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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapy that involves the transplantation of healthy human fecal microorganisms into the gut of patients to rebuild or consolidate the intestinal microecology. It has been utilized in many diseases. However, FMT had a limited effect on patients with small intestinal diseases because of the unique ecological characteristics of the microorganisms. Thus, we proposed a new microecology transplantation therapy called human intestinal fluid transplantation (HIFT). Human intestinal fluid can be collected through a nasojejunal tube and be made into capsules using the freeze-dried powder method. In addition, strict standards for donor screening and management have been established. We are currently developing a high-standard HIFT preparation system and conducting high-quality clinical studies to validate the safety and efficacy of HIFT combined with FMT.
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INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated diffuse developmental disorder that commonly involves gastrointestinal distress and dysbacteriosis. Emerging lines of evidence have shown faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving the clinical outcomes of patients with ASD by re-establishing their intestinal microflora. We are undertaking the first-ever multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial of FMT for the treatment of children with both ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms and will assess the feasibility and efficacy outcomes of this strategy. METHODS: In total, 318 children with both ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms will be enrolled (from 15 hospitals in China) to receive either FMT intervention (n=212) or a placebo (control, n=106). Children aged 3-6 years will take two capsules two times a day, and those older than 6 years will take three capsules two times a day. Each patient will receive four treatment courses, with each 12-day course being repeated every month. Outcomes will be evaluated at baseline, throughout the period of intervention, and at subsequent follow-ups for 2 months. The primary trial objective is to investigate the remodelling effect of FMT on the intestinal microflora in patients with ASD. The secondary objective focuses on the clinical efficacy and safety of FMT, including its improvement of the clinical response and metabonomics. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the hospital Ethics Committee of each Faecal Transfer for ASD China Multicenter Trial Working Group. The ongoing FMT clinical trial is intended to support the approval of the new technology and its administration. The results of this trial will provide high-quality evidence to inform the future clinical application of this new therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2100043906; Pre-results.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Autism Spectrum Disorder/etiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy , Child , Child, Preschool , Double-Blind Method , Fecal Microbiota Transplantation/methods , Feces , Humans , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective@#To summarize the experience of diagnosis and treatment of superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome (SMACS) secondary to chronic constipation according to the concept of Lee′s triad syndrome.@*Methods@#The concept of Lee′s triad syndrome: (1) clinical symptoms: triad of constipation, malnutrition, upper gastrointestinal obstruction (vomiting, difficulty in eating); (2) anatomical manifestations: with triple anatomy anomaly of transverse colon sagging, elevated spleen flexure, and mesentery arterial compression; (3) treatment: with triple treatment of enteral nutrition support, chest-knee posture and fecal microbiota transplantation. A descriptive cohort study was performed. According to Lee′s triad syndrome criteria, clinical data of 78 patients with superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome secondary to chronic constipation in the Tenth People′s Hospital of Tongji University and General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command from June 2004 to November 2018 were prospectively collected, including basic information, symptoms and signs, imaging findings, nutritional indicators, gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI) and Wexner defecation score. The above parameters based on Lee′s triad syndrome criteria were followed up and recorded at 1, 3, 6, 12 months after comprehensive treatment.@*Results@#All the patients had Lee′s triple symptoms of constipation, malnutrition, upper gastrointestinal obstruction (vomiting, eating difficulties), and triple anatomy anomaly of transverse colon sagging, elevated spleen curvature, and mesentery arterial compression before treatment. After triple treatment of enteral nutrition support, chest-knee posture, and fecal microbiota transplantation, 69 (88.5%) patients had a significant improvement of symptoms, and 9 patients had no significant improvement of symptoms and then eventually received surgery. The 69 cases without operation received follow-up for 12 months. All the patients eventually returned to normal eating, and upper gastrointestinal angiography and superior mesenteric artery imaging showed duodenal compression disappeared. After 1 month, the constipation-related indexes were improved. After 12 months, the number of autonomous defecation per week increased from 1.0±0.8 to 5.0±1.6 (P<0.001). The GIQLI score increased from 52.7±8.5 to 93.2±7.5 (P<0.001), and the Wexner score decreased from 19.1±2.5 to 6.2±2.1 (P<0.001). After 1 month, nutritional indexes were improved gradually. After 12 months, the BMI increased from (17.9±1.8) kg/m2 to (21.0±1.3) kg/m2, total protein increased from (65.2±5.7) g/L to (68.3±4.2) g/L, albumin increased from (32.1±5.1) g/L to (40.4±3.0) g/L, prealbumin increased from (163.2±53.7) mg/L to (259.1±45.6) mg/L, fibrinogen increased from (1.9±0.5) g/L to (2.4±0.5) g/L, whose differences were statistically significant (all P<0.001). Upper gastrointestinal angiography and superior mesenteric artery imaging showed duodenal compression were relieved. The angle between superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta increased from (17.4±3.8)° to (37.8±5.8)° (t=-22.26, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#When patients with SMACS secondary to chronic constipation have Lee′s triple symptoms and triple anatomy anomaly, the triple combination treatment of enteral nutrition support, chest-knee posture and fecal microbiota transplantation should be applied.
