Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Polycyclic Arene-Perfluoroarene Cocrystals: Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Studies, Reaction Kinetics, and Design of Columnar Hydrofluorocarbons.

Pressure-induced polymerization of aromatic compounds leads to novel materials containing sp3 carbon-bonded networks. The choice of the molecular species and the control of their arrangement in the crystal structures via intermolecular interactions, such as the arene-perfluoroarene interaction, can enable the design of target polymers. We have investigated the crystal structure compression and pressure-induced polymerization reaction kinetics of two polycyclic 1:1 arene-perfluoroarene cocrystals, naphthalene/octafluoronaphthalene (NOFN) and anthracene/octafluoronaphthalene (AOFN), up to 25 and 30 GPa, respectively, using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical computations based on density-functional theory. Our study shows the remarkable pressure stability of the parallel arene-perfluoroarene π-stacking arrangement and a reduction of the interplanar π-stacking separations by ca. 19-22% before the critical reaction distance is reached. A further strong, discontinuous, and irreversible reduction along the stacking direction at 20 GPa in NOFN (18.8%) and 25 GPa in AOFN (8.7%) indicates the pressure-induced breakdown of π-stacking by formation of σ-bonded polymers. The association of the structural distortion with the occurrence of a chemical reaction is confirmed by a high-pressure kinetic study using infrared spectroscopy, indicating one-dimensional polymer growth. Structural predictions for the fully polymerized high-pressure phases consisting of highly ordered rods of hydrofluorocarbons are presented based on theoretical computations, which are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined unit-cell parameters. We show that the polymerization takes place along the arene-perfluoroarene π-stacking direction and that the lateral extension of the columns depends on the extension of the arene and perfluoroarene molecules.

Calculation of metallic and insulating phases of V2O3 by hybrid density functionals.

The electronic structure of vanadium sesquioxide V2O3 in its different phases has been calculated using the screened exchange hybrid density functional. The hybrid functional accurately reproduces the experimental electronic properties of all three phases, the paramagnetic metal (PM) phase, the anti-ferromagnetic insulating phase, and the Cr-doped paramagnetic insulating (PI) phase. We find that a fully relaxed supercell model of the Cr-doped PI phase based on the corundum structure has a monoclinic-like local strain around the substitutional Cr atoms. This is found to drive the PI-PM transition, consistent with a Peierls-Mott transition. The PI phase has a calculated band gap of 0.15 eV, in good agreement with experiment.

Structural characterization and physical properties of the new transition metal oxyselenide La2O2ZnSe2.

The quaternary transition metal oxyselenide La(2)O(2)ZnSe(2) has been shown to adopt a ZrCuSiAs-related structure with Zn(2+) cations in a new ordered arrangement within the [ZnSe(2)](2-) layers. This cation-ordered structure can be derived and described using the symmetry-adapted distortion mode approach. La(2)O(2)ZnSe(2) is an direct gap semiconductor with an experimental optical band gap of 3.4(2) eV, consistent with electronic structure calculations.

Phase transformations and vibrational properties of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite MAPbI3 bulk at high pressure.

The structural stability and internal properties of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have been widely investigated over the past few years. The interplay between organic cations and inorganic framework is one of the prominent features. Herein we report the evolution of Raman modes under pressure in the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite MAPbI[Formula: see text] by combining the experimental approach with the first-principles calculations. A bulk MAPbI[Formula: see text] single crystal was synthesized via inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) technique and characterized by Raman spectroscopy, while the diamond anvil cells (DACs) was employed to compress the sample. The classification and behaviours of their Raman modes are presented. At ambient pressure, the vibrations of inorganic PbI[Formula: see text] octahedra and organic MA dominate at a low-frequency range (60-760 cm[Formula: see text]) and a fingerprint range (900-1500 cm[Formula: see text]), respectively. The applied pressure exhibits two significant changes in the Raman spectrum and indicates of phase transition. The results obtained from both experiment and calculations of the second phase at 3.26 GPa reveal that the internal vibration intensity of the PbI[Formula: see text] octahedra (< 110 cm[Formula: see text]) reduces as absences of MA libration (150-270 cm[Formula: see text]) and internal vibration of MA (450-750 cm[Formula: see text]). Furthermore, the hydrogen interactions around 1300 cm[Formula: see text] remain strong high pressure up to 5.34 GPa.

Extraordinarily long-ranged structural relaxation in defective achiral carbon nanotubes.

