ABSTRACT
Evidence to support the use of steroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia is lacking. We aim to determine the impact of steroid use for COVID-19 pneumonia on hospital mortality. We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study in a university hospital in Madrid, Spain, during March of 2020. To determine the role of steroids in in-hospital mortality, patients admitted with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and treated with steroids were compared to patients not treated with steroids, and we adjusted with a propensity score for patients on steroid treatment. Survival times were compared using the log rank test. Different steroid regimens were compared and adjusted with a second propensity score. During the study period, 463 out of 848 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia fulfilled inclusion criteria. Among them, 396 (46.7%) patients were treated with steroids and 67 patients were not. Global mortality was 15.1%. The median time to steroid treatment from symptom onset was 10 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8 to 13 days). In-hospital mortality was lower in patients treated with steroids than in controls (13.9% [55/396] versus 23.9% [16/67]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.51 [95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.96]; P = 0.044). Steroid treatment reduced mortality by 41.8% relative to the mortality with no steroid treatment (relative risk reduction, 0.42 [95% confidence interval, 0.048 to 0.65]). Initial treatment with 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of methylprednisolone versus steroid pulses was not associated with in-hospital mortality (13.5% [42/310] versus 15.1% [13/86]; odds ratio [OR], 0.880 [95% confidence interval, 0.449 to 1.726]; P = 0.710). Our results show that the survival of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is higher in patients treated with glucocorticoids than in those not treated. Rates of in-hospital mortality were not different between initial regimens of 1 mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone and glucocorticoid pulses.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use , Interferons/therapeutic use , Lopinavir/therapeutic use , Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Ritonavir/therapeutic use , Aged , Betacoronavirus/immunology , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , COVID-19 , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/virology , Comorbidity , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/mortality , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/immunology , Diabetes Mellitus/mortality , Diabetes Mellitus/virology , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Combinations , Drug Therapy, Combination , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Dyslipidemias/immunology , Dyslipidemias/mortality , Dyslipidemias/virology , Female , Hospitals, University , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/mortality , Neoplasms/virology , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , Pneumonia, Viral/mortality , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of corrected QT (QTc) interval disorders and the possible predisposing factors in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic (AP) medications in a real-world population with a long-term follow-up. METHODS: Data were obtained from the SafEty of NeurolepTics in Infancy and Adolescence (SENTIA) registry (https://sentia.es). The SENTIA includes patients younger than 18 years who are currently taking or initiating treatment with AP medications and have agreed to participate in the registry. The SENTIA's follow-up includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) assessment before starting treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment initiation or after any changes in the patient's AP medication treatment. Thereafter, all participants undergo an ECG every 6 months. A QTc interval more than 450 milliseconds, increases in QTc interval of 60 milliseconds or more, or QTc dispersion more than 100 milliseconds were considered abnormal. RESULTS: Since January 1, 2011, 101 patients have been enrolled in SENTIA and have had at least 1 ECG assessment. The mean age at inclusion was 11.5 years; 75% of the patients were men. The mean follow-up time was 20.0 ± 15.1 months. The most frequently prescribed AP medications were risperidone (52.2%) and aripiprazole (45.5%). Seven patients (6.9%) had abnormal changes in QTc. No patient had a QTc interval more than 500 milliseconds. All patients were asymptomatic. The QTc changes were observed at different times of exposure, with a range of 1 to 39 months after beginning AP treatment. Concomitant use of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder drugs seemed a possible factor associated with QTc disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Patients should undergo a baseline ECG assessment before starting AP medication treatment, particularly patients with concomitant use of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder drugs or a family/personal history of heart disease.