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Objective@#Comparing the benefit of Abidor, lopinavir/ritonavir and recombinant interferon α-2b triple combination antiviral therapy and lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon dual combination antiviral therapy to hospitalized novel coronavirus pneumonia 2019 in Zhejiang province.@*Methods@#A multi-center prospective study was carried out to compare the effect of triple combination antiviral therapy with dual combination antiviral therapy in 15 medical institutions of Zhejiang Province. All patients were treated with recombinant interferon α-2b (5 million U, 2 times/d) aerosol inhalation. 196 patients were treated with abidol (200 mg, 3 times/d) + lopinavir / ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) as the triple combination antiviral treatment group. 41 patients were treated with lopinavir / ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) as the dual combination antiviral treatment group. The patients who received triple combination antiviral therapy were divided into three groups: within 48 hours, 3-5 days and > 5 days after the symptom onset. To explore the therapeutic effects of triple combination antiviral drugs and dual combination antiviral drugs, as well as triple combination antiviral drugs with different antiviral initiate time. SPSS17.0 software was used to analyze the data.@*Results@#The time of virus nucleic acid turning negative was (12.2 ± 4.7) days in the triple combination antiviral drug group, which was shorter than that in the dual combination antiviral drug group [(15.0 ± 5.0) days] (t = 6.159, P < 0.01 ). The length of hospital stay [12 (9, 17) d] in the triple combination antiviral drug group was also shorter than that in the dual combination antiviral drug group [15 (10, 18) d] (H = 2.073, P < 0.05). Comparing the antiviral treatment which was started within 48 hours, 3-5 days and > 5 days after the symptom onset of triple combination antiviral drug group, the time from the symptom onset to the negative of viral shedding was 13 (10,16.8), 17 (13,22) and 21 (18-24) days respectively (Z = 32.983, P < 0.01), and the time from antiviral therapy to the negative of viral shedding was (11.8±3.9) , (13.5±5.1) and (11.2±4.3) d. The differences among the three groups were statistically significant (Z=32.983 and 6.722, P<0.01 or<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The triple combination antiviral therapy of Abidor, Lopinavir/Litonavir and recombinant interferon α-2b showed shorter viral shedding time and hospitalization time compared with the dual combination antiviral therapy. The earlier the time to initiate triple antiviral treatment, the shorter the time of virus shedding.
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Objective:To compare the efficacy of the combination of abidol, lopinavir/ritonavir plus recombinant interferon α-2b (rIFNα-2b) and the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir plus rIFNα-2b for patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang province.Methods:A multicenter prospective study was carried out to compare the efficacy of triple combination antiviral therapy and dual combination antiviral therapy in 15 medical institutions of Zhejiang province during January 22 to February 16, 2020. All patients were treated with rIFNα-2b (5 million U, 2 times/d) aerosol inhalation, in addition 196 patients were treated with abidol (200 mg, 3 times/d) + lopinavir/ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) (triple combination group) and 41 patients were treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) (dual combination group). The patients who received triple combination antiviral therapy were further divided into three subgroups: <48 h, 3-5 d and >5 d according the time from the symptom onset to medication starting. The therapeutic efficacy was compared between triple combination group and dual combination group, and compared among 3 subgroups of patients receiving triple combination antiviral therapy. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results:The virus nucleic acid-negative conversion time in respiratory tract specimens was (12.2±4.7) d in the triple combination group, which was shorter than that in the dual combination group [(15.0±5.0) d] ( t=6.159, P<0.01). The length of hospital stay in the triple combination group [12.0 (9.0, 17.0) d] was also shorter than that in the dual combination group [15.0 (10.0, 18.0) d] ( H=2.073, P<0.05). Compared with the antiviral treatment which was started within after the symptom onset of in the triple combination group, the time from the symptom onset to the viral negative conversion was 13.0 (10.0, 17.0), 17.0 (13.0, 22.0) and 21.0 (18.0, 24.0) d in subgroups of 48 h, 3-5 d and >5 d, respectively ( Z=32.983, P<0.01), while the time from antiviral therapy to viral negative conversion was (11.8±3.9), (13.5±5.1) and (11.2±4.3) d, respectively( Z=6.722, P<0.05). Conclusions:The triple combination antiviral therapy of abidol, lopinavir/litonavir and rIFNα-2b shows shorter viral shedding time and shorter hospitalization time, compared with the dual combination antiviral therapy; and the earlier starting triple combination antiviral therapy will result in better antiviral efficacy.
