Sleep is required to consolidate odor memory and remodel olfactory synapses.

Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and synaptic remodeling. Here, we show that, although the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system has a limited number of neurons, sleep is necessary for both processes. In addition, it is unclear if, in any system, sleep collaborates with experience to alter synapses between specific neurons and whether this ultimately affects behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined connections and well-described contributions to behavior. We show that spaced odor-training and post-training sleep induce long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a pair of interneurons, the AIYs, which play a role in odor-seeking behavior. In worms that consolidate memory, both sleep and odor conditioning are required to diminish inhibitory synaptic connections between the AWC chemosensory neurons and the AIYs. Thus, we demonstrate in a living organism that sleep is required for events immediately after training that drive memory consolidation and alter synaptic structures.

An interdisciplinary consensus on the management of brain metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Brain metastases are a challenging manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. We have a limited understanding of brain metastasis tumor and immune biology, drivers of resistance to systemic treatment, and their overall poor prognosis. Current data support a multimodal treatment strategy with radiation treatment and/or surgery. Nonetheless, the optimal approach for the management of brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma remains unclear. To improve patient care, the authors sought to standardize practical management strategies. They performed an unstructured literature review and elaborated on the current management strategies through an international group of experts from different disciplines assembled via the network of the International Kidney Cancer Coalition. Experts from different disciplines were administered a survey to answer questions related to current challenges and unmet patient needs. On the basis of the integrated approach of literature review and survey study results, the authors built algorithms for the management of single and multiple brain metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The literature review, consensus statements, and algorithms presented in this report can serve as a framework guiding treatment decisions for patients. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72:454-489.

Whole knee joint mapping using a phase modulated UTE adiabatic T1ρ (PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ ) sequence.

PURPOSE: To develop a 3D phase modulated UTE adiabatic T1ρ (PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ ) sequence for whole knee joint mapping on a clinical 3 T scanner. METHODS: This new sequence includes six major features: (1) a magnetization reset module, (2) a train of adiabatic full passage pulses for spin locking, (3) a phase modulation scheme (i.e., RF cycling pair), (4) a fat saturation module, (5) a variable flip angle scheme, and (6) a 3D UTE Cones sequence for data acquisition. A simple exponential fitting was used for T1ρ quantification. Phantom studies were performed to investigate PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ 's sensitivity to compositional changes and reproducibility as well as its correlation with continuous wave-T1ρ measurement. The PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ technique was then applied to five ex vivo and five in vivo normal knees to measure T1ρ values of femoral cartilage, meniscus, posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, patellar tendon, and muscle. RESULTS: The phantom study demonstrated PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ 's high sensitivity to compositional changes, its high reproducibility, and its strong linear correlation with continuous wave-T1ρ measurement. The ex vivo and in vivo knee studies demonstrated average T1ρ values of 105.6 ± 8.4 and 77.9 ± 3.9 ms for the femoral cartilage, 39.2 ± 5.1 and 30.1 ± 2.2 ms for the meniscus, 51.6 ± 5.3 and 29.2 ± 2.4 ms for the posterior cruciate ligament, 79.0 ± 9.3 and 52.0 ± 3.1 ms for the anterior cruciate ligament, 19.8 ± 4.5 and 17.0 ± 1.8 ms for the patellar tendon, and 91.1 ± 8.8 and 57.6 ± 2.8 ms for the muscle, respectively. CONCLUSION: The 3D PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ sequence allows volumetric T1ρ assessment for both short and long T2 tissues in the knee joint on a clinical 3 T scanner.

Rotator cuff muscle fibrosis can be assessed using ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer MRI with fat suppression.

