Current Perspectives on Type 3 Macular Neovascularization due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this review was to systematically summarize the current knowledge on type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV3) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). SUMMARY: Recent histopathologic and multimodal imaging findings led to the consensus definition of the new term "type 3 macular neovascularization" in AMD. MNV3 originates in the deep vascular plexus as a neovascular process without connection with the retinal pigment epithelium in the initial stages. This type has numerous clinical and pathomorphologic features that separate it from the other two types of MNV in AMD. Besides, its frequency appears to be higher than previously thought. In optical coherence tomography (OCT), MNV3 can be classified into stages 1-3. Hyperreflective foci in the outer retina possibly represent a precursor lesion. In addition, MNV3 is characterized by a strong association with reticular pseudodrusen, a high rate of bilaterality, close associations with advanced age and arterial hypertension, decreased choroidal thickness, and decreased choriocapillaris flow signals. Data from latest anti-vascular endothelial growth factor studies in MNV3 suggest that the OCT biomarkers in intraretinal and subretinal fluids should be interpreted differently than in the other types. Additionally, data from MNV3 eyes should be analyzed separately, allowing optimal type-specific treatment strategies in the future. KEY MESSAGES: This review highlights the need for accurate characterization of neovascular AMD lesions and an MNV type-specific approach, particularly for MNV3.

Clinical Landscape of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Germany: Retina.net CSC Registry Report Number 1.

INTRODUCTION: The German Registry of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) collects data on CSC patients in a nationwide multicenter approach to analyze epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, as well as diagnosis and treatment patterns. METHODS: In this multicenter cohort study, patients with CSC were enrolled in nine tertiary referral centers in Germany between January 2022 and June 2023. After consenting to the study, demographic data, risk factors, reported symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), funduscopic findings, disease severity, and diagnostic and treatment decisions were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 539 eyes of 411 CSC patients were enrolled in this study including 308 males (75%) and 103 females (25%). Patients were predominantly of Caucasian origin and had a mean age of 55.5 years (IQR 41.0-70.0). 28% of eyes were classified as acute (<4 months duration) CSC, 28% as chronic (>4 months duration) CSC, 21% as inactive CSC, 11% as chronic atrophic CSC, and 12% as CSC with secondary CNV. 128 patients (31%) demonstrated bilateral CSC. The most common risk factors reported were psychological stress (52%), smoking (38%), arterial hypertension (38%), and a history of or current use of steroids (30%). Most frequently encountered symptoms included decreased visual acuity (76%), metamorphopsia (49%), relative scotoma (47%), blurred vision (19%), and dyschromatopsia (9%). The mean logMAR BCVA on initial examination was 0.2 (≈20/30, IQR 0.2-0.4) but showed significant variation with a tendency of lower BCVA in chronic cases. At the baseline visit, 74% of the overall cohort received no treatment, while 19% underwent local treatment and only 2% underwent systemic treatment. Of the local therapies, anti-VEGF injections were the most frequently performed procedure (33%, mainly for secondary CNV), followed by micropulse laser (28%), focal nonpulsed laser (23%), verteporfin photodynamic therapy (14%), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops (2%). Among intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, aflibercept was used most frequently, followed by bevacizumab and ranibizumab. CONCLUSION: This registry represents one of the largest cohorts of European patients with CSC to date. Patient age and the proportion of women were higher than expected and bilateral active disease was lower than anticipated, highlighting that neither age nor gender should be overemphasized when diagnosing CSC. Therapeutic interventions are heterogeneous and include verteporfin photodynamic therapy, micropulse laser, and anti-VEGF injections in case of secondary CNV.

