Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers: clinical challenges emerging from a single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous drug abuse (IDA) is a known risk factor for infective endocarditis (IE) and is associated with frequent relapses, but its prognostic impact is still debated. The potential futility of surgery in this population is a further issue under discussion. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, the therapeutic strategy, and the prognosis associated with IDA in IE. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 440 patients admitted to a single surgical centre for definite active IE from January 2012 to December 2020. RESULTS: Patients reporting IDA (N = 54; 12.2%) were significantly younger (p < 0.001) and presented fewer comorbidities (p < 0.001). IDA was associated with a higher proportion of relapses (27.8 vs. 3.3%, p < 0.001) and, at multivariable analysis, was an independent predictor of long-term mortality (HR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.7, p = 0.015). We did not register multiple relapses in non-IDA patients. Among IDA patients, we observed 1 relapse after discharge in 9 patients, 2 relapses in 5 patients and 3 relapses in 1 patient. In IDA patients, neither clinical and laboratory variables nor the occurrence of even multiple relapses emerged as indicators of an adverse risk-benefit ratio of surgery in patients with surgical indication. CONCLUSIONS: IE secondary to IDA affects younger patients than those with IE not associated with IDA. Probably due to this difference, IE secondary to IDA is not associated with significantly higher mortality, whereas the negative, long-term prognostic impact of IDA emerges in multivariate analysis. Considering the good prognosis of patients with uncomplicated IE treated medically, surgery should be reserved to patients with a strict- guidelines-based indication. However, since there are no clear predictors of an unfavourable risk-benefit ratio of surgery in patients with surgical indication, all patients with a complicated IE should be operated, irrespective of a history of IDA.

COVID-19 in patients recovering from cardiac surgery: A surprising mild disease course.

BACKGROUND: We describe the baseline, operative, and postoperative features of a group of 18 patients who contracted the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection in a rehabilitation facility after cardiac surgery, and present some potential explanations for the surprisingly benign course of the COVID-19 in this cohort. METHODS: All patients were operated on an urgent or emergency basis (acute aortic syndrome, 3; refractory heart failure, 12; and endocarditis, 3) during the first lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean age was 70 years, and 12 patients were male. After the diagnosis of COVID-19, patients were treated according to the most recent recommendations. Eleven asymptomatic patients were discharged home or to a COVID-19 hotel and underwent close monitoring. Patients with fever, dyspnea, or a significant rise of the polymerase chain reaction levels were hospitalized, three received antivirals, three azithromicyne, and five hydroxychloroquine. Nasal swabs were repeated on a weekly basis, and all patients were quarantined until the collection of two consecutive negative samples. RESULTS: Diversely from other observations on perioperative COVID-19 reporting mortality rates of 30%-40%, the COVID-19 had a benign course in our cohort: only seven patients required hospitalization, and one required short intensive care unit admission. There were no deaths, and at the latest follow-up, all patients had been discharged home. COMMENT: Our data show that the SARS-CoV2 infection after cardiac surgery may have a benign course. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between the timing of the infection, some potentially protective therapies (e.g., anticoagulants), and the course of the COVID-19.

Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic valves.

AIMS: Due to bioprosthetic valve degeneration, aortic valve-in-valve (ViV) procedures are increasingly performed. There are no data on long-term outcomes after aortic ViV. Our aim was to perform a large-scale assessment of long-term survival and reintervention after aortic ViV. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1006 aortic ViV procedures performed more than 5 years ago [mean age 77.7 ± 9.7 years; 58.8% male; median STS-PROM score 7.3% (4.2-12.0)] were included in the analysis. Patients were treated with Medtronic self-expandable valves (CoreValve/Evolut, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) (n = 523, 52.0%), Edwards balloon-expandable valves (EBEV, SAPIEN/SAPIEN XT/SAPIEN 3, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) (n = 435, 43.2%), and other devices (n = 48, 4.8%). Survival was lower at 8 years in patients with small-failed bioprostheses [internal diameter (ID) ≤ 20 mm] compared with those with large-failed bioprostheses (ID > 20 mm) (33.2% vs. 40.5%, P = 0.01). Independent correlates for mortality included smaller-failed bioprosthetic valves [hazard ratio (HR) 1.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.13)], age [HR 1.21 (95% CI 1.01-1.45)], and non-transfemoral access [HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.11-1.84)]. There were 40 reinterventions after ViV. Independent correlates for all-cause reintervention included pre-existing severe prosthesis-patient mismatch [subhazard ratio (SHR) 4.34 (95% CI 1.31-14.39)], device malposition [SHR 3.75 (95% CI 1.36-10.35)], EBEV [SHR 3.34 (95% CI 1.26-8.85)], and age [SHR 0.59 (95% CI 0.44-0.78)]. CONCLUSIONS: The size of the original failed valve may influence long-term mortality, and the type of the transcatheter valve may influence the need for reintervention after aortic ViV.