Muscle degeneration following rotator cuff tendon tearing is characterized by fatty infiltration and fibrosis. While tools exist for the characterization of fat, the ability to noninvasively assess muscle fibrosis is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of quantitative ultrashort echo time T1 (UTE-T1) and UTE magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) mapping with and without fat suppression (FS) for the differentiation of injured and control rotator cuff muscles and for the detection of fibrosis. A rat model of chronic massive rotator cuff tearing (n = 12) was used with tenotomy of the right supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons and silicone implants to prevent healing. Imaging was performed on a 3-T scanner, and UTE-T1 mapping with and without FS and UTE-MT with and without FS for macromolecular fraction (MMF) mapping was performed. At 20 weeks postinjury, T1 and MMF were measured in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles of the injured and contralateral, internal control sides. Histology was performed and connective tissue fraction (CTF) was measured, defined as the area of collagen-rich extracellular matrix divided by the total muscle area. Paired t-tests and correlation analyses were performed. Significant differences between injured and control sides were found for CTF in the supraspinatus (mean ± SD, 14.5% ± 3.9% vs. 11.3% ± 3.7%, p = 0.01) and infraspinatus (17.0% ± 5.4% vs. 12.5% ± 4.6%, p < 0.01) muscles, as well as for MMF using UTE-MT FS in the supraspinatus (9.7% ± 0.3% vs. 9.5% ± 0.2%, p = 0.04) and infraspinatus (10.9% ± 0.8% vs. 10.1% ± 0.5%, p < 0.01) muscles. No significant differences between sides were evident for T1 without or with FS or for MMF using UTE-MT. Only MMF using UTE-MT FS was significantly correlated with CTF for both supraspinatus (r = 0.46, p = 0.03) and infraspinatus (r = 0.51, p = 0.01) muscles. Fibrosis occurs in rotator cuff muscle degeneration, and the UTE-MT FS technique may be helpful to evaluate the fibrosis component, independent from the fatty infiltration process.

Achilles tendon and enthesis assessment using ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) T1 and magnetization transfer (MT) modeling in psoriatic arthritis.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques (T1 and magnetization transfer [MT] modeling) for imaging of the Achilles tendons and entheses in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) compared with asymptomatic volunteers. The heels of twenty-six PsA patients (age 59 ± 15 years, 41% female) and twenty-seven asymptomatic volunteers (age 33 ± 11 years, 47% female) were scanned in the sagittal plane with UTE-T1 and UTE-MT modeling sequences on a 3-T clinical scanner. UTE-T1 and macromolecular proton fraction (MMF; the main outcome of MT modeling) were calculated in the tensile portions of the Achilles tendon and at the enthesis (close to the calcaneus bone). Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to examine statistically significant differences between the two cohorts. UTE-T1 in the entheses was significantly higher for the PsA group compared with the asymptomatic group (967 ± 145 vs. 872 ± 133 ms, p < 0.01). UTE-T1 in the tendons was also significantly higher for the PsA group (950 ± 145 vs. 850 ± 138 ms, p < 0.01). MMF in the entheses was significantly lower in the PsA group compared with the asymptomatic group (15% ± 3% vs. 18% ± 3%, p < 0.01). MMF in the tendons was also significantly lower in the PsA group compared with the asymptomatic group (17% ± 4% vs. 20% ± 5%, p < 0.01). Percentage differences in MMF between the asymptomatic and PsA groups (-16.6% and -15.0% for the enthesis and tendon, respectively) were higher than the T1 differences (10.8% and 11.7% for the enthesis and tendon, respectively). The results suggest higher T1 and lower MMF in the Achilles tendons and entheses in PsA patients compared with the asymptomatic group. This study highlights the potential of UTE-T1 and UTE-MT modeling for quantitative evaluation of entheses and tendons in PsA patients.

Bone Biomarkers Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used to evaluate the microstructural and compositional properties of bone. MRI-based biomarkers can characterize all major compartments of bone: organic, water, fat, and mineral components. However, with a short apparent spin-spin relaxation time (T2*), bone is invisible to conventional MRI sequences that use long echo times. To address this shortcoming, ultrashort echo time MRI sequences have been developed to provide direct imaging of bone and establish a set of MRI-based biomarkers sensitive to the structural and compositional changes of bone. This review article describes the MRI-based bone biomarkers representing total water, pore water, bound water, fat fraction, macromolecular fraction in the organic matrix, and surrogates for mineral density. MRI-based morphological bone imaging techniques are also briefly described.