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Objective@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for intestinal disorders.@*Methods@#A retrospectively descriptive cohort study was carried out. Clinical data of 2010 patients who underwent FMT and received follow-up for more than 3 months from May 2014 to November 2018 were collected, including 1,206 cases from Tongji University Shanghai Tenth People′s Hospital and 804 cases from Nanjing Eastern Military General Hospital. Of the 2,010 patients, 797 were male and 1,213 were female, with a mean age of (49.4±16.5) years old. Inclusion criteria were those with indications for FMT and voluntary treatment of FMT. Pregnant or lactating women, patients with end-stage disease, cases who were participating or participated in other clinical trials within 3 months, and patients with previous bowel history of pathogen infection, oral antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for the recent2 weeks, and those at immunosuppressive state were excluded. Informed consent was obtained from the enrolled patients and their families. There were 1,356 cases of constipation, 175 cases of inflammatory bowel disease, 148 cases of chronic diarrhea, 127 cases of radiation enteritis, 119 cases of irritable bowel syndrome, and 85 cases of autism (complicating with intestinal disorders). FMT donor requirements: (1) 18 to 30 years old non-relatives, non-pregnant healthy adults with healthy lifestyle and good eating habits as volunteers to participate in fecal donation; (2) no administration of antibiotics within 3 months; (3) no chronic diseases such as constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, etc., no autoimmune disease, not in immunosuppressive state, no history of malignant disease; (4) negative pathogen examination of infectious diseases (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, syphilis, HIV, etc.); (5) negative fecal examination (C.difficile, dysentery bacillus, Shigella, Campylobacter, parasites, etc.). The donor requirements after enrollment: (1) physical examination was reviewed once every two months, and the result still met the above requirements; (2) 16S rRNA sequencing was performed for every fecal donation in order to ensure that the composition and diversity of the fecal flora was stable and reliable. The preparation of the stool suspension referred to the Amsterdam criteria and the preparation process was less than 1 hour. The preparation of the FMT capsule was processed by pre-freezing the stool suspension after the preparation of the above suspension, and the frozen sample was transferred into a freeze dryer for freezing. The dried and lyophilized powder was encapsulated in capsules, and the capsule shell was made of acid-resistant hypromellose capsule (No.0) and pediatric-specific capsule (No.3), sealed and packaged in a-20℃ refrigerator. Three ways of accepting FMT treatment pathways included 6-day transplantation after the placement of the nasointestinal tube, 6-day oral FMT capsule transplantation and one-time transplantation through colonoscopy. Intestinal preparation (nasointestinal tube feeding of polyethylene glycol until watery stool) was carried out before transplantation. Other treatments were stopped during treatment and follow-up, and any medication was not recommended when necessary.@*Results@#Of the 2010 patients, 1,497 cases received nasointestinal tube transplantation (nasointestinal tube group), 452 cases oral capsule transplantation (oral capsule group) and 61 cases colonoscopy (colonoscopy group). At 3 time points of 3, 12, and 36 months after FMT, the clinical cure rates and the clinical improvement rates were 41.3% (560/1 356), 35.2% (320/909), 31.4% (69/220), and 29.0% (393/1 356), 27.8% (253/909), 29.1% (64/220), respectively in constipation patients; 33.1% (58/175), 29.9% (35/117), 24.5% (12/49), and 31.4% (55/175), 27.4% (32/117), 57.1% (28/49), respectively in inflammatory bowel disease patients; 87.8% (130/148), 81.8% (81/99), 78.3% (36/46), and 8.1% (12/148), 7.1% (7/99), 4.3% (2/46), respectively in chronic diarrhea patients; 61.4% (78/127), 56.5% (48/85), 47.6% (20/42), and 21.2% (27/127), 15.3% (13/85), 14.3% (6/42), respectively in radiation enteritis patients; 53.8% (64/119), 45.0% (36/80), 6/15, and 21.0% (25/119), 26.2% (21/80), 4/15, respectively in irritable bowel syndrome patients; 23.5% (20/85), 22.8% (13/57), 20.0%(5/25), and 55.3% (47/85), 49.1% (28/57), 40.0% (10/25), respectively in autism patients. Meanwhile the clinical cure rates and the clinical improvement rates at 3, 12, and 36 months were 47.7% (714/1 497), 42.8% (425/994), 39.1% (128/327), and 29.1% (436/1 497), 27.0% (268/994), 28.1% (92/327), respectively in the nasointestinal tube group; 38.7% (175/452), 30.2% (91/301), 33.3% (16/48), and 24.3% (110/452), 26.2% (79/301), 25.0% (12/48), respectively in the oral capsule group; 34.4% (21/61), 32.7% (17/52), 18.2% (4/22), and 21.3% (13/61), 13.5% (7/52), 45.5% (10/22), respectively in colonoscopy group. No serious adverse events occurred during treatment and follow-up period. The adverse event of nasointestinal tube group presented higher ratio of discomfort in respiratorytract accounting for 13.1% (196/1497); the oral capsule group had a higher proportion of nausea and vomiting when swallowing capsules accounting for 7.1% (32/452); the colonoscopy group was mainly diarrhea, accounting for 37.7% (23/61). The above symptoms disappeared after the nasointestinal tube was removed, or after treatment ended, or within 1 to 3 days after hospitalization.