Incidence, predictors, and clinical outcomes of coronary obstruction following transcatheter aortic valve replacement for degenerative bioprosthetic surgical valves: insights from the VIVID registry.

Aims: There are limited data on coronary obstruction following transcatheter valve-in-valve (ViV) implantation inside failed aortic bioprostheses. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence, predictors, and clinical outcomes of coronary obstruction in transcatheter ViV procedures. Methods and results: A total of 1612 aortic procedures from the Valve-in-Valve International Data (VIVID) Registry were evaluated. Data were subject to centralized blinded corelab computed tomography (CT) analysis in a subset of patients. The virtual transcatheter valve to coronary ostium distance (VTC) was determined. A total of 37 patients (2.3%) had clinically evident coronary obstruction. Baseline clinical characteristics in the coronary obstruction patients were similar to controls. Coronary obstruction was more common in stented bioprostheses with externally mounted leaflets or stentless bioprostheses than in stented with internally mounted leaflets bioprostheses (6.1% vs. 3.7% vs. 0.8%, respectively; P < 0.001). CT measurements were obtained in 20 (54%) and 90 (5.4%) of patients with and without coronary obstruction, respectively. VTC distance was shorter in coronary obstruction patients in relation to controls (3.24 ± 2.22 vs. 6.30 ± 2.34, respectively; P < 0.001). Using multivariable analysis, the use of a stentless or stented bioprosthesis with externally mounted leaflets [odds ratio (OR): 7.67; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.14-18.7; P < 0.001] associated with coronary obstruction for the global population. In a second model with CT data, a shorter VTC distance predicted this complication (OR: 0.22 per 1 mm increase; 95% CI: 0.09-0.51; P < 0.001), with an optimal cut-off level of 4 mm (area under the curve: 0.943; P < 0.001). Coronary obstruction was associated with a high 30-day mortality (52.9% vs. 3.9% in the controls, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Coronary obstruction following aortic ViV procedures is a life-threatening complication that occurred more frequently in patients with prior stentless or stented bioprostheses with externally mounted leaflets and in those with a short VTC.

Incidence and outcomes of emergent cardiac surgery during transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): insights from the European Registry on Emergent Cardiac Surgery during TAVI (EuRECS-TAVI).

Aims: Life-threatening complications occur during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) which can require emergent cardiac surgery (ECS). Risks and outcomes of patients needing ECS during or immediately after TAVI are still unclear. Methods and results: Incidence, risk factors, management, and outcomes of patients requiring ECS during transfemoral (TF)-TAVI were analysed from a contemporary real-world multicentre registry. Between 2013 and 2016, 27 760 patients underwent TF-TAVI in 79 centres. Of these, 212 (0.76%) patients required ECS (age 82.4 ± 6.3 years, 67.5% females, logistic EuroSCORE: 17.1%, STS-score 5.8%). The risk of ECS declined from 2013 (1.07%) to 2014 (0.70%) but remained stable since. Annual TF-TAVI numbers have more than doubled from 2013 to 2016. Leading causes for ECS were left ventricular perforation by the guidewire (28.3%) and annular rupture (21.2%). Immediate procedural mortality (<72 h) of TF-TAVI patients requiring ECS was 34.6%. Overall in-hospital mortality was 46.0%, and highest in case of annular rupture (62%). Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality following ECS were age > 85 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.87, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (1.02-3.45), P = 0.044], annular rupture [OR 1.96, 95% CI (0.94-4.10), P = 0.060], and immediate ECS [OR 3.12, 95% CI (1.07-9.11), P = 0.037]. One year of survival of the 114 patients surviving the in-hospital period was only 40.4%. Conclusion: Between 2014 and 2016, the need for ECS remained stable around 0.7%. Left ventricular guidewire perforation and annular rupture were the most frequent causes, accounting for almost half of ECS cases. Half of the patients could be salvaged by ECS-nevertheless, 1 year of all-cause mortality was high even in those ECS patients surviving the in-hospital period.

Outcomes of Video-assisted Minimally Invasive Cardiac Myxoma Resection.

