Selective Photoreduction of CO2 to CH4 Triggered by Metal-Vacancy Pair Sites.

Selectively achieving the photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane (CH4) remains a significant challenge, which primarily arises from the complexity of the protonation process. In this work, we designed metal-vacancy pair sites in defective metal oxide semiconductors, which anchor the reactive intermediates with a bridged linkage for the selective protonation to produce CH4. As an example, oxygen-deficient Nb2O5 nanosheets are synthesized, in which the niobium-oxygen vacancy pair sites are demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy monitors the *CH3O intermediate, a key intermediate for CH4 production, during the CO2 photoreduction in oxygen-deficient Nb2O5 nanosheets. Importantly, the built metal-vacancy pair sites regulate the *CH3O formation step as a spontaneous process, making the reduction of CO2 to CH4 the preferred method. Therefore, the oxygen-deficient Nb2O5 nanosheets exhibit a CH4 formation rate of 19.14 µmol g-1 h-1, with an electron selectivity of ∼94.1%.

Nitrogen Doping-Roused Synergistic Active Sites in Perovskite Enabling Highly Selective CO2 Photoreduction into CH4.

The intricate protonation process in carbon dioxide reduction usually makes the product unpredictable. Thus, it is significant to control the reactive intermediates to manipulate the reaction steps. Here, we propose that the synergistic La-Ti active sites in the N-La2Ti2O7 nanosheets enable the highly selective carbon dioxide photoreduction into methane. In the photoreduction of CO2 over N-La2Ti2O7 nanosheets, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra are utilized to monitor the *CH3O intermediate, pivotal for methane production, whereas such monitoring is not conducted for La2Ti2O7 nanosheets. Also, theoretical calculations testify to the increased charge densities on the Ti and La atoms and the regulated formation energy barrier of *CO and *CH3O intermediates by the constructed synergistic active sites. Accordingly, the methane formation rate of 7.97 µL h-1 exhibited by the N-La2Ti2O7 nanosheets, along with an electron selectivity of 96.6%, exceeds that of most previously reported catalysts under similar conditions.

Progress and Perspective for "Green" Strategies of Catalytic Plastics Conversion into Fuels by Regulating Half-Reactions.

Nowadays, plastic waste threatens public health and the natural ecosystems of our lives. It is highly beneficial to recycle plastic waste in order to maximize the reuse of its contained carbon sources for the development of other valuable products. Unfortunately, traditional techniques usually require significant energy consumption and result in the generation of hazardous waste. Herein, the up-to-date developments on the "green" strategies under mild conditions including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis of plastic wastes are presented. During the oxidation of plastics in these "green" strategies, corresponding reduction reactions usually exist, which affect the property of catalytic plastics conversion. Particularly, we mainly focus on how to design the corresponding half reactions, such as the water reduction, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrate reduction. Finally, we provide forward-looking insight into the enhancement of these "green" strategies, the extension of more half reactions into other organic catalysis, a comprehensive exploration of the underlying mechanisms through in situ studies and theoretical analysis and the problems for practical applications that needs to be solved.

Interfacial-Assembly-Induced In Situ Transformation from Aligned 1D Nanowires to Quasi-2D Nanofilms.

As the dimensionality of materials generally affects their characteristics, thin films composed of low-dimensional nanomaterials, such as nanowires (NWs) or nanoplates, are of great importance in modern engineering. Among various bottom-up film fabrication strategies, interfacial assembly of nanoscale building blocks holds great promise in constructing large-scale aligned thin films, leading to emergent or enhanced collective properties compared to individual building blocks. As for 1D nanostructures, the interfacial self-assembly causes the morphology orientation, effectively achieving anisotropic electrical, thermal, and optical conduction. However, issues such as defects between each nanoscale building block, crystal orientation, and homogeneity constrain the application of ordered films. The precise control of transdimensional synthesis and the formation mechanism from 1D to 2D are rarely reported. To meet this gap, we introduce an interfacial-assembly-induced interfacial synthesis strategy and successfully synthesize quasi-2D nanofilms via the oriented attachment of 1D NWs on the liquid interface. Theoretical sampling and simulation show that NWs on the liquid interface maintain their lowest interaction energy for the ordered crystal plane (110) orientation and then rearrange and attach to the quasi-2D nanofilm. This quasi-2D nanofilm shows enhanced electric conductivity and unique optical properties compared with its corresponding 1D geometry materials. Uncovering these growth pathways of the 1D-to-2D transition provides opportunities for future material design and synthesis at the interface.