HMGB1 released from nociceptors mediates inflammation.

Inflammation, the body's primary defensive response system to injury and infection, is triggered by molecular signatures of microbes and tissue injury. These molecules also stimulate specialized sensory neurons, termed nociceptors. Activation of nociceptors mediates inflammation through antidromic release of neuropeptides into infected or injured tissue, producing neurogenic inflammation. Because HMGB1 is an important inflammatory mediator that is synthesized by neurons, we reasoned nociceptor release of HMGB1 might be a component of the neuroinflammatory response. In support of this possibility, we show here that transgenic nociceptors expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) directly release HMGB1 in response to light stimulation. Additionally, HMGB1 expression in neurons was silenced by crossing synapsin-Cre (Syn-Cre) mice with floxed HMGB1 mice (HMGB1f/f). When these mice undergo sciatic nerve injury to activate neurogenic inflammation, they are protected from the development of cutaneous inflammation and allodynia as compared to wild-type controls. Syn-Cre/HMGB1fl/fl mice subjected to experimental collagen antibody-induced arthritis, a disease model in which nociceptor-dependent inflammation plays a significant pathological role, are protected from the development of allodynia and joint inflammation. Thus, nociceptor HMGB1 is required to mediate pain and inflammation during sciatic nerve injury and collagen antibody-induced arthritis.

Extrapulmonary hyalinizing granuloma: a rare case with intra-articular and tenosynovial involvement.

Extrapulmonary hyalinizing granuloma (EPHG) is a notably rare condition, representing an exaggerated chronic immune response to antigenic stimuli. This report presents the first documented case of intra-articular and tenosynovial EPHG with radiological evaluation and pathological confirmation in a 60-year-old man presenting with wrist pain and swelling. Imaging findings were relatively symmetric with marked distension of the distal radioulnar joints and extensor tendon sheaths with masses and nodules of various sizes surrounded by synovitis and accompanied by bony erosions. On US, the masses were heterogeneous but mostly hypo- to iso-echoic compared to muscle and relatively hypovascular. On MRI, compared to muscle, the nodules exhibited iso-intense signal on T1-weighted images, iso- to mildly hyper-intense signal on T2-weighted fat-suppressed images, and minimal enhancement on post-contrast images. The diagnosis of EPHG was revealed through biopsy and pathologic examination with glucocorticoids being effective in treatment.

SSR white paper: guidelines for utilization and performance of direct MR arthrography.

OBJECTIVE: Direct magnetic resonance arthrography (dMRA) is often considered the most accurate imaging modality for the evaluation of intra-articular structures, but utilization and performance vary widely without consensus. The purpose of this white paper is to develop consensus recommendations on behalf of the Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) based on published literature and expert opinion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Standards and Guidelines Committee of the SSR identified guidelines for utilization and performance of dMRA as an important topic for study and invited all SSR members with expertise and interest to volunteer for the white paper panel. This panel was tasked with determining an outline, reviewing the relevant literature, preparing a written document summarizing the issues and controversies, and providing recommendations. RESULTS: Twelve SSR members with expertise in dMRA formed the ad hoc white paper authorship committee. The published literature on dMRA was reviewed and summarized, focusing on clinical indications, technical considerations, safety, imaging protocols, complications, controversies, and gaps in knowledge. Recommendations for the utilization and performance of dMRA in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle/foot regions were developed in group consensus. CONCLUSION: Although direct MR arthrography has been previously used for a wide variety of clinical indications, the authorship panel recommends more selective application of this minimally invasive procedure. At present, direct MR arthrography remains an important procedure in the armamentarium of the musculoskeletal radiologist and is especially valuable when conventional MRI is indeterminant or results are discrepant with clinical evaluation.

High contrast cartilaginous endplate imaging in spine using three dimensional dual-inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time (3D DIR-UTE) sequence.