BACKGROUND: Myxomas are the most frequent cardiac tumours. Their diagnosis requires prompt removal. In our centre, for valve surgery we use a minimally invasive approach. Here, we report our experience of cardiac myxoma removal through right lateral mini-thoracotomy (RLMT) with particular focus on its feasibility, efficacy and patient safety. METHODS: Between February 2006 and January 2017, 30 consecutive patients (aged 66±12.6years, range 35-83 years) underwent atrial myxoma resection through video-assisted RLMT. Percutaneous venous drainage was performed in all patients and direct cannulation of the ascending aorta was performed in 28 out of 30 (93.3%). The diagnosis of atrial myxoma was confirmed by histology. RESULTS: Complete surgical resection was achieved in all patients. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time was 76.5±40.8minutes and average aortic cross-clamping time was 41.5±29.8minutes. No patient suffered postoperative complications. Five patients (16.7%) received a blood transfusion. Mechanical ventilation ranged from 3 to 51hours (median 6hours), intensive care unit (ICU) stay ranged from 1 to 5days (median 1day). Total hospital length of stay (HLOS) was 5.6±2 days. Home discharge rate was 56.7%. No in-hospital mortality was reported. During follow-up (55.6±32.3 months; range 4-132 months), one tumour recurrence was observed. There were three late non-cardiac deaths. Overall survival was 100%, 85.7% and 85.7% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of video-assisted RLMT is an effective and reproducible strategy in all patients requiring expedited surgery for left atrial myxoma, independently of coexisting morbidity such as systemic embolisation or previous surgery. This technique leads to complete tumour resection, prompt recovery, early home discharge and high freedom from both symptoms and tumour recurrence.

Successful percutaneous implantation of symetis ACURATE neo transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis for the treatment of pure aortic regurgitation.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was initially developed for the treatment of calcific aortic stenosis. In the recent years, however, TAVI has been used to treat selected patients with pure, severe AR. We report successful transfemoral implantation of a Symetis ACURATE neo bioprosthesis in a severely symptomatic, 87-year-old woman with pure AR and major comorbidities. We decided to use the ACURATE neo bioprosthesis for some of its features appeared to us as potentially useful in the setting of pure AR: the stabilization arches ensure perfect coaxial alignment and extreme stability of the device during deployment, and the "waist" and the skirt were considered useful to obtain a good seal in the absence of significant valvular and annular calcifications. Finally, we decided to use a self-expanding valve to minimize the trauma to the aortic annulus. The procedure was successful and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 3. At the 3-month control echocardiography, there was no residual AR, and the mean transprosthetic gradient was 3 mm Hg. The current case demonstrates that percutaneous TAVI with the ACURATE neo bioprosthesis may be used to treat pure, isolated AR in selected patients. The device has several interesting features that could make it advantageous in this setting. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sutureless Aortic Valve Replacement: An Easy and Safe Approach for Patients with Anomalous Left Circumflex Coronary Artery.

An anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) from the right sinus of Valsalva is a frequent coronary problem. This particular condition, though usually silent, is associated with an increased incidence of serious complications during surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) and transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Here, the cases are described of four patients with an anomalous origin of the LCx from the right sinus of Valsalva who underwent sutureless AVR with the Sorin Perceval S prosthesis. The possible advantages of this approach are also discussed.

Surgical resection of colorectal carcinomas metastatic to the heart.

Colorectal carcinomas metastatic to the heart are rare. We present a case of colonic carcinoma metastatic to the right atrium and discuss the management and prognosis of these rare lesions.

Large Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in a High-Risk Surgical Patient: Combined Percutaneous Transfemoral TAVI and EVAR Procedure.

A 78-year-old man was referred for surgical treatment of a 55 x 59 mm abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, clinical and instrumental data revealed a more complex case than was initially thought, the patient having a large AAA in the setting of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis with multiple comorbidities. Following multidisciplinary discussion, a combined transcatheter aortic valve implantation and endovascular aneurysm repair was performed. The present case represents a good example of the importance of the heart team in the project of tailored operative strategies, and in the optimization of the interventional therapy for the individual patient.

Simultaneous transapical paraprosthetic leak occlusion and valve-in-valve implantation into a degenerated mitral bioprosthesis.

Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation is an emerging treatment option for high-risk patients with failing mitral bioprostheses. The presence of a paravalvular leak is considered a contraindication to this procedure that would leave the patient with significant residual regurgitation. The case is described of a patient with a severely degenerated 29 mm Carpentier-Edwards mitral bioprosthesis successfully treated by simultaneous transapical transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation and paraprosthetic leak occlusion. The potential advantages of this approach are discussed.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves.