We present a systematic ab initio density functional theory-based study which demonstrates that even one of the simplest defects in single-wall carbon nanotubes, the reconstructed monovacancy (a pentagonal ring and a single dangling bond known as a 5-1db defect), leads to extraordinarily long-ranged structural distortions. We show that relaxation due to reconstruction can only be modeled accurately through a careful selection of boundary conditions and an appropriately long nanotube fragment.

Identification of Graphene Dispersion Agents through Molecular Fingerprints.

The scalable production and dispersion of 2D materials, like graphene, is critical to enable their use in commercial applications. While liquid exfoliation is commonly used, solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) are toxic and difficult to scale up. However, the search for alternative solvents is hindered by the intimidating size of the chemical space. Here, we present a computational pipeline informing the identification of effective exfoliation agents. Classical molecular dynamics simulations provide statistical sampling of interactions, enabling the identification of key molecular descriptors for a successful solvent. The statistically representative configurations from these simulations, studied with quantum mechanical calculations, allow us to gain insights onto the chemophysical interactions at the surface-solvent interface. As an exemplar, through this pipeline we identify a potential graphene exfoliation agent 2-pyrrolidone and experimentally demonstrate it to be as effective as NMP. Our workflow can be generalized to any 2D material and solvent system, enabling the screening of a wide range of compounds and solvents to identify safer and cheaper means of producing dispersions.

Ab initio transition state searching in complex systems: fatty acid decarboxylation in minerals.

Because of the importance of mineral catalyzed decarboxylation reactions in both crude oil formation and, increasingly, biofuel production, we present a model study into the decarboxylation of the shortest fatty acid, propionic acid C(2)H(5)COOH, into an alkane and CO(2) catalyzed by a pyrophillite-like, phyllosilicate clay. To identify the decarboxylation pathway, we searched for a transition state between the reactant, comprised of the clay plus interlayer fatty acid, and the product, comprised of the clay plus interlayer alkane and carbon dioxide. Using linear and quadratic synchronous transit mechanisms we searched for a transition state followed by vibrational analysis to verify the intermediate found as a transition state. We employed a periodic cell, planewave, ab initio density functional theory computation to examine total energy differences, Mulliken charges, vibrational frequencies, and the frontier orbitals of the reactants, intermediates, and products. The results show that interpretation of vibrational data, Mulliken charges and Fermi-level orbital occupancies is necessary for the classification of a transition state in this type of mixed bulk surface plus interlayer species, clay-organic system.

Role of clay minerals in oil-forming reactions.

Mineral-catalyzed decarboxylation reactions are important in both crude oil formation and, increasingly, biofuel production. In this study we examined decarboxylation reactions of a model fatty acid, propionic acid, C(2)H(5)COOH, to an alkane, C(2)H(6), in a model of pyrophillite with an isomorphic substitution of aluminum in the tetrahedral layer. We model a postulated reaction mechanism (Almon, W. R.; Johns, W. D. 7th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry 1975, Vol. 7) to ascertain the role of Al substitution and a counterion in decarboxylation reactions. We employ a periodic cell, planewave, ab initio DFT computation to examine the total energies and the frontier orbitals of different model sets, including the effects of charge on the reaction, the effect of Al substitution, and the role of Na counterions. The results show that an uncharged system with a sodium counterion is most feasible for catalyzing the decarboxylation reaction in an Al-substituted pyrophillite and, also, that analysis of the orbitals is a better indicator of a reaction than charge alone.

Brownmillerite-Type Sr2ScGaO5 Oxide Ion Conductor: Local Structure, Phase Transition, and Dynamics.

Brownmillerite-type Sr2ScGaO5 has been investigated by a range of experimental X-ray and neutron scattering techniques (diffraction, total scattering, and spectroscopy) and density functional theory calculations in order to characterize its structure and dynamics. The material undergoes a second-order phase transition on heating during which a rearrangement of the (GaO4/2)∞ tetrahedral chains occurs, such that they change from being essentially fully ordered in a polar structure at room temperature to being orientationally disordered above 400 °C. Pair distribution function analysis carried out using neutron total scattering data suggests that GaO4 tetrahedra remain as fairly rigid units above and below this transition, whereas coordination polyhedra in the (ScO6/2)∞ layers distort more. Inelastic neutron scattering and phonon calculations reveal the particular modes that are associated with this structural change, which may assist ionic conductivity in the material at higher temperatures. On the basis of the correlations between these findings and the measured conductivity, we have synthesized a derivative compound with increased conductivity and suggest a possible conduction mechanism in these brownmillerite-type solid electrolytes.