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility and application of a novel imaging technique, a three-dimensional dual adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time (3D DIR-UTE) sequence, for high contrast assessment of cartilaginous endplate (CEP) imaging with head-to-head comparisons between other UTE imaging techniques. METHOD: The DIR-UTE sequence employs two narrow-band adiabatic full passage (AFP) pulses to suppress signals from long T2 water (e.g., nucleus pulposus (NP)) and bone marrow fat (BMF) independently, followed by multispoke UTE acquisition to detect signals from the CEP with short T2 relaxation times. The DIR-UTE sequence, in addition to three other UTE sequences namely, an IR-prepared and fat-saturated UTE (IR-FS-UTE), a T1-weighted and fat-saturated UTE sequence (T1w-FS-UTE), and a fat-saturated UTE (FS-UTE) was used for MR imaging on a 3 T scanner to image six asymptomatic volunteers, six patients with low back pain, as well as a human cadaveric specimen. The contrast-to-noise ratio of the CEP relative to the adjacent structures-specifically the NP and BMF-was then compared from the acquired images across the different UTE sequences. RESULTS: For asymptomatic volunteers, the DIR-UTE sequence showed significantly higher contrast-to-noise ratio values between the CEP and BMF (CNRCEP-BMF) (19.9 ± 3.0) and between the CEP and NP (CNRCEP-NP) (23.1 ± 1.7) compared to IR-FS-UTE (CNRCEP-BMF: 17.3 ± 1.2 and CNRCEP-NP: 19.1 ± 1.8), T1w-FS-UTE (CNRCEP-BMF: 9.0 ± 2.7 and CNRCEP-NP: 10.4 ± 3.5), and FS-UTE (CNRCEP-BMF: 7.7 ± 2.2 and CNRCEP-NP: 5.8 ± 2.4) for asymptomatic volunteers (all P-values < 0.001). For the spine sample and patients with low back pain, the DIR-UTE technique detected abnormalities such as irregularities and focal defects in the CEP regions. CONCLUSION: The 3D DIR-UTE sequence is able to provide high-contrast volumetric CEP imaging for human spines on a clinical 3 T scanner.

Dosimetric validation for prospective clinical trial on GRID collimator-based spatially fractionated radiation therapy: Dose metrics consistency and heterogeneous pattern reproducibility.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to characterize the dosimetric properties of a commercial brass GRID collimator for high energy photon beams including 15 and 10 MV. Then, the difference in dosimetric parameters of GRID beams among different energies and linacs was evaluated. METHOD: A water tank scanning system was used to acquire the dosimetric parameters, including the percentage depth dose (PDD), beam profiles, peak to valley dose ratios (PVDRs), and output factors (OFs). The profiles at various depths were measured at 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD), and field sizes of 10 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2 on three linacs. The PVDRs and OFs were measured and compared with the treatment planning system (TPS) calculations. RESULTS: Compared with the open beam data, there were noticeable changes in PDDs of GRID fields across all the energies. The GRID fields demonstrated a maximal of 3 mm shift in dmax (Truebeam STX, 15MV, 10 × 10 cm2). The PVDR decreased as beam energy increases. The difference in PVDRs between Trilogy and Truebeam STx using 6MV and 15MV was 1.5% ± 4.0% and 2.1% ± 4.3%, respectively. However, two Truebeam linacs demonstrated less than 2% difference in PVDRs. The OF of the GRID field was dependent on the energy and field size. The measured PDDs, PVDRs, and OFs agreed with the TPS calculations within 3% difference. The TPS calculations agreed with the measurements when using 1 mm calculation resolution. CONCLUSION: The dosimetric characteristics of high-energy GRID fields, especially PVDR, significantly differ from those of low-energy GRID fields. Two Truebeam machines are interchangeable for GRID therapy, while a pronounced difference was observed between Truebeam and Trilogy. A series of empirical equations and reference look-up tables for GRID therapy can be generated to facilitate clinical applications.

High-frequency Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging of Human Rotator Cuff Muscles: Assessment of Repeatability and Reproducibility.

