ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Colombia is currently the world's main recipient country for Venezuelan migrants, and women represent a high proportion of them. This article presents the first report of a cohort of Venezuelan migrant women entering Colombia through Cúcuta and its metropolitan area. The study aimed to describe the health status and access to healthcare services among Venezuelan migrant women in Colombia with irregular migration status, and to analyze changes in those conditions at a one-month follow-up. METHODS: We carried out a longitudinal cohort study of Venezuelan migrant women, 18 to 45 years, who entered Colombia with an irregular migration status. Study participants were recruited in Cúcuta and its metropolitan area. At baseline, we administered a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, migration history, health history, access to health services, sexual and reproductive health, practice of early detection of cervical cancer and breast cancer, food insecurity, and depressive symptoms. The women were again contacted by phone one month later, between March and July 2021, and a second questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: A total of 2,298 women were included in the baseline measurement and 56.4% could be contacted again at the one-month follow-up. At the baseline, 23.0% of the participants reported a self-perceived health problem or condition in the past month and 29.5% in the past 6 months, and 14.5% evaluated their health as fair or poor. A significant increase was found in the percentage of women who reported a self-perceived health problem during the past month (from 23.1% to 31.4%; p<0.01); as well as in the share who reported moderate, severe, or extreme difficulty working or performing daily chores (from 5.5% to 11.0%; p = 0.03) and who rated their health as fair (from 13.0% to 31.2%; p<0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of women with depressive symptoms decreased from 80.5% to 71.2% (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This report presents initial information on the health status of Venezuelan migrant women in Colombia, and is a starting point for further longer longitudinal follow-ups to assess changes over time in health conditions.
Subject(s)
Transients and Migrants , Humans , Female , Venezuela/epidemiology , Colombia/epidemiology , Longitudinal Studies , Health SurveysABSTRACT
Objetivo: Identificar factores socioculturales asociados a la presencia de lesiones preneoplásicas en mujeres residentes en un municipio de predominio rural en Boyacá, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico, retrospectivo de casos y controles. De un registro institucional, mediante muestreo aleatorio secuencial, se seleccionó una muestra de 168 mujeres: 42 casos y 126 controles, apareadas por edad y estrato socioeconómico, a quienes mediante encuesta se evaluaron los antecedentes y los factores familiares y culturales, posiblemente asociados a la presencia de lesiones preneoplásicas en la citología vaginal. Resultados: Rango de edad entre 16 y 71 años; promedio de edad 42,2 años (SD = 14,57 años); el 79,2% se encontraba con pareja estable; el 90,0% cursó educación primaria o menos; el 11,3% fumaba; la edad promedio de menarquia fue de 13,8 años (SD = 1,38) y el 17,9% la presentó a los 12 años o antes. Todas las mujeres encuestadas han tenido al menos una gestación y el 66,1% ha tenido 3 o más. La edad media de la primera gestación es de 19,7 años (SD = 3,45) y el rango de edad de la primera gestación oscila entre los 15 y 29 años. En el 35,7% de los casos el primer embarazo ocurrió antes de los 18 años. El 31,5% de las mujeres estudiadas tiene antecedente familiar de cáncer. Los siguientes factores se encontraron significativamente asociados con la presencia de lesión preneoplásica en la citología vaginal: historia de dos o más parejas sexuales (OR = 85,0); primer embarazo antes de los 18 años (OR = 40,0); antecedente familiar de cáncer (OR = 23,9); consumo de cigarrillo (OR = 12,1); inicio sexual antes de los 17 años (OR = 11,8); consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (OR = 10,8); antecedente de infecciones vaginales (OR = 10,1); 3 o más gestaciones (OR = 5,2); ningún grado de escolaridad (OR = 3,49); antecedente de aborto (OR = 2,87). Conclusión: Se encontaron factores de riesgo susceptibles de intervención educativa y motivación que podrían mejorar sustancialmente la oportunidad y la cobertura de los programas de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, además de la adherencia a la práctica de la citología vaginal.