All of Us participant perspectives on the return of value in research.

PURPOSE: To understand participant preferences for receiving specific types of research information, whether information preferences vary across sociodemographic groups, and the types of health providers participants could access to understand returned information. METHODS: All of Us Research Program participants completed a value of returning research information survey. Stratified sampling was implemented to enhance participant diversity and avoid noncoverage. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations between the most valuable information types, access to providers, and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Participants (N = 20,405) were diverse in their race/ethnicity (eg, 52% were White, 18% were Hispanic/Latino or Spanish, 3% were Asian, and 20% were Black or African American). Most participants (78.6%) valued information about their risk of serious genetic diseases with available treatment. Primary care physicians, specialists, and genetic counselors were the top providers that participants could access for help understanding returned information. Information preferences and provider access varied across sociodemographic groups. For example, as income levels increased, the odds of placing value on genetic results indicating risk of serious disease with available treatment increased when compared with the lowest income levels (P value < .001). CONCLUSION: Although genetic information was most valuable to participants, preferences about specific information types varied across sociodemographic groups.

Fundamentals and Challenges of Engineering Charge Polarized Active Sites for CO2 Photoreduction toward C2 Products.

ConspectusGlobal warming and climatic deterioration are partly caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Given this, CO2 reduction into valuable carbonaceous fuels is a win-win route to simultaneously alleviate the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis, where CO2 reduction into hydrocarbon fuels by solar energy may be a potential strategy. Up to now, most of the current photocatalysts photoconvert CO2 to C1 products. It is extremely difficult to achieve production of C2 products, which have higher economic value and energy density, due to the kinetic challenge of C-C coupling of the C1 intermediates. Therefore, to realize CO2 photoreduction to C2 fuels, design of high-activity photocatalysts to expedite the C-C coupling is significant. Besides, the current mechanism for CO2 photoreduction toward C2 fuels is usually uncertain, which is possibly attributed to the following two reasons: (1) It is arduous to determine the actual catalytic sites for the C-C coupling step. (2) It is hard to monitor the low-concentration active intermediates during the multielectron transfer step.Most traditional metal-based photocatalysts usually possess charge balanced active sites that have the same charge density. In this aspect, the neighboring C1 intermediates may also show the same charge distribution, which would lead to dipole-dipole repulsion, thus preventing C-C coupling for producing C2 fuels. By contrast, photocatalysts with charge polarized active sites possess obviously different charge distributions in the adjacent C1 intermediates, which can effectively suppress the electrostatic repulsion to steer the C-C coupling. Based on this analysis, higher asymmetric charge density on the active sites would be more beneficial to anchoring between the adjacent intermediates and active atoms in catalysts, which can boost C-C coupling.In this Account, we summarize various strategies, including vacancy engineering, doping engineering, loading engineering, and heterojunction engineering, for tailoring charge polarized active sites to boost the C-C coupling for the first time. Also, we overview diverse in situ characterization technologies, such as in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, for determining charge polarized active sites and monitoring reaction intermediates, helping to reveal the internal catalytic mechanism of CO2 photoreduction toward C2 products. We hope this Account may help readers to understand the crucial function of charge polarized active sites during CO2 photoreduction toward C2 products and provide guidance for designing and preparing highly active catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Identifying erroneous height and weight values from adult electronic health records in the All of Us research program.

INTRODUCTION: Electronic Health Records (EHR) are a useful data source for research, but their usability is hindered by measurement errors. This study investigated an automatic error detection algorithm for adult height and weight measurements in EHR for the All of Us Research Program (All of Us). METHODS: We developed reference charts for adult heights and weights that were stratified on participant sex. Our analysis included 4,076,534 height and 5,207,328 wt measurements from âˆ¼ 150,000 participants. Errors were identified using modified standard deviation scores, differences from their expected values, and significant changes between consecutive measurements. We evaluated our method with chart-reviewed heights (8,092) and weights (9,039) from 250 randomly selected participants and compared it with the current cleaning algorithm in All of Us. RESULTS: The proposed algorithm classified 1.4 % of height and 1.5 % of weight errors in the full cohort. Sensitivity was 90.4 % (95 % CI: 79.0-96.8 %) for heights and 65.9 % (95 % CI: 56.9-74.1 %) for weights. Precision was 73.4 % (95 % CI: 60.9-83.7 %) for heights and 62.9 (95 % CI: 54.0-71.1 %) for weights. In comparison, the current cleaning algorithm has inferior performance in sensitivity (55.8 %) and precision (16.5 %) for height errors while having higher precision (94.0 %) and lower sensitivity (61.9 %) for weight errors. DISCUSSION: Our proposed algorithm outperformed in detecting height errors compared to weights. It can serve as a valuable addition to the current All of Us cleaning algorithm for identifying erroneous height values.