This study evaluated the repeatability and reproducibility of using high-frequency quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurement of backscatter coefficient (BSC), grayscale analysis, and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) textural analysis, to characterize human rotator cuff muscles. The effects of varying scanner settings across two different operators and two US systems were investigated in a healthy volunteer with normal rotator cuff muscles and a patient with chronic massive rotator cuff injury and substantial muscle degeneration. The results suggest that BSC is a promising method for assessing rotator cuff muscles in both control and pathological subjects, even when operators were free to adjust system settings (depth, level of focus, and time-gain compensation). Measurements were repeatable and reproducible across the different operators and ultrasound imaging platforms. In contrast, grayscale and GLCM analyses were found to be less reliable in this setting, with significant measurement variability. Overall, the repeatability and reproducibility measurements of BSC indicate its potential as a diagnostic tool for rotator cuff muscle evaluation.

Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1-expressing vagus nerve fibers mediate IL-1ß induced hypothermia and reflex anti-inflammatory responses.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation, the physiological response to infection and injury, is coordinated by the immune and nervous systems. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and other cytokines produced during inflammatory responses activate sensory neurons (nociceptors) to mediate the onset of pain, sickness behavior, and metabolic responses. Although nociceptors expressing Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) can initiate inflammation, comparatively little is known about the role of TRPA1 nociceptors in the physiological responses to specific cytokines. METHODS: To monitor body temperature in conscious and unrestrained mice, telemetry probes were implanted into peritoneal cavity of mice. Using transgenic and tissue specific knockouts and chemogenetic techniques, we recorded temperature responses to the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß. Using calcium imaging, whole cell patch clamping and whole nerve recordings, we investigated the role of TRPA1 during IL-1ß-mediated neuronal activation. Mouse models of acute endotoxemia and sepsis were used to elucidate how specific activation, with optogenetics and chemogenetics, or ablation of TRPA1 neurons can affect the outcomes of inflammatory insults. All statistical tests were performed with GraphPad Prism 9 software and for all analyses, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Here, we describe a previously unrecognized mechanism by which IL-1ß activates afferent vagus nerve fibers to trigger hypothermia, a response which is abolished by selective silencing of neuronal TRPA1. Afferent vagus nerve TRPA1 signaling also inhibits endotoxin-stimulated cytokine storm and significantly reduces the lethality of bacterial sepsis. CONCLUSION: Thus, IL-1ß activates TRPA1 vagus nerve signaling in the afferent arm of a reflex anti-inflammatory response which inhibits cytokine release, induces hypothermia, and reduces the mortality of infection. This discovery establishes that TRPA1, an ion channel known previously as a pro-inflammatory detector of cold, pain, itch, and a wide variety of noxious molecules, also plays a specific anti-inflammatory role via activating reflex anti-inflammatory activity.

MR multitasking-based dynamic imaging for cerebrovascular evaluation (MT-DICE): Simultaneous quantification of permeability and leakage-insensitive perfusion by dynamic T 1 / T 2 * mapping.

PURPOSE: To develop an MR multitasking-based dynamic imaging for cerebrovascular evaluation (MT-DICE) technique for simultaneous quantification of permeability and leakage-insensitive perfusion with a single-dose contrast injection. METHODS: MT-DICE builds on a saturation-recovery prepared multi-echo fast low-angle shot sequence. The k-space is randomly sampled for 7.6 min, with single-dose contrast agent injected 1.5 min into the scan. MR multitasking is used to model the data into six dimensions, including three spatial dimensions for whole-brain coverage, a saturation-recovery time dimension, and a TE dimension for dynamic T 1 $$ {\mathrm{T}}_1 $$ and T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ quantification, respectively, and a contrast dynamics dimension for capturing contrast kinetics. The derived pixel-wise T 1 / T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_1/{\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ time series are converted into contrast concentration-time curves for calculation of kinetic metrics. The technique was assessed for its agreement with reference methods in T 1 $$ {\mathrm{T}}_1 $$ and T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ measurements in eight healthy subjects and, in three of them, inter-session repeatability of permeability and leakage-insensitive perfusion parameters. Its feasibility was also demonstrated in four patients with brain tumors. RESULTS: MT-DICE T 1 / T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_1/{\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ values of normal gray matter and white matter were in excellent agreement with reference values (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.860/0.962 for gray matter and 0.925/0.975 for white matter ). Both permeability and perfusion parameters demonstrated good to excellent intersession agreement with the lowest intraclass correlation coefficients at 0.694. Contrast kinetic parameters in all healthy subjects and patients were within the literature range. CONCLUSION: Based on dynamic T 1 / T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_1/{\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ mapping, MT-DICE allows for simultaneous quantification of permeability and leakage-insensitive perfusion metrics with a single-dose contrast injection.