Objective: To identify sociocultural factors linked with the presence of precancerous lessions in women living in a predominantly rural municipality in Boyacá, Colombia. Materials and Methods: An observational analytical retrospective case-control study. From the institutional memory, by sequential random sampling, there were selected a sample of 168 women: 42 cases and 126 controls, matched by age and socioeconomic status, they were asked through a questionnaire, about antecedents, and family and cultural factors, possibly associated with the presence of preneoplastic lesions in vaginal smears. Results: Age range 16 to 71 years, average age 42.2 years (SD = 14.57), 79.2% with steady partner, 90.0% completed only primary education or less, 11.3% smoked, average age of menarche was 13.8 years (SD = 1.38) and 17.9% had menarche at 12 or younger; all women have had at least one pregnancy and 66.1% had 3 or more. The average age of first pregnancy is 19.7 years (SD = 3.45) and range of age at first pregnancy between 15 and 29 years in 35.7% of cases the first pregnancy occurred before 18 years, 31.5% had family history of cancer. The following factors were significantly associated with the presence of preneoplastic lesion in the pap smear: a history of 2 or more sexual partners (OR = 85.0), first pregnancy before 18 years (OR = 40.0), family history of cancer (OR = 23.9), smoking (OR = 12.1), sexual initiation before age 17 (OR = 11.8), drinking alcohol (OR = 10.8), history of vaginal infections (OR = 10.1), 3 or more pregnancies (OR = 5.2), no education (OR = 3.49), history of abortion (OR = 2 , 87). Conclusion: There are risk factors amenable to educational interventions and motivation, which could substantially improve the opportunity and coverage of promotion and prevention programs, as well as adherence to the practice of the pap smear.
Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à presença cultural de lesões pré-neoplásicas em mulheres residentes em um município predominantemente rural em Boyacá , na Colombia. Materiais e Métodos: O método é analítico, estudo caso-controle, retrospectivo observacional. A partir de um registro institucional, por amostragem sequencial, uma amostra de 168 mulheres foi selecionada: 42 casos e 126 controles, pareados por idade e nível sócio-econômico, para o levantamento do fundo e através de familiares e fatores culturais são avaliadas, possivelmente associada à presença lesões pré-neoplásicas no esfregaço vaginal. Resultados: Faixa etária entre 16 e 71 anos , com idade média de 42,2 anos (DP = 14,57 anos), 79,2% com parceiro fixo, 90,0% completaram apenas o ensino fundamental ou menos, 11,3% tabagismo, idade média da menarca foi de 13,8 anos (DP = 1,38) e 17,9% apresentou-a aos 12 anos ou mais cedo; todas as mulheres tiveram pelo menos uma gravidez e 66,1% tinham 3 ou mais. A média de idade da primeira gravidez é 19,7 anos (DP = 3,45) e faixa de idade da primeira gravidez entre 15 e 29 anos; em 35,7 % dos casos a primeira gravidez ocorreu antes 18 anos; 31,5 % tinham história familiar de câncer. Os seguintes fatores foram significativamente associados com a presença de lesão pré-neoplásica na citologia vaginal: dois andares ou mais parceiros sexuais (OR = 85,0), primeira gravidez antes de completar 18 anos (OR = 40,0), história familiar de câncer (OR = 23,9), tabagismo (OR = 12,1), início sexual antes dos 17 anos (OR = 11,8), consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (OR = 10,8), história de infecções vaginais (OR = 10,1), 3 ou mais gestações (OR = 5,2), sem escolaridade (OR = 3,49), história de aborto (OR = 2 , 87). Conclusão: Os fatores de risco passíveis de intervenção educativa e motivação, além da adesão à prática esfregaço vaginal, o que pode melhorar substancialmente a actualidade ea cobertura dos programas de promoção e prevenção.