Association between F2-Isoprostane Metabolites and Weight Change in Older Women: A Longitudinal Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Theoretically, some metabolic traits may predispose older individuals to weight loss during aging, leading to increased all-cause mortality and many serious health issues. Biomarkers to robustly predict progressive weight loss during aging are, however, lacking. We prospectively assessed if urinary levels of F2-isoprostanes and their peroxisomal ß-oxidation metabolite, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F2t-isoprostane (F2-IsoP-M), were associated with subsequent weight loss in middle-aged and older women. METHODS: Included in the analysis were 2,066 women aged 40-70 years, a subset of a prospective cohort study. F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and its ß-oxidation metabolite, F2-IsoP-M, were measured in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Measurements of anthropometry and exposures to major determinants of body weight were performed at baseline and repeated thrice over 15-year follow-up. The longitudinal associations of F2-IsoP-M and the F2-IsoP-M to its parent compound, F2-IsoP, ratio (MPR) with repeatedly measured weight changes were examined using linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS: After adjusting for time-varying covariates: energy intake, physical activity, and comorbidity index, among others, levels of F2-IsoP-M and the MPR were both inversely associated with percentage of weight change. Weight in the highest quartile of these two biomarkers was 1.33% (95% CI = -2.41, -0.24) and 1.09% (95% CI = -2.16, -0.02) lower than those in the lowest quartile group, with p for trend of 0.01 and 0.03, respectively. The inverse association was consistently seen across follow-up periods, although appearing stronger with prolonged follow-up. There was no association between the parent compound, F2-IsoPs, and weight change. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the first piece of evidence to associate F2-IsoP metabolism, peroxisomal ß-oxidation, with weight loss in older women. Further investigations into the role of lipid peroxidation and peroxisomal ß-oxidation in weight change among older individuals are warranted.

Resident operative time as an independent predictor of early post-operative cataract surgery outcomes and supervising attending surgeon impact: a retrospective case series.

BACKGROUND: The authors sought to determine if resident operative time in cataract extraction and intraocular lens insertion (CE/IOL) affects early visual outcomes and post-operative recovery. They further sought to investigate if attending surgeons can reduce resident operative time. METHODS: This retrospective, chart-review, case series at single Veterans Affairs Hospital (VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System) studied resident cataract surgeries between March 1, 2018 and March 31, 2020. Following power analysis, 420 eyes of 400 patients from all resident cataract surgeries were included. Eyes with attending as primary surgeon, laser-assisted cataract surgery, or concurrent secondary procedures were excluded. Linear mixed effect models were used to study the association between operative time and visual outcomes while adjusting for covariates including cumulative dissipated energy, preoperative factors, and intraoperative complications. RESULTS: Longer operative time was statistically associated with worse post-operative-day 1 (POD1) pinhole visual acuity (PH-VA) adjusting for cumulative dissipated energy and other operative factors (p = 0.049). Although resident physicians were the primary surgeons, the operative times were different between the ten supervising attending surgeons in the study (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that increased resident operative time is a significant, independent risk factor for decreased POD1 PH-VA. Increased resident operative time is not associated with worsened long term visual outcomes. Attending surgeons may be able to reduce resident operative time, which is associated with improved early visual outcomes.

Light-Driven C-C Coupling for Targeted Synthesis of CH3 COOH with Nearly 100 % Selectivity from CO2.

Targeted synthesis of acetic acid (CH3 COOH) from CO2 photoreduction under mild conditions mainly limits by the kinetic challenge of the C-C coupling. Herein, we utilized doping engineering to build charge-asymmetrical metal pair sites for boosted C-C coupling, enhancing the activity and selectivity of CO2 photoreduction towards CH3 COOH. As a prototype, the Pd doped Co3 O4 atomic layers are synthesized, where the established charge-asymmetrical cobalt pair sites are verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy spectra. Theoretical calculations not only reveal the charge-asymmetrical cobalt pair sites caused by Pd atom doping, but also manifest the promoted C-C coupling of double *COOH intermediates through shortening of the coupled C-C bond distance from 1.54 to 1.52 Å and lowering their formation energy barrier from 0.77 to 0.33 eV. Importantly, the decreased reaction energy barrier from the protonation of two*COOH into *CO intermediates for the Pd-Co3 O4 atomic layer slab is 0.49 eV, higher than that of the Co3 O4 atomic layer slab (0.41 eV). Therefore, the Pd-Co3 O4 atomic layers exhibit the CH3 COOH evolution rate of ca. 13.8 µmol g-1 h-1 with near 100% selectivity, both of which outperform all previously reported single photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction towards CH3 COOH under similar conditions.