Physalis Mottle Virus-Like Nanocarriers with Expanded Internal Loading Capacity.

An ongoing challenge in precision medicine is the efficient delivery of therapeutics to tissues/organs of interest. Nanoparticle delivery systems have the potential to overcome traditional limitations of drug and gene delivery through improved pharmacokinetics, tissue targeting, and stability of encapsulated cargo. Physalis mottle virus (PhMV)-like nanoparticles are a promising nanocarrier platform which can be chemically targeted on the exterior and interior surfaces through reactive amino acids. Cargo-loading to the internal cavity is achieved with thiol-reactive small molecules. However, the internal loading capacity of these nanoparticles is limited by the presence of a single reactive cysteine (C75) per coat protein with low inherent reactivity. Here, we use structure-based design to engineer cysteine-added mutants of PhMV VLPs that display increased reactivity toward thiol-reactive small molecules. Specifically, the A31C and S137C mutants show a greater than 10-fold increased rate of reactivity towards thiol-reactive small molecules, and PhMV Cys1 (A31C), PhMV Cys2 (S137C), and PhMV Cys1+2 (double mutant) VLPs display up to three-fold increased internal loading of the small molecule chemotherapeutics aldoxorubicin and vcMMAE and up to four-fold increased internal loading of the MRI imaging reagent DOTA(Gd). These results further improve upon a promising plant virus-based nanocarrier system for use in targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs and imaging reagents in vivo.

Ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging of the osteochondral junction.

Osteoarthritis is a common chronic degenerative disease that causes pain and disability with increasing incidence worldwide. The osteochondral junction is a dynamic region of the joint that is associated with the early development and progression of osteoarthritis. Despite the substantial advances achieved in the imaging of cartilage and application to osteoarthritis in recent years, the osteochondral junction has received limited attention. This is primarily related to technical limitations encountered with conventional MR sequences that are relatively insensitive to short T2 tissues and the rapid signal decay that characterizes these tissues. MR sequences with ultrashort echo time (UTE) are of great interest because they can provide images of high resolution and contrast in this region. Here, we briefly review the anatomy and function of cartilage, focusing on the osteochondral junction. We also review basic concepts and recent applications of UTE MR sequences focusing on the osteochondral junction.

Correction of B0 and linear eddy currents: Impact on morphological and quantitative ultrashort echo time double echo steady state (UTE-DESS) imaging.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of B0 and linear eddy currents on ultrashort echo time double echo steady state (UTE-DESS) imaging and to determine whether eddy current correction (ECC) effectively resolves imaging artifacts caused by eddy currents. 3D UTE-DESS sequences based on either projection radial or spiral cones trajectories were implemented on a 3-T clinical MR scanner. An off-isocentered thin-slice excitation approach was used to measure eddy currents. The measurements were repeated four times using two sets of tested gradient waveforms with opposite polarities and two different slice locations to measure B0 and linear eddy currents simultaneously. Computer simulation was performed to investigate the eddy current effect. Finally, a phantom experiment, an ex vivo experiment with human synovium and ankle samples, and an in vivo experiment with human knee joints, were performed to demonstrate the effects of eddy currents and ECC in UTE-DESS imaging. In a computer simulation, the two echoes (S+ and S-) in UTE-DESS imaging exhibited strong distortion at different orientations in the presence of B0 and linear eddy currents, resulting in both image degradation as well as misalignment of pixel location between the two echoes. The same phenomenon was observed in the phantom, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments, where the presence of eddy currents degraded S+, S-, echo subtraction images, and T2 maps. The implementation of ECC dramatically improved both the image quality and image registration between the S+ and S- echoes. It was concluded that ECC is crucial for reliable morphological and quantitative UTE-DESS imaging.

