ABSTRACT
We report a new norovirus GII.4 variant, GII.4 Hong Kong, with low-level circulation in 4 Eurasia countries since mid-2017. Amino acid substitutions in key residues on the virus capsid associated with the emergence of pandemic noroviruses suggest that GII.4 Hong Kong has the potential to become the next pandemic variant.
Subject(s)
Caliciviridae Infections , Gastroenteritis , Norovirus , Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Europe/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Genotype , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Humans , Norovirus/genetics , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Tools to detect human norovirus infectivity have been lacking. Using human intestinal enteroid cultures inoculated with GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney-infected fecal samples, we determined that a real-time reverse transcription PCR cycle threshold cutoff of 30 may indicate infectious norovirus. This finding could be used to help guide infection control.
Subject(s)
Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Norovirus/isolation & purification , Aged , Caliciviridae Infections/virology , China/epidemiology , Feces/virology , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Norovirus/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The pathogenesis of norovirus and the induced immune response remain poorly understood due to the lack of a robust virus culture system. The monolayers of two secretor-positive Chinese human intestinal enteroid (HIE) lines were challenged with two norovirus pandemic GII.4 Sydney strains. Norovirus RNA replication in supernatants and cell lysates were quantified by RT-qPCR. RNA expression levels of immune-related genes were profiled using PCR arrays. The secreted protein levels of shortlisted upregulated genes were measured in supernatants using analyte-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Productive norovirus replications were achieved in three (75%) out of four inoculations. The two most upregulated immune-related genes were CXCL10 (93-folds) and IFI44L (580-folds). Gene expressions of CXCL10 and IFI44L were positively correlated with the level of norovirus RNA replication (CXCL10: Spearman's r = 0.779, p < 0.05; IFI44L: r = 0.881, p < 0.01). The higher level of secreted CXCL10 and IFI44L proteins confirmed their elevated gene expression. The two genes have been reported to be upregulated in norovirus volunteer challenges and natural human infections by other viruses. Our data suggested that HIE could mimic the innate immune response elicited in natural norovirus infection and, therefore, could serve as an experimental model for future virus-host interaction and antiviral studies.