@*Conclusion@#FMT is a safe and effective method for the treatment of intestinal dysfunction.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for radiation intestinal injury.Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 32 radiation intestinal injury patients including 6 males and 26 females,aged (59.4 ± 9.5) years,with an age range of 51-86 years who underwent fecal microbiota transplantation from August 2017 to August 2018 in the Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Centre,Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University was performed.The efficacy (cure rate,improvement rate),nutritional indicators (body weight,albumin,hemoglobin),inflammation index (C-reactive protein),gastrointestinal quality of life index score and adverse events were compared after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation.The patients were followed up for 1 year by telephone,outpatient and network.The follow-up was carried out in combination with the above-mentioned effectiveness and safety indicators.The time was until August 2019.The measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD),the count data were expressed as percentage.The paired t test was used for comparison between groups.Results The clinical cure rate and clinical improvement rate of patients who received fecal microbiota transplantation for 1 year were 56.3％ and 15.6％,respectively.Body weight increased from pre-treatment (53.7 ± 9.6) kg to (60.8 ± 2.1) kg after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation,albumin increased from pre-treatment (30.7 ± 4.6) g/L to (37.5 ± 3.8) g/L after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation,and hemoglobin increased from pre-treatment (108.5 ± 13.1) g/L to (123.3 ± 13.4) g/L after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation.C-reactive protein decreased from pre-treatment (24.1 ±4.5) mg/L to (3.2 ±4.5) mg/L after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation.Gastrointestinal quality of life index scores were significantly increased after fecal microbiota transplantation,from (88.4 ± 7.1) scores to (112.2 ± 3.2) scores after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation.No serious adverse events occurred during the whole follow-up.The difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Fecal microbiota transplantation techndogy is effective and safe for radiation intestinal injury patients,which is worthy of clinical research.
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Objective@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for radiation intestinal injury.@*Methods@#Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 32 radiation intestinal injury patients including 6 males and 26 females, aged (59.4±9.5) years, with an age range of 51-86 years who underwent fecal microbiota transplantation from August 2017 to August 2018 in the Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Centre, Tenth People′s Hospital of Tongji University was performed. The efficacy (cure rate, improvement rate), nutritional indicators (body weight, albumin, hemoglobin), inflammation index (C-reactive protein), gastrointestinal quality of life index score and adverse events were compared after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation. The patients were followed up for 1 year by telephone, outpatient and network. The follow-up was carried out in combination with the above-mentioned effectiveness and safety indicators. The time was until August 2019. The measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (Mean±SD), the count data were expressed as percentage. The paired t test was used for comparison between groups.@*Results@#The clinical cure rate and clinical improvement rate of patients who received fecal microbiota transplantation for 1 year were 56.3% and 15.6%, respectively. Body weight increased from pre-treatment (53.7 ± 9.6) kg to (60.8 ± 2.1) kg after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation, albumin increased from pre-treatment (30.7±4.6) g/L to (37.5±3.8) g/L after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation, and hemoglobin increased from pre-treatment (108.5±13.1) g/L to (123.3±13.4) g/L after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation. C-reactive protein decreased from pre-treatment (24.1±4.5) mg/L to (3.2±4.5) mg/L after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation. Gastrointestinal quality of life index scores were significantly increased after fecal microbiota transplantation, from (88.4±7.1) scores to (112.2±3.2) scores after 1 year of fecal microbiota transplantation. No serious adverse events occurred during the whole follow-up. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Fecal microbiota transplantation techndogy is effective and safe for radiation intestinal injury patients, which is worthy of clinical research.