Cox regression is robust to inaccurate EHR-extracted event time: an application to EHR-based GWAS.

MOTIVATION: Logistic regression models are used in genomic studies to analyze the genetic data linked to electronic health records (EHRs), and do not take full usage of the time-to-event information available in EHRs. Previous work has shown that Cox regression, which can account for left truncation and right censoring in EHRs, increased the power to detect genotype-phenotype associations compared to logistic regression. We extend this to evaluate the relative performance of Cox regression and various logistic regression models in the presence of positive errors in event time (delayed event time), relating to recorded event time accuracy. RESULTS: One Cox model and three logistic regression models were considered under different scenarios of delayed event time. Extensive simulations and a genomic study application were used to evaluate the impact of delayed event time. While logistic regression does not model the time-to-event directly, various logistic regression models used in the literature were more sensitive to delayed event time than Cox regression. Results highlighted the importance to identify and exclude the patients diagnosed before entry time. Cox regression had similar or modest improvement in statistical power over various logistic regression models at controlled type I error. This was supported by the empirical data, where the Cox models steadily had the highest sensitivity to detect known genotype-phenotype associations under all scenarios of delayed event time. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Access to individual-level EHR and genotype data is restricted by the IRB. Simulation code and R script for data process are at: https://github.com/QingxiaCindyChen/CoxRobustEHR.git. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Parent Activation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: Patient activation is the knowledge, skills, and confidence to manage one's health; parent activation is a comparable concept related to a parent's ability to manage a child's health. Activation in adults is a modifiable risk factor and associated with clinical outcomes and health care utilization. We examined activation in parents of hospitalized newborns observing temporal trends and associations with sociodemographic characteristics, neonate characteristics, and outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Participants included adult parents of neonates admitted to a level-IV neonatal intensive care unit in an academic medical center. Activation was measured with the 10-item Parent version of the Patient Activation Measure (P-PAM) at admission, discharge, and 30 days after discharge. Associations with sociodemographic variables, health literacy, clinical variables, and health care utilization were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 96 adults of 64 neonates were enrolled. The overall mean P-PAM score on admission was 81.8 (standard deviation [SD] = 18), 88.8 (SD = 13) at discharge, and 86.8 (SD = 16) at 30-day follow-up. Using linear mixed regression model, P-PAM score was significantly associated with timing of measurement. Higher P-PAM scores were associated with higher health literacy (p = 0.002) and higher in mothers compared to fathers (p = 0.040). There were no significant associations of admission P-PAM scores with sociodemographic characteristics. Parents of neonates who had a surgical diagnosis had a statistically significant (p = 0.003) lower score than those who did not. There were no associations between discharge P-PAM scores and neonates' lengths of stay or other indicators of illness severity. CONCLUSION: Parental activation in the NICU setting was higher than reported in the adult and limited pediatric literature; scores increased from admission to discharge and 30-day postdischarge. Activation was higher in mothers and parents with higher health literacy. Additional larger scale studies are needed to determine whether parental activation is associated with long-term health care outcomes as seen in adults. KEY POINTS: · Little is known about activation in parents of neonates.. · Activation plays a role in health outcomes in adults.. · Larger studies are needed to explore parent activation..

Selective CO2 -to-C2 H4 Photoconversion Enabled by Oxygen-Mediated Triatomic Sites in Partially Oxidized Bimetallic Sulfide.

Selective CO2 photoreduction into C2 fuels under mild conditions suffers from low product yield and poor selectivity owing to the kinetic challenge of C-C coupling. Here, triatomic sites are introduced into bimetallic sulfide to promote C-C coupling for selectively forming C2 products. As an example, FeCoS2 atomic layers with different oxidation degrees are first synthesized, demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy spectra. Both experiment and theoretical calculation verify more charges aggregate around the introduced oxygen atom, which enables the original Co-Fe dual sites to turn into Co-O-Fe triatomic sites, thus promoting C-C coupling of double *COOH intermediates. Accordingly, the mildly oxidized FeCoS2 atomic layers exhibit C2 H4 formation rate of 20.1 µmol g-1 h-1 , with the product selectivity and electron selectivity of 82.9 % and 96.7 %, outperforming most previously reported photocatalysts under similar conditions.