High User Acceptance of a Retina e-Learning App in Times of Increasing Digitalization of Medical Training for Ophthalmologists.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to identify changes in continuing education and training in ophthalmology in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and advancing digitalization and to analyse the acceptance of e-learning tools among German ophthalmologists using a novel Retina Case App as an example. METHODS: The participants' training behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic was surveyed. Furthermore, the acceptance and usability of the Retina Case App were evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS). A possible influence of the app on everyday clinical practice was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 145 ophthalmologists participated in the survey. The frequency of continuing medical education did not decrease for 62.8% of ophthalmologists during the pandemic. A significant increase in at least monthly use of online courses or lectures has been observed (90.3% vs. 28.2%, p < 0.001). No significant difference was identified in terms of frequency of use of print and digital journals or printed textbooks. The majority of participants stated that online training platforms are well suited to replace the absence of face-to-face events (73.8%). The mean SUS score was 87.7 (SD 11.9), which categorizes the app's usability as excellent. The majority agreed that the newly developed app enables faster learning (82.1%) and leads to increased motivation (71.7%). Most ophthalmologists (80.7%) felt that regular use of the app would improve confidence in the treatment of retinal diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant change in training behaviour in ophthalmology towards e-learning and online courses, which has not been accompanied by a general decline in training activity. The exemplarily investigated application showed a high user acceptance among ophthalmologists.

RANIBIZUMAB IN PIGMENT EPITHELIAL TEARS SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: A Prospective Study.

PURPOSE: To assess efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab in retinal pigment epithelium tears secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: The Ranibizumab In Pigment epithelial tears secondary to age-related macular degeneration (RIP) study is a prospective, single-arm, multicenter, investigator-initiated trial. Twenty four eyes of 24 patients with a retinal pigment epithelium tear secondary to age-related macular degeneration received monthly intravitreal injection of 0.5mg ranibizumab for 12 months, together with monthly assessments of morphologic and functional efficacy parameters. Primary outcome measure was mean best-corrected visual acuity at final visit compared with baseline. RESULTS: Mean best-corrected visual acuity remained stable over the 12-month study period with 50.3 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (±18.7; Snellen equivalent 20/100) at baseline and 52.9 letters (±19.7; Snellen equivalent 20/100) at final visit (P = 0.39). One eye (4%) experienced a vision loss of ≥15 letters, and 2 eyes (8%) gained ≥15 letters. Mean central retinal thickness decreased from 571 µm (±185 µm) to 436 µm (±171 µm; P = 0.0001). Vision-related quality of life was stable with a mean VFQ-25 score of 79.0 (±10.8) at baseline and 74.3 (±13.9) at final visit (P = 0.12). CONCLUSION: In retinal pigment epithelium tears secondary to age-related macular degeneration, monthly intravitreal ranibizumab therapy results in stabilization of visual acuity over 12 months.

Desgarros del epitelio pigmentario de la retina: factores de riesgo, mecanismo y control terapéutico.

Los desgarros del epitelio pigmentario de la retina (EPR) se asocian en la mayoría de los casos con los desprendimientos vascularizados del EPR debido a una degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE), y normalmente implican una pérdida adversa de la agudeza visual. Estudios recientes indican que ha habido un aumento en la incidencia de desgarros del EPR desde la introducción de fármacos anti-factor de crecimiento del endotelio vascular (anti-VEGF) así como una asociación temporal entre el desgarro y la inyección intravítrea. Dado que el número de pacientes con DMAE y el número de inyecciones anti-VEGF va en aumento, tanto la dificultad de prevenir desgarros del EPR como el tratamiento tras la formación de los desgarros han adquirido una mayor relevancia. De forma paralela, la evolución de la imagenología de la retina ha contribuido de manera significativa a comprender mejor el desarrollo de los desgarros del EPR en los últimos años. Esta revisión resume los conocimientos que se poseen actualmente sobre el desarrollo, los factores pronósticos y las estrategias terapéuticas de los desgarros del EPR antes y después de que estos se formen.

Comparison of Choriocapillaris Flow Measurements between Two Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Devices.