IMPORTANCE: Owing to a considerable shift toward bioprosthesis implantation rather than mechanical valves, it is expected that patients will increasingly present with degenerated bioprostheses in the next few years. Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation is a less invasive approach for patients with structural valve deterioration; however, a comprehensive evaluation of survival after the procedure has not yet been performed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the survival of patients after transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation inside failed surgical bioprosthetic valves. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Correlates for survival were evaluated using a multinational valve-in-valve registry that included 459 patients with degenerated bioprosthetic valves undergoing valve-in-valve implantation between 2007 and May 2013 in 55 centers (mean age, 77.6 [SD, 9.8] years; 56% men; median Society of Thoracic Surgeons mortality prediction score, 9.8% [interquartile range, 7.7%-16%]). Surgical valves were classified as small (≤21 mm; 29.7%), intermediate (>21 and <25 mm; 39.3%), and large (≥25 mm; 31%). Implanted devices included both balloon- and self-expandable valves. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Survival, stroke, and New York Heart Association functional class. RESULTS: Modes of bioprosthesis failure were stenosis (n = 181 [39.4%]), regurgitation (n = 139 [30.3%]), and combined (n = 139 [30.3%]). The stenosis group had a higher percentage of small valves (37% vs 20.9% and 26.6% in the regurgitation and combined groups, respectively; P = .005). Within 1 month following valve-in-valve implantation, 35 (7.6%) patients died, 8 (1.7%) had major stroke, and 313 (92.6%) of surviving patients had good functional status (New York Heart Association class I/II). The overall 1-year Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 83.2% (95% CI, 80.8%-84.7%; 62 death events; 228 survivors). Patients in the stenosis group had worse 1-year survival (76.6%; 95% CI, 68.9%-83.1%; 34 deaths; 86 survivors) in comparison with the regurgitation group (91.2%; 95% CI, 85.7%-96.7%; 10 deaths; 76 survivors) and the combined group (83.9%; 95% CI, 76.8%-91%; 18 deaths; 66 survivors) (P = .01). Similarly, patients with small valves had worse 1-year survival (74.8% [95% CI, 66.2%-83.4%]; 27 deaths; 57 survivors) vs with intermediate-sized valves (81.8%; 95% CI, 75.3%-88.3%; 26 deaths; 92 survivors) and with large valves (93.3%; 95% CI, 85.7%-96.7%; 7 deaths; 73 survivors) (P = .001). Factors associated with mortality within 1 year included having small surgical bioprosthesis (≤21 mm; hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.14-3.67; P = .02) and baseline stenosis (vs regurgitation; hazard ratio, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.33-7.08; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this registry of patients who underwent transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for degenerated bioprosthetic aortic valves, overall 1-year survival was 83.2%. Survival was lower among patients with small bioprostheses and those with predominant surgical valve stenosis.

Secondary retensioning of a tether-based device for transapical transcatheter mitral valve implantation.

OBJECTIVES: Relevant paravalvular leakage (PVL) due to prosthesis dislodgement is a rare but potentially severe complication after transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI). Due to the epicardial anchoring mechanism of the Tendyne® TMVI system, repositioning of the valve stent may be possible by retensioning of the tether. This multicentre study aimed to investigate the procedural and short-term safety as well as efficacy of retensioning manoeuvres. METHODS: From 2017 to 2021, N = 18 patients who underwent secondary tether retensioning were identified. Baseline, procedural and follow-up data were available from N = 11 patients and analysed according to the Mitral Valve Research Consortium definitions. Continuous variables are shown as median with interquartile range. RESULTS: All patients [age 75 years (73.5, 85.0), 64% male (N = 7), EuroSCORE II 6.2% (5.8, 11.6)] presented with post-procedural PVL [63.6% (N = 7) with PVL ≥3+]. Of these, 54% (N = 6) showed signs of haemolysis. The majority were severely symptomatic [New York Heart Association ≥III (91%, N = 10)]. Procedural outcomes revealed no acute complications and no mortality. At discharge, PVL was completely eliminated in 91% (N = 10) of patients with 1 case of remaining moderate PVL. At 30 days, Mitral Valve Research Consortium device success was achieved in 82% (N = 9) of patients. Two patients required open surgical mitral valve replacement due to persistent and recurrent PVL. In 89% (N = 8) of patients with successful retensioning procedure, New York Heart Association class was I/II. There was no 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This multicentre study demonstrates technical feasibility, procedural safety and acute efficacy of retensioning procedures in the majority of patients. The potential to retension the tether in transapical TMVI may provide additional management advantages in populations at high surgical risk.