Enhancement of light emission in Bragg monolayer-thick quantum well structures.

Control over spontaneous emission rate is important for improving efficiency in different semiconductor applications including lasers, LEDs and photovoltaics. Usually, an emitter should be placed inside the cavity to increase the spontaneous emission rate, although it is technologically challenging. Here we experimentally demonstrate a phenomenon of super-radiance observed in a cavity-less periodic Bragg structure based on InAs monolayer-thick multiple quantum wells (MQW). The collective super-radiant mode shows enhanced emission rate for specific angles and frequencies. This behaviour correlates with the calculations demonstrating individual spots of the enhanced Purcell coefficient near the Bragg condition curve. This study provides a perspective for realization of surface emitting cavity-less lasers with distributed feedback.

The complex excited-state behavior of a polyspirobifluorene derivative: the role of spiroconjugation and mixed charge transfer character on excited-state stabilization and radiative lifetime.

In this study, we report on the unusual fluorescence decay of an alkoxy-substituted polyspirobifluorene. Excited state behavior has been probed as a function of time, using femtosecond photobleaching, single photon counting, and streak camera techniques. Unusually complex decay kinetics are observed, which strongly depend on solvent viscosity and polarity, featuring decay components in both the tens of picoseconds and in the nanosecond time domain. These findings are explained by the consequences of spiroconjugation in combination with excited-state conformational relaxation. We propose that exciton wave function delocalization into the spiro units effectively traps the exciton, allowing it to relax further into a highly emissive state with a very long lifetime as compared to non-spiroconjugated polymer analogues. Frontier molecular orbitals and exciton orbitals have been calculated using a first principles density functional theory (DFT) approach. These results confirm the importance of spiroconjugation as both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the (lowest) exciton level are not localized on the polymer backbone but strongly extend into the side fluorene groups of the spirobifluorene units. The results of our calculations are very sensitive to the substitution pattern on the spirobifluorene units, in particular when oxygen is included. This finding may lead to new materials of this kind with optimized charge carrier transport properties and high luminescence quantum yields.

Implications of bond disorder in a S=1 kagome lattice.

Strong hydrogen bonds such as F···H···F offer new strategies to fabricate molecular architectures exhibiting novel structures and properties. Along these lines and, to potentially realize hydrogen-bond mediated superexchange interactions in a frustrated material, we synthesized [H2F]2[Ni3F6(Fpy)12][SbF6]2 (Fpy = 3-fluoropyridine). It was found that positionally-disordered H2F+ ions link neutral NiF2(Fpy)4 moieties into a kagome lattice with perfect 3-fold rotational symmetry. Detailed magnetic investigations combined with density-functional theory (DFT) revealed weak antiferromagnetic interactions (J ~ 0.4 K) and a large positive-D of 8.3 K with ms = 0 lying below ms = ±1. The observed weak magnetic coupling is attributed to bond-disorder of the H2F+ ions which leads to disrupted Ni-F···H-F-H···F-Ni exchange pathways. Despite this result, we argue that networks such as this may be a way forward in designing tunable materials with varying degrees of frustration.

Using 17O solid-state NMR and first principles calculation to characterise structure and dynamics in inorganic framework materials.

The use of solid-state (17)O NMR to determine local chemical environment and to characterise oxygen dynamics is illustrated in studies of zirconium tungstate, ZrW(2)O(8), and tungsten oxide, WO(3). Simple 1D magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR allows the chemical environments in ZrW(2)O(8) to be readily characterised, and the use of a combination of one- and two-dimensional experiments to characterise oxygen dynamics in its cubic phase is reviewed. Combining local information about structure and dynamics from NMR with long-range structural information from diffraction allows a comprehensive picture of the material to be developed. Recent work is described that uses first principles calculation of NMR parameters to probe subtle asymmetries in the WO(6) octahedra that form the structural motif in WO(3). NMR is shown to be a highly sensitive probe of local structure, allowing different models derived from high-quality neutron diffraction studies to be distinguished. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations allow clear correlations between (17)O chemical shifts and distortions of the structure to be established.

Reproducibility in density functional theory calculations of solids.

The widespread popularity of density functional theory has given rise to an extensive range of dedicated codes for predicting molecular and crystalline properties. However, each code implements the formalism in a different way, raising questions about the reproducibility of such predictions. We report the results of a community-wide effort that compared 15 solid-state codes, using 40 different potentials or basis set types, to assess the quality of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof equations of state for 71 elemental crystals. We conclude that predictions from recent codes and pseudopotentials agree very well, with pairwise differences that are comparable to those between different high-precision experiments. Older methods, however, have less precise agreement. Our benchmark provides a framework for users and developers to document the precision of new applications and methodological improvements.