PURPOSE: To evaluate choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion in healthy subjects using 2 different optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) devices. PROCEDURES: Macular OCT-A imaging (36 eyes of 36 subjects) was performed using Optovue AngioVue and Zeiss AngioPlex devices. CC decorrelation signal index was assessed, and CC data were analyzed regarding intra-device variability, inter-device correlation, age, signal strength, and fields of view. RESULTS: The intra-device variability of CC measurements in the 3 × 3 mm2 field was 5.3 and 2.6% (Angiovue and Angioplex, coefficients of variation; 6 × 6 mm2: 8.0 and 2.8%, respectively). Mean CC decorrelation signal index in 3 × 3 mm2 was 104.3 ± 6.7 (Angiovue) and 81.3 ± 9.2 (Angioplex) (6 × 6 mm2: 95.6 ± 8.1, 81.1 ± 6.5) with high correlation between both devices (3 × 3 mm2: p = 0.0053; 6 × 6 mm2: p = 0.0139). CC decorrelation signal index in 3 × 3 mm2 was significantly higher in subjects aged ≤58 years compared to subjects aged ≥59 years (Angiovue: 107.3 ± 3.6, 101.3 ± 7.7, p = 0.0156; Angioplex: 84.6 ± 7.6, 78.0 ± 9.5, p = 0.0371). Signal strength was 64.6 ± 8.9 (Angiovue) and 9.5 ± 0.8 (Angioplex). CONCLUSION: Both devices showed low intra-device variability and a high inter-device correlation. CC decorrelation signal index was negatively correlated with advancing age.

Exploring choriocapillaris under reticular pseudodrusen using OCT-Angiography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate if choriocapillaris (CC) vessel density and CC decorrelation signal index are compromised in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: Decorrelation values in OCT-A CC images of 20 RPD patients were measured in the outer superior and the outer inferior sector of the EDTRS grid and compared to age-matched healthy controls. CC vessel density and CC decorrelation signal index were measured within a 30 µm and a 10 µm OCT-A CC slab. CC data were correlated to number of RPD lesions, predominantly present RPD stage, predominantly present RPD type, retinal area affected by RPD and choroidal thickness (CT). RESULTS: CC vessel density and CC decorrelation signal index decreased in correlation to advancing age in healthy subjects particularly in subjects older than 60 years (CC vessel density: 30 µm: p=0.0019; 10 µm: p=0.0014; CC decorrelation signal index: 30 µm: p=0.0005; 10 µm: p=0.0003). In the RPD group, CC vessel density (outer superior sector, 10 µm: 98.299) and CC decorrelation signal index (89.07) were significantly reduced compared to controls (99.203, p=0.0002; 98.09, p=0.0010). The number of RPD lesions was correlated to a reduced CC vessel density (30 µm: p=0.0355) but not to changes in CC decorrelation signal index. No correlations were found between CC parameters and either RPD stage, RPD type, size of RPD affected area or CT. CONCLUSIONS: OCT-A reveals a distinct reduction in CC vessel density and CC decorrelation signal index in eyes affected by RPD, which emphasizes the relevance of the CC layer in RPD pathogenesis.

Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tears: Risk Factors, Mechanism and Therapeutic Monitoring.

Tears of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are most commonly associated with vascularised RPE detachment due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and they usually involve a deleterious loss in visual acuity. Recent studies suggest an increase in RPE tear incidences since the introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies as well as a temporal association between the tear event and the intravitreal injection. As the number of AMD patients and the number of administered anti-VEGF injections increase, both the challenge of RPE tear prevention and the treatment after RPE tear formation have become more important. At the same time, the evolution of retinal imaging has significantly contributed to a better understanding of RPE tear development in recent years. This review summarises the current knowledge on RPE tear development, predictive factors, and treatment strategies before and after RPE tear formation.

Temporal retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in cluster headache patients detected by optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: The exact pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH) is still not fully clarified. Various studies confirmed changes in ocular blood flow during CH attacks. Furthermore, vasoconstricting medication influences blood supply to the eye. We investigated the retina of CH patients for structural retinal alterations with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and how these changes correlate to headache characteristics, oxygen use and impaired visual function. METHODS: Spectral domain OCT of 107 CH patients - 67 episodic, 35 chronic, five former chronic sufferers - were compared to OCT from 65 healthy individuals. Visual function tests with Sloan charts and a substantial ophthalmologic examination were engaged. RESULTS: Reduction of temporal and temporal-inferior retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness was found in both eyes for CH patients with a predominant thinning on the headache side in the temporal-inferior area. Chronic CH patients revealed thinning of the macula compared to episodic suffers and healthy individuals. Bilateral thinning of temporal RNFL was also found in users of 100% oxygen compared to non-users and healthy controls. Visual function did not differ between patients and controls. DISCUSSION: Our OCT findings show a systemic effect causing temporal retinal thinning in both eyes of CH patients possibly due to attack-inherent or medication-induced frequent bilateral vessel diameter changes. The temporal retina with its thinly myelinated parvo-cellular axons and its more susceptible vessels for the vasoconstricting influence of oxygen inhalation seems to be predisposed for tissue damage-causing processes related to CH.