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy of periodic fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for refractory constipation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 49 patients with refractory constipation undergoing FMT through standard transplantation path of nasojejunal tube between April 2015 and April 2016 in Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Centre of Nanjing General Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Of 49 patients, 25 received single FMT for only 6 days (single group), and 24 received periodic FMT with another 6 days FMT 1 month after the first 6 days FMT (periodic group). The follow up was at 12 weeks after treatment. Autonomous defecation frequency, Wexner constipation score, gastrointestinal quality of life index and related adverse reaction were evaluated and compared at 4-, 8- and 12-week after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed on the difference after treatment at each time point, and the greater difference indicated the better improvement.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no statistically significant differences in general characteristics between the two groups (all P<0.05). Before treatment, Wexner constipation score was 17.32±2.66 and 16.25±2.47, gastrointestinal quality of life index was 81.84±8.73 and 83.25±7.87, autonomous defecation frequency was (1.64±0.57) time/week and (1.42±0.65) time/week in single group and periodic group respectively, whose differences were not significant (all P>0.05). Compared with before FMT treatment, the autonomous defecation frequency, Wexner constipation score, gastrointestinal quality of life index were obviously improved at the 4-, 8-, 12-week (all P=0.000). At the 4-week after FMT treatment, the improvement degree of autonomous defecation frequency, Wexner constipation score, gastrointestinal quality of life index was compared between two groups, and no statistically significant differences were found (all P>0.05). While at 8-week and 12-week after FMT treatment, as compared to single group, periodic group had greater Wexner constipation score (at 8-week: 7.29±2.05 vs. 5.96±2.30, t=2.135, P=0.038; at 12-week: 7.21±1.98 vs. 5.80±2.43, t=2.218, P=0.031), greater gastrointestinal quality of life index (at 8-week: 25.71±8.91 vs. 20.20±8.53, t=2.211, P=0.032; at 12-week: 24.16±8.99 vs. 18.92±8.28, t=2.127, P=0.039) and better autonomous defecation frequency [at 8-week: (2.42±0.93) time/week vs. (1.72±0.61) time/week, t=3.110, P=0.003; at 12-week: (1.37±0.88) time/week vs. (0.84±0.62) time/week, t=2.454, P=0.018].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Periodic FMT has better efficacy than single FMT in the treatment of refractory constipation.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for gastrointestinal disorders.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 406 patients who underwent FMT from May 2014 to April 2016 in the Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Centre of Nanjing General Hospital was performed, including patients with constipation(276 cases), recurrent Clostridium Difficile infection (RCDI, 61 cases), ulcerative colitis(44 cases), irritable bowel syndrome (15 cases) and Crohn's disease(10 cases). Donors were completely unrelated, 18- to 50-year-old non-pregnant healthy adult, with healthy lifestyle and habits, without taking antibiotics, probiotics and other probiotics history within 3 months. There were three routes of FMT administration: patients received 6 days of frozen FMT by nasointestinal tube placed in the proximal jejunum under gastroscope (319 cases); patients received capsules FMT per day for 6 consecutive days (46 cases) or once 600 ml of treated fecal liquid infusion into colon and terminal ileum by colonoscopy(41 cases).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Clinical cure rate and improvement rate of different diseases receiving FMT were respectively as follows: RCDI was 85.2% (52/61) and 95.1%(58/61); constipation was 40.2%(111/276) and 67.4%(186/276); ulcerative colitis was 34.1%(15/44) and 68.2% (30/44); irritable bowel syndrome was 46.7% (7/15) and 73.3% (11/15) and Crohn disease was 30.0%(3/10) and 60.0%(6/10). RCDI had the best efficacy among these diseases(P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the three routes of FMT administration(P=0.829). The clinical cure rate and improvement rate of different routes were 43.3%(138/319) and 58.6% (187/319) respectively in nasogastric transplantation group, 41.5%(17/41) and 61.0%(25/41) in colonoscopy group, 37.0%(17/46) and 63.0% (29/46) in the capsule transplantation group. There was no serious adverse event during the follow-up. The most common side effects were respiratory discomfort (27.3%, 87/319) and increased venting (51.7%, 165/319) in nasogastric transplantation group. Diarrhea was the most common complication in colonoscopy group (36.6%, 15/41). The main symptoms were increased venting (50.0%, 23/46) and nausea(34.8%, 16/46) in oral capsule group. Side effect symptoms disappeared after the withdraw of nasogastric tube, or at the end of treatment, or during hospitalization for 1-3 days.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FMT is effective for many gastrointestinal disorders. No significant adverse event is found, while the associated mechanism should be further explored.</p>