A unique new multiband molecular conductor: [BDTA][Ni(dmit)2]2.

A new molecular conducting material, [BDTA][Ni(dmit)2]2, with a novel multiband electronic structure has been prepared by simple mixing of precursor salts of the components.

The effects of screening length in the non-local screened-exchange functional.

The screened exchange (sX) hybrid functional can give good band structures for simple sp bonded semiconductors and insulators, charge transfer insulators, Mott-Hubbard insulators, two dimensional systems and defect systems. This is particularly attributed to the sX hybrid scheme fixing the self-interaction problem associated with local functionals. We investigate the effect of varying the screening parameter of the exchange potential on various material properties such as the band gap. The Thomas Fermi screening scheme in which the screening parameter varies with an average valence electron density leads to a weak dependence of the band gap on valence electron density, so that a fixed screening parameter could be applied to heterogeneous systems like surfaces, interfaces and defects.

Density functional theory in the solid state.

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used in many fields of the physical sciences, but none so successfully as in the solid state. From its origins in condensed matter physics, it has expanded into materials science, high-pressure physics and mineralogy, solid-state chemistry and more, powering entire computational subdisciplines. Modern DFT simulation codes can calculate a vast range of structural, chemical, optical, spectroscopic, elastic, vibrational and thermodynamic phenomena. The ability to predict structure-property relationships has revolutionized experimental fields, such as vibrational and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, where it is the primary method to analyse and interpret experimental spectra. In semiconductor physics, great progress has been made in the electronic structure of bulk and defect states despite the severe challenges presented by the description of excited states. Studies are no longer restricted to known crystallographic structures. DFT is increasingly used as an exploratory tool for materials discovery and computational experiments, culminating in ex nihilo crystal structure prediction, which addresses the long-standing difficult problem of how to predict crystal structure polymorphs from nothing but a specified chemical composition. We present an overview of the capabilities of solid-state DFT simulations in all of these topics, illustrated with recent examples using the CASTEP computer program.

Electronic and magnetic properties of Ti(2)O(3), Cr(2)O(3), and Fe(2)O(3) calculated by the screened exchange hybrid density functional.

The electronic and magnetic properties of the transition metal sesqui-oxides Cr(2)O(3), Ti(2)O(3), and Fe(2)O(3) have been calculated using the screened exchange (sX) hybrid density functional. This functional is found to give a band structure, bandgap, and magnetic moment in better agreement with experiment than the local density approximation (LDA) or the LDA+U methods. Ti(2)O(3) is found to be a spin-paired insulator with a bandgap of 0.22 eV in the Ti d orbitals. Cr(2)O(3) in its anti-ferromagnetic phase is an intermediate charge transfer Mott-Hubbard insulator with an indirect bandgap of 3.31 eV. Fe(2)O(3), with anti-ferromagnetic order, is found to be a wide bandgap charge transfer semiconductor with a 2.41 eV gap. Interestingly sX outperforms the HSE functional for the bandgaps of these oxides.

Structural, electronic and vibrational properties of tetragonal zirconia under pressure: a density functional theory study.

We present the results of a plane wave based density functional study of the structure and properties of tetragonal zirconia in the range of pressures from 0 to 50 GPa. We predict a transition to a fluorite-type cubic structure at 37 GPa which is likely to be of a soft mode origin and is accompanied by a power law decrease of the frequency of the Raman-active A(1g) mode. A detailed study of the pressure effect on phonon modes is given, including theoretical Raman spectra and their pressure dependence. Our results provide a consistent picture of the pressure-induced phase transition in tetragonal zirconia.

Combining insights from solid-state NMR and first principles calculation: applications to the 19F NMR of octafluoronaphthalene.

Advances in solid-state NMR methodology and computational chemistry are applied to the (19)F NMR of solid octafluoronaphthalene. It is demonstrated experimentally, and confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, that the spectral resolution in the magic-angle spinning spectrum is limited by the anisotropy of the bulk magnetic susceptibility (ABMS). This leads to the unusual observation that the resolution improves as the sample is diluted. DFT calculations provide assignments of each of the peaks in the (19)F spectrum, but the predictions are close to the limits of accuracy and correlation information from 2-D NMR is invaluable in confirming the assignments. The effects of non-Gaussian lineshapes on the use of 2-D NMR for mapping correlations of spectral frequencies (e.g. due to the ABMS) are also discussed.