Cep57 and Cep57l1 function redundantly to recruit the Cep63-Cep152 complex for centriole biogenesis.

The Cep63-Cep152 complex located at the mother centriole recruits Plk4 to initiate centriole biogenesis. How the complex is targeted to mother centrioles, however, is unclear. In this study, we show that Cep57 and its paralog, Cep57l1, colocalize with Cep63 and Cep152 at the proximal end of mother centrioles in both cycling cells and multiciliated cells undergoing centriole amplification. Both Cep57 and Cep57l1 bind to the centrosomal targeting region of Cep63. The depletion of both proteins, but not either one, blocks loading of the Cep63-Cep152 complex to mother centrioles and consequently prevents centriole duplication. We propose that Cep57 and Cep57l1 function redundantly to ensure recruitment of the Cep63-Cep152 complex to the mother centrioles for procentriole formation.

Assessment of a Naloxone Coprescribing Alert for Patients at Risk of Opioid Overdose: A Quality Improvement Project.

BACKGROUND: Patients taking high doses of opioids, or taking opioids in combination with other central nervous system depressants, are at increased risk of opioid overdose. Coprescribing the opioid-reversal agent naloxone is an essential safety measure, recommended by the surgeon general, but the rate of naloxone coprescribing is low. Therefore, we set out to determine whether a targeted clinical decision support alert could increase the rate of naloxone coprescribing. METHODS: We conducted a before-after study from January 2019 to April 2021 at a large academic health system in the Southeast. We developed a targeted point of care decision support notification in the electronic health record to suggest ordering naloxone for patients who have a high risk of opioid overdose based on a high morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) ≥90 mg, concomitant benzodiazepine prescription, or a history of opioid use disorder or opioid overdose. We measured the rate of outpatient naloxone prescribing as our primary measure. A multivariable logistic regression model with robust variance to adjust for prescriptions within the same prescriber was implemented to estimate the association between alerts and naloxone coprescribing. RESULTS: The baseline naloxone coprescribing rate in 2019 was 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.31) naloxone prescriptions per 100 opioid prescriptions. After alert implementation, the naloxone coprescribing rate increased to 4.51 (95% CI, 4.33-4.68) naloxone prescriptions per 100 opioid prescriptions (P < .001). The adjusted odds of naloxone coprescribing after alert implementation were approximately 28 times those during the baseline period (95% CI, 15-52). CONCLUSIONS: A targeted decision support alert for patients at risk for opioid overdose significantly increased the rate of naloxone coprescribing and was relatively easy to build.

Factors Associated With Radioactive Iodine Therapy-Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with radioactive iodine (RAI)-acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). METHODS: Retrospective chart review and telephone surveys of patients who received RAI therapy for thyroid carcinoma at an academic institution were conducted. Telephone surveys were used to screen for post-RAI NLDO diagnoses. Databases were reviewed for documented NLDO, demographics, RAI dose, total number of RAI treatments, and sialadenitis. Routine post-RAI whole-body scintigraphy (WBS) images were analyzed for the presence or absence of 131I sodium iodide (I-131) in the nasolacrimal duct. Intranasal I-131 activity was graded as none, low, moderate, and high; those with moderate or high activity were considered to have "increased" activity. Logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations with NLDO while adjusting for I-131 dose. RESULTS: Of the 209 patients who completed the survey, 15 (7%) had NLDO diagnoses. Increased intranasal I-131 activity on WBS, presence of nasolacrimal I-131 WBS activity, presence of documented post-RAI sialadenitis, and history of >1 RAI treatment were associated with the development of NLDO from univariate analyses (P ≤ .013). After adjusting for the administered dose of I-131, the presence of sialadenitis and nasolacrimal I-131 activity on WBS were the remaining 2 factors significantly associated with NLDO development (P < .001 and P = .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of sialadenitis and nasolacrimal I-131 activity on WBS are I-131 dose-independent correlative factors for RAI-associated NLDO. Patients with these characteristics should be counseled on their increased risk of NLDO after RAI therapy for thyroid carcinoma.