Balloon valuloplasty prior to transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation in a degenerated Mitroflow aortic bioprosthesis.

Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation is an emerging treatment option for high-risk patients with failing aortic bioprostheses. The presence of the prosthesis stents is thought to prevent coronary artery obstruction, a known complication of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in the native aortic valve. The Sorin Mitroflow aortic bioprosthesis (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy) has a particular design in that the pericardial leaflets are mounted outside the valve stent. As a consequence, the pericardial leaflets of this prosthesis may be displaced well away from the stents during the deployment of transcatheter valves. This might explain why both the cases of coronary occlusion following valve-in-valve implantation reported to date occurred in patients with a malfunctioning Mitroflow bioprosthesis. We describe a patient with a malfunctioning 25 mm Mitroflow bioprosthesis successfully treated by percutaneous transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation, and discuss the role that balloon aortic valvuloplasty plays in the performance of this delicate procedure.

A multimarker study of degenerative aortic valve disease: stenoinsufficiency shows more indices of bad prognosis.

OBJECTIVES: It was the aim of this study to assess the pathophysiological, prognostic role of aortic regurgitation (AR) in the 'mixed pictures' of degenerative aortic valve stenoinsufficiency (ASI) by a multimarker clinical approach. METHODS: We enrolled 112 consecutive surgical PATIENTS: 19 with pure valve stenosis (PAS), 39 with mild regurgitation, 29 with severe regurgitation, and 25 controls with annulo-ectatic AR. All underwent complete echocardiography, carotid ultrasound and aortic/coronary multislice computed tomography calcium score evaluation. We determined tissue semiquantitative osteopontin, metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and circulating brain natriuretic peptide. We evaluated major adverse cardiac events and cardiovascular early, long-term mortality after bioprosthetic valve implantation. RESULTS: Tissue calcification, carotid and coronary atherosclerotic disease were prevalent in PAS versus ASI and AR patients. The multislice computed tomography calcium score (Agatston) was comparable between PAS and ASI (PAS 3,507.3 + 2,442.6; mild AR 4,270.7 + 2,213.5; severe AR 3,568.5 + 1,823.4), but much lower in AR (1,247.8 + 2,708.6). In ASI, a plasma/tissue 'profibrotic' MMP/TIMP balance prevailed, with circulating and echocardiographic indices of myocardial dysfunction. Percentages of major adverse cardiac events and early, long-term mortality were higher in ASI. CONCLUSIONS: In ASI, different, still unknown, genetic and dysplastic factors could work synergically with cardiovascular risk factors, determining a much more adverse myocardial and valve remodeling, resulting in worse clinical outcome.

Does a standard myectomy exist for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? From the Morrow variations to precision surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work is to revisit the history of surgical treatment for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) over the last 60 years, in the light of advancing knowledge of the pathophysiology of obstruction. METHODS: In this narrative review the contribution of the different surgical approaches to the field will be assessed in our personal experience in Florence. RESULTS: Septal myectomy is the treatment of choice in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment. Over the decades, numerous "theme variations" of the Morrow operation have been proposed, each of them targeting a specific pathophysiological determinant of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Precision surgery in oHCM patients today depends on the ability of the surgeon to combine and master these variations, with the bird's eye view allowed by climbing on the shoulders of giants.

Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes of Balloon-Expandable Mitral Valve-in-Valve Positioning and Asymmetric Deployment: The VIVID Registry.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve-in-valve (ViV) is associated with suboptimal hemodynamics and rare left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether device position and asymmetry are associated with these outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing SAPIEN 3 (Edwards Lifesciences) mitral ViV included in the VIVID (Valve-in-Valve International Data) Registry were studied. Clinical endpoints are reported according to Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium definitions. Residual mitral valve stenosis was defined as mean gradient ≥5 mm Hg. Depth of implantation (percentage of transcatheter heart valve [THV] atrial to the bioprosthesis ring) and asymmetry (ratio of 2 measures of THV height) were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 222 patients meeting the criteria for optimal core lab evaluation were studied (age 74 ± 11.6 years; 61.9% female; STS score = 8.3 ± 7.1). Mean asymmetry was 6.2% ± 4.4%. Mean depth of implantation was 19.0% ± 10.3% atrial. Residual stenosis was common (50%; mean gradient 5.0 ± 2.6 mm Hg). LVOT obstruction occurred in 7 cases (3.2%). Implantation depth was not a predictor of residual stenosis (OR: 1.19 [95% CI: 0.92-1.55]; P = 0.184), but more atrial implantation was protective against LVOT obstruction (0.7% vs 7.1%; P = 0.009; per 10% atrial, OR: 0.48 [95% CI: 0.24-0.98]; P = 0.044). Asymmetry was found to be an independent predictor of residual stenosis (per 10% increase, OR: 2.30 [95% CI: 1.10-4.82]; P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Valve stenosis is common after mitral ViV. Asymmetry was associated with residual stenosis. Depth of implantation on its own was not associated with residual stenosis but was associated with LVOT obstruction. Technical considerations to reduce postdeployment THV asymmetry should be considered.

