy groups should be defined with the main umbilical artery divided into 2-4 primary branches. No significant difference was seen between normal and pre-eclamptic groups regarding the diameters of primary and secondary branches and the number of cotyledons contained (P > 0.05). However, microscopic studies demonstrated expanded intervillous spaces in the placentas of pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Under SEM, distortion on the endothelial surface of the umbilical artery and an increase in vessel diameter and wall thickness have been determined in pre-eclamptic placentas. Furthermore, the branching pattern and changes affecting the endothelial surface of the umbilical artery have been shown three-dimensionally in pre-eclamptic placentas, using corrosion cast technique and SEM, respectively. CONCLUSION: While microscopic findings were consistent with the Doppler ultrasonography findings, namely higher systole/diastole ratio and increased resistance (RI) and pulsatile (PI) index in the umbilical artery, no clear morphometric change has been observed.