MORPHOLOGY SCORE AS A MARKER OF RETINAL FUNCTION IN DRUSENOID PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a morphology score for drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (dPED) regarding predictability of a decline in retinal function beyond best-corrected visual acuity. METHODS: Thirteen eyes of 10 patients with dPED due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were included (age 72.8 ± 4.2 years). All underwent volume spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fluorescence angiography, and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy infrared imaging as well as multifocal electroretinography and microperimetry. The dPED morphology score suggested consists of five parameters: hyperreflective spots in infrared, lesion diameter, lesion height, presence of vitelliform-like material in the subretinal space or subretinal fluid, and integrity of the ellipsoid zone in spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Subsequently, a score value between 0 and 1 according to the extent of morphologic changes was correlated to foveal multifocal electroretinography and microperimetry measurements. RESULTS: The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40. The mean height and mean diameter of dPED were 312.2 ± 111 µm and 2,535 ± 805 µm. Two dPED showed no hyperreflective spots in confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy infrared images, three displayed a moderate stage of hyperreflective spots, and eight had severe hyperreflective spots. Two eyes showed subretinal fluid, and five patients showed vitelliform-like material in the subretinal space. Eight eyes revealed a severe disruption of the ellipsoid zone. Although no correlation was found between dPED morphology score and best-corrected visual acuity, eyes with a dPED morphology score >0.5 revealed distinctly decreased values in functional measurements compared with those with a score ≤0.5. CONCLUSION: The dPED morphology score aggregates all currently known morphologic changes in dPED and represents a valuable tool for clinical lesion evaluation. Furthermore, it allows for assessing an estimate of functional decline beyond best-corrected visual acuity.

Intravitreal dexamethasone implant [Ozurdex] for the treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate structural and functional outcomes of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IDI) in three patients presenting with nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. METHODS: IDI was administered once in three patients. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), perimetry, volume spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scan of the optic disc (ODV), retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) scan and visually evoked potential (VEP) measurements were assessed at baseline and after one and 3 months. RESULTS: Mean BCVA was 20/100 in patient 1 (patient 2: 20/100; patient 3: 20/50) at baseline, 20/60 (patient 2: 20/400) at 1 month and 20/80 (20/400; 20/60) at 3 months. Mean deviation in perimetry developed from -4.90 dB (-22.09 dB; -8.68 dB) to -7.60 dB (-30.75 dB) and -14.23 dB (-30.59 dB; -7.17 dB). ODV and RNFL decreased during follow-up. VEP measurements showed a reduction in amplitudes during the entire observation period. CONCLUSIONS: All patients showed a reduction in papilla oedema over time. A functional improvement was not observed.

Quantification of retinal pigment epithelium tear area in age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To compare different quantification tools based on confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for assessment of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear area size. METHODS: Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and near-infrared reflectance (IR) images were retrospectively evaluated in 23 patients with RPE tear after intravitreal injection for pigment epithelium detachment due to exudative age-related macular degeneration at baseline and additionally in 11 patients after 5.1 ± 1.8 months of follow-up. Retinal pigment epithelium tear area was measured by three independent readers using three methods: manually on confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy FAF images, manually on confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy IR images, and using an FAF-based semiautomated software. RESULTS: Confidence intervals were 0.08 and 0.12 for FAF, 0.11 and 0.09 for FAF-based semiautomated software, and 0.25 and 0.27 for IR for intraobserver (Reader 1) and interobserver agreements (Readers 1 and 2), respectively. The average values of the square errors of the quantification methods were 0.040 ± 0.033 mm (FAF), 0.035 ± 0.060 mm (software), and 0.187 ± 0.219 mm (IR). Mean area of RPE tears at baseline given as the average measurement of all 3 readers using FAF-based semiautomated software was 5.77 ± 4.62 mm (range, 0.13-14.74 mm). Follow-up measurements of unilobular RPE tears (8 patients) showed no change in lesion area size (0.14 ± 0.33 mm); in contrast, multilobular RPE tears (3 patients) showed a progression in lesion area size of 1.80 ± 0.74 mm. CONCLUSION: Manual FAF-based and semiautomated FAF-based quantifications of RPE tear area are accurate and reproducible and superior to manual IR-based measurement. Retinal pigment epithelium tear area quantification is clinically relevant regarding further intravitreal treatment, particularly in multilobular RPE tears.