Combined computational modeling and experimental analysis integrating chemical and mechanical signals suggests possible mechanism of shoot meristem maintenance.

Stem cell maintenance in multilayered shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of plants requires strict regulation of cell growth and division. Exactly how the complex milieu of chemical and mechanical signals interact in the central region of the SAM to regulate cell division plane orientation is not well understood. In this paper, simulations using a newly developed multiscale computational model are combined with experimental studies to suggest and test three hypothesized mechanisms for the regulation of cell division plane orientation and the direction of anisotropic cell expansion in the corpus. Simulations predict that in the Apical corpus, WUSCHEL and cytokinin regulate the direction of anisotropic cell expansion, and cells divide according to tensile stress on the cell wall. In the Basal corpus, model simulations suggest dual roles for WUSCHEL and cytokinin in regulating both the direction of anisotropic cell expansion and cell division plane orientation. Simulation results are followed by a detailed analysis of changes in cell characteristics upon manipulation of WUSCHEL and cytokinin in experiments that support model predictions. Moreover, simulations predict that this layer-specific mechanism maintains both the experimentally observed shape and structure of the SAM as well as the distribution of WUSCHEL in the tissue. This provides an additional link between the roles of WUSCHEL, cytokinin, and mechanical stress in regulating SAM growth and proper stem cell maintenance in the SAM.

Reoperation for Hirschsprung Disease: Two cases of Vanishing Ganglion Cells and Review of the Literature.

Hirschsprung disease (HD) is characterized by circumferential aganglionosis of the rectum with variable proximal bowel involvement. The underlying pathogenesis is due to failure of caudal migration of neural crest cells during pre-natal development, causing functional bowel obstruction. Definitive therapy is surgical resection; however, a subset of patients will require reoperation. An important cause of reoperation is the rare but distinct entity described as the ganglion cell "vanishing" phenomenon. In this phenomenon, affected patients have normal circumferential ganglion cells present at the proximal margin during primary resection. They undergo a variable asymptomatic period post-primary resection but ultimately develop recurrent symptoms. Upon reoperation, ganglion cells seemingly vanish and are no longer present in the previously functioning and ganglionated bowel proximal to the initial anastomotic site. To further characterize and investigate this poorly understood pathology, here we present 2 cases of HD patients who required reoperation. Our small series implicates that an immune component may contribute as patient 2 had a brisk neurotrophic eosinophilic infiltrate only present in the reoperation specimen. However, this was not observed in patient 1. Other possible etiologies include post-operative ischemia/hypoxia, visceral neuropathy, or signaling abnormalities within the residual ganglion cells themselves.

Identification of a brainstem locus that inhibits tumor necrosis factor.

In the brain, compact clusters of neuron cell bodies, termed nuclei, are essential for maintaining parameters of host physiology within a narrow range optimal for health. Neurons residing in the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) project in the vagus nerve to communicate with the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. Vagus nerve-mediated reflexes also control immune system responses to infection and injury by inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines in the spleen, although the function of DMN neurons in regulating TNF release is not known. Here, optogenetics and functional mapping reveal cholinergic neurons in the DMN, which project to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia, significantly increase splenic nerve activity and inhibit TNF production. Efferent vagus nerve fibers terminating in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia form varicose-like structures surrounding individual nerve cell bodies innervating the spleen. Selective optogenetic activation of DMN cholinergic neurons or electrical activation of the cervical vagus nerve evokes action potentials in the splenic nerve. Pharmacological blockade and surgical transection of the vagus nerve inhibit vagus nerve-evoked splenic nerve responses. These results indicate that cholinergic neurons residing in the brainstem DMN control TNF production, revealing a role for brainstem coordination of immunity.