Sutureless aortic valve replacement through a right minithoracotomy.

During the past decade, interest in the development of less-invasive cardiac valve surgery has undergone a steady increase, with many surgeons having supplanted full sternotomy with minimal-access incisions. While the minimally invasive approaches for the treatment of mitral disease have been standardized, the preferred route for aortic valve replacement (AVR) remains a matter of debate. Although AVR through a right minithoracotomy avoids opening the sternum, it does require a greater surgical ability and may be a challenging procedure, even for expert surgeons. By simplifying the valve implantation, the availability of sutureless prostheses might provide an important incentive for the diffusion of this approach. Herein are reported the details of three patients who received a 3f-Enable sutureless aortic bioprosthesis via a right minithoracotomy. The advantages and possible improvements of this procedure are also discussed.

Outcome analysis of synchronous carotid endarterectomy and cardiac surgery. Comparison of two anesthetic techniques after propensity score-matching.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of patients undergoing synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary and/or other cardiac surgery. The impact of anesthesia on the outcome was examined. METHODS: A retrospective single-center observational study was performed, to investigate the outcome of 127 consecutive adult patients submitted to synchronous surgery from 2011 to 2019. Cooperative patient general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy followed by standard general anesthesia for cardiac surgery and standard general anesthesia for the whole surgery were compared after a propensity score analysis. RESULTS: Primary outcomes were 30-day mortality (3.1%), incidence of stroke (3.1%), and myocardial infarction (0.8%). Agitation upon awakening, postoperative cardiac troponin I release, the increase of serum creatinine, the occurrence of acute kidney injury and the need for continuous renal replacement therapy were the secondary outcomes. A binary logistic regression revealed that cardiopulmonary bypass use, standard general anesthesia for the whole surgery and the European risk score II, were the strongest predictors of any severe postoperative complications. After propensity score matching, general anesthesia for the whole surgery was significantly correlated with the occurrence of any severe postoperative complication (P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Synchronous surgery was performed with acceptable mortality and complication rate even in combination with other than isolated coronary surgery. Cooperative patient general anesthesia during carotid endarterectomy, was not inferior to general anesthesia in this setting.

Case Report: Three-Dimensional Printing Model for Surgical Planning of Left Ventricular Aneurysm: Evolution Toward Tailoring Surgery.

A 59-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department for heart failure (HF), New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV, showing an anterior, evolved myocardial infarction (MI) with a wide apical left ventricular aneurysm (LVA), ejection fraction (EF) 24%, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) -5. 5% by echo. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed an apical LVA without thrombus, EF 20%, and a transmural delayed enhancement in the myocardium wall. Coronarography showed a three-vessel disease with occluded proximal left anterior descending (LAD) and proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Based on the cardiac CT scan, we decided to generate a three-dimensional (3D) print model of the heart, for better prediction of residual LV volumes. After LVA surgery plus complete functional revascularization, an optimal agreement was found between predicted and surgical residual LV end-diastolic (24.7 vs. 31.8 ml/m2) and end-systolic (54.1 vs. 69.4 ml/m2) volumes, with an improvement of NYHA class, from IV to I. The patient was discharged uneventfully and at 6- and 12-month follow-up, the NYHA class, and LV volumes were found unchanged. This is a second report describing the use of the 3D print model for the preoperative planning of surgical management of LVA; the first report was described by Jacobs et al. among three patients, one with a malignant tumor and the remaining two patients with LVA. This article focused on the use of the 3D print model to optimize surgical planning and individualize treatment of LVA associated with complete functional revascularization, leading to complete recovery of LV function with a favorable outcome.