Association of Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index With Orbital Fungal Disease Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (age-CCI) in sino-orbital fungal disease patients correlates with disease-specific mortality. METHODS: Hospital billing systems at 2 academic institutions were queried for patients with ICD-9, ICD-10, and CPT codes used in fungal disease who also had orbital disease and significant visual loss. Thirty-two patients at Institution A and 18 patients at Institution B met the inclusion criteria of microbiologic or pathologic confirmation of fungal infection and completion of inpatient ophthalmology evaluation. Patients without radiographic abnormality in the sinus or orbit were excluded. Demographic, diagnostic, treatment, and outcome variables were recorded. Our primary outcome was death due to fungal disease. RESULTS: Of the 50 medical records examined, 44 patients met the criteria for fungal-related death outcome on multivariate analysis. The regression coefficient for age-CCI and fungal-related mortality was 0.242 (95% CI, 0.012-0.779) with a p value of 0.038. CONCLUSIONS: Age-CCI is significantly associated with fungal-related mortality. This relationship remains significant when controlling for 5 covariates of fungal organism phylum, presence or absence of CNS disease, exenteration, local treatment use, and presence or absence of an immunosuppressive diagnosis. Age-CCI shows promise as a clinical and research tool in the evaluation of invasive fungal disease involving the orbit.

Microchemical Engineering in a 3D Ordered Channel Enhances Electrocatalysis.

The kinetics of electrode reactions including mass transfer and surface reaction is essential in electrocatalysis, as it strongly determines the apparent reaction rates, especially on nanostructured electrocatalysts. However, important challenges still remain in optimizing the kinetics of given catalysts with suitable constituents, morphology, and crystalline design to maximize the electrocatalytic performances. We propose a comprehensive kinetic model coupling mass transfer and surface reaction on the nanocatalyst-modified electrode surface to explore and shed light on the kinetic optimization in electrocatalysis. Moreover, a theory-guided microchemical engineering (MCE) strategy has been demonstrated to rationally redesign the catalysts with optimized kinetics. Experimental measurements for methanol oxidation reaction in a 3D ordered channel with tunable channel sizes confirm the calculation prediction. Under the optimized channel size, mass transfer and surface reaction in the channeled microreactor are both well regulated. This MCE strategy will bring about a significant leap forward in structured catalyst design and kinetic modulation.

Imprecision and Preferences in Interpretation of Verbal Probabilities in Health: a Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Many health providers and communicators who are concerned that patients will not understand numbers instead use verbal probabilities (e.g., terms such as "rare" or "common") to convey the gist of a health message. OBJECTIVE: To assess patient interpretation of and preferences for verbal probability information in health contexts. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of literature published through September 2020. Original studies conducted in English with samples representative of lay populations were included if they assessed health-related information and elicited either (a) numerical estimates of verbal probability terms or (b) preferences for verbal vs. quantitative risk information. RESULTS: We identified 33 original studies that referenced 145 verbal probability terms, 45 of which were included in at least two studies and 19 in three or more. Numerical interpretations of each verbal term were extremely variable. For example, average interpretations of the term "rare" ranged from 7 to 21%, and for "common," the range was 34 to 71%. In a subset of 9 studies, lay estimates of verbal probability terms were far higher than the standard interpretations established by the European Commission for drug labels. In 10 of 12 samples where preferences were elicited, most participants preferred numerical information, alone or in combination with verbal labels. CONCLUSION: Numerical interpretation of verbal probabilities is extremely variable and does not correspond well to the numerical probabilities established by expert panels. Most patients appear to prefer quantitative risk information, alone or in combination with verbal labels. Health professionals should be aware that avoiding numeric information to describe risks may not match patient preferences, and that patients interpret verbal risk terms in a highly variable way.

Parental centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation and function during basal body amplification.

Mammalian epithelial cells use a pair of parental centrioles and numerous deuterosomes as platforms for efficient basal body production during multiciliogenesis. How deuterosomes form and function, however, remain controversial. They are proposed to arise either spontaneously for massive de novo centriole biogenesis or in a daughter centriole-dependent manner as shuttles to carry away procentrioles assembled at the centriole. Here, we show that both parental centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation. In both mouse tracheal epithelial and ependymal cells (mTECs and mEPCs), discrete deuterosomes in the cytoplasm are initially procentriole-free. They emerge at widely dispersed positions in the cytoplasm and then enlarge, concomitant with their increased ability to form procentrioles. More importantly, deuterosomes still form efficiently in mEPCs whose daughter centriole or even both parental centrioles are eliminated through shRNA-mediated depletion or drug inhibition of Plk4, a kinase essential to centriole biogenesis in both cycling cells and multiciliated cells. Therefore, deuterosomes can be assembled autonomously to mediate de novo centriole amplification in multiciliated cells.