Imaging the Area of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling after Macular Hole Surgery.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging at different wavelengths to identify the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling area after primary surgery with vitrectomy and ILM peeling for macular hole (MH). Methods: In total, 50 eyes of 50 consecutive patients who underwent primary surgery with vitrectomy and ILM peeling for MH were studied. The true ILM rhexis based on intraoperative color fundus photography was compared to the presumed ILM rhexis identified by a blinded examiner using en-face OCT imaging and cSLO images at various wavelengths. To calculate the fraction of overlap (FoO), the common intersecting area and the total of both areas were measured. Results: The FoO for the measured areas was 0.93 ± 0.03 for en-face OCT, 0.76 ± 0.06 for blue reflectance (BR; 488 nm), 0.71 ± 0.09 for green reflectance (GR; 514 nm), 0.56 ± 0.07 for infrared reflectance (IR; 815 nm) and 0.73 ± 0.06 for multispectral (MS). The FoO in the en-face OCT group was significantly higher than in all other groups, whereas the FoO in the IR group was significantly lower compared to all other groups. No significant differences were observed in FoO among the MS, BR, and GR groups. In en-face OCT, there was no significant change in the ILM peeled area measured intraoperatively and postoperatively (8.37 ± 3.01 vs. 8.24 ± 2.81 mm2; p = 0.8145). Nasal-inferior foveal displacement was observed in 38 eyes (76%). Conclusions: En-face OCT imaging demonstrates reliable postoperative visualization of the ILM peeled area. Although the size of the ILM peeling remains stable after one month, our findings indicate a notable inferior-nasal shift of the overall ILM peeling area towards the optic disc.

[Lens injury as a complication of intravitreal medication injection]. / Linsenverletzungen als Komplikation bei intravitrealer Medikamenteneingabe.

BACKGROUND: Intravitreal medication injections are an efficient and low-risk delivery technique for treating various retinal diseases. Rare serious complications include increased intraocular pressure, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal tears and detachment, intraocular inflammation and endophthalmitis. In the case series presented here, we report iatrogenic lens injuries caused by inadequate performance of intravitreal injections. METHODS: A multicenter data collection of patients treated with intravitreal injections with visible iatrogenic lens defects from 2016 to 2023 was retrospectively performed. RESULTS: Lens trauma after intravitreal injections was identified in six cases (69.3±6.5 years). While five cases were observed after anti-VEGF therapy, we identified lens injury after dexamethasone implantation in one patient. CONCLUSION: Iatrogenic lens injury during intravitreal injection is preventable with the correct injection technique. Knowledge of individual axis length and lens status also helps to avoid this complication.

[Iatrogenic retinal defects after intravitreal operative drug injections]. / Iatrogene Netzhautdefekte nach intravitrealer operativer Medikamenteneingabe.

BACKGROUND: Intravitreal operative drug injections represent one of the most frequently performed medical interventions. The risk profile is low. In addition to intraocular pressure elevation, the most frequent complications include exogenous endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Furthermore, isolated cases of lens injuries, macular holes associated with vitreoretinal traction and peripheral retinal defects have been described. In the present case series sharp iatrogenic macular and retinal defects are described. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter case collection of patients with iatrogenic retinal defects after intravitreal injections from 2016 to 2023. RESULTS: Iatrogenic retinal trauma after intravitreal injections for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration was identified in 9 cases (72 years ± 8.1, 3 eyes pseudophakic). While sharp injuries within the macula occurred in six cases, extramacular lesions were detected in the other cases. CONCLUSION: Iatrogenic retinal and macular injuries are rare complications of intravitreal injections and when correctly carried out are preventable, especially with respect to use of cannulas and the choice of the distance from the limbus.

Old Problem in a New Guise: Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tear after Intravitreal Faricimab (Vabysmo®) Injection.

