ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as an indicator of systemic inflammatory response. Several studies suggest a negative impact of increased NLR for patient's survival in different types of cancer. However, previous findings from small-scale studies revealed conflicting results about its prognostic significance with regard to different clinical end points in non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Therefore, the aim of our study was the validation of the prognostic significance of NLR in a large cohort of RCC patients. METHODS: Data from 678 consecutive non-metastatic clear cell RCC patients, operated between 2000 and 2010 at a single centre, were evaluated retrospectively. Cancer-specific, metastasis-free, as well as overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. To evaluate the independent prognostic significance of NLR, multivariate Cox regression models were applied for all three different end points. Influence of the NLR on the predictive accuracy of the Leibovich prognosis score was determined by Harrell's concordance index. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis identified increased NLR as an independent prognostic factor for overall (hazard ratio (HR)=1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10-2.31, P=0.014), but not for cancer-specific (HR=1.59, 95% CI=0.84-2.99, P=0.148), nor for metastasis-free survival (HR=1.39, 95% CI=0.85-2.28, P=0.184). The estimated concordance index was 0.79 using the Leibovich risk score and 0.81 when NLR was added. CONCLUSION: Regarding patients' OS, an increased NLR represented an independent risk factor, which might reflect a higher risk for severe cardiovascular and other comorbidities. Adding the NLR to well-established prognostic models such as the Leibovich prognosis score might improve their predictive ability.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood , Kidney Neoplasms/blood , Lymphocytes/cytology , Neutrophils/cytology , Aged , Blood Cell Count , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/mortality , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Prognosis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Age is suggested to be the greatest single risk factor for developing urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). This review presents an overview of the incidence, prognosis, surgical and medical therapy of UCB in elderly patients (> 65 years). RESULTS: Elderly patients have an approximate 11-fold increase in the incidence and a 15-fold increase in UCB mortality when compared to younger individuals. However, adequate surgical or medical treatment is less often or delayed offered to elderly patients. In properly selected cases, similar surgical outcomes and complication rates are reported in elderly patients, regardless of the type of urinary diversion. Application of perioperative systemic chemotherapy is dependent on physiologic deterioration and comorbidities. An adequate, restrictive case selection and early proactive postoperative rehabilitation are important factors to achieve good results. CONCLUSIONS: In adequately selected elderly patients, radical cystectomy and urinary diversion as well as systemic chemotherapy are feasible, safe and efficacious treatment options for advanced UCB.