This case report describes a 78-year-old patient who developed a tear of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) during faricimab (Vabysmo®) therapy. After three consecutive intravitreal aflibercept (Eylea®) injections with persistent disease activity, therapy was switched to faricimab. The patient experienced a tear in the RPE 4 weeks postinjection. We report the first published case of RPE tear development after intravitreal faricimab injection in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Faricimab has a new target structure in the angiopoietin-2 receptor in addition to VEGF. Patients at risk for RPE rupture were excluded from pivotal studies. Further investigation is needed to understand the effect of faricimab not only on visual acuity and intraretinal and subretinal fluid but also on mechanical stress on the RPE monolayer.

Subretinal drusenoid deposits associated with pigment epithelium detachment in age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To characterize retrospectively subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) in patients with pigment epithelium detachment (PED) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy near-infrared reflectance images (820 nm) were recorded in 208 eyes of 104 patients with serous, drusenoid, or vascularized PED because of age-related macular degeneration in at least 1 eye. The digital images were evaluated by two independent readers with subsequent senior reader arbitration for prevalence of SDD. RESULTS: Serous PED was present in only two patients and was therefore not included in the statistical analysis. Subretinal drusenoid deposits were detected in 55 of 102 (53.9%) patients in at least 1 eye. Forty-six of those 55 patients showed SDD bilaterally (83.6%). Subretinal drusenoid deposits were present in 51 (50%) right eyes and 50 (49.0%) left eyes. One hundred and forty-six of 204 eyes showed a PED secondary to age-related macular degeneration of which 111 (76%) were vascularized and 35 (24%) drusenoid. Prevalence of SDD was correlated with age (P < 0.0001) and female gender (P = 0.014), but not with the type of PED (P = 0.174). Cohen kappa statistics showed good interobserver agreement for infrared imaging (0.78 for right eyes, 0.74 for left eyes). CONCLUSION: Subretinal drusenoid deposits represent a common phenotypic characteristic in eyes with PED because of age-related macular degeneration . As described in previous studies, SDD are readily identified using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging technology. Future studies should pursue the pathophysiologic role and the predictive value of the presence of SDD in the development of PED and a subsequent rip of the retinal pigment epithelium.

[Choroidal neovascularization due to a punctate inner choroidopathy visualized by optical coherence tomography angiography]. / Choroidale Neovaskularisation infolge einer "punctate inner choroidopathy", dargestellt mittels optischer Kohärenztomographie-Angiographie.

Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) is often accompanied by the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The identification of a fresh CNV in the context of PIC is often difficult. We present the case of a 30-year-old female patient with typical morphological features of PIC. A CNV could not be detected with certainty by optical coherence tomography (OCT) or by fluorescein angiography (FAG); however, OCT angiography (OCT-A) revealed a circumscribed CNV. The case suggests that there are a high number of undiagnosed, subclinical secondary CNVs not requiring treatment in PIC patients.

Longitudinal choriocapillaris changes in the presence of reticular pseudodrusen.

To determine longitudinal changes in choriocapillaris (CC) measures in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). In this observational prospective study, 20 patients with exclusively RPD and no other alteration due to age-related macular degeneration were included. Eight RPD patients were re-examined at 5-year follow-up. Multimodal imaging was performed at baseline and at 5-year follow-up. OCTA CC images were analyzed for number, size and total area of flow deficits (FD), mean signal intensity, signal intensity standard deviation and kurtosis of signal intensity distribution in the ring area between a circle of 4 mm diameter and a circle of 6 mm diameter and in the superior ring quadrant. Area affected by RPD increased from 19.36 ± 8.39 mm2 at baseline to 37.77 ± 9.03 mm2 at 5-year follow-up. At baseline, percent of CC FD area was greater in RPD eyes (quadrant: p < 0.001; ring: p < 0.001) compared to controls. Besides, RPD eyes revealed a lower mean intensity signal (quadrant: p < 0.001; ring: p < 0.001). Evaluation of CC parameters suggested significant group × time interaction effects for CC FD (p = 0.04) and mean intensity signal (p = 0.004), in that RPD eyes presented increased CC FD and decreased mean intensity signal at follow-up. OCTA CC decorrelation signal further decreases in RPD patients over 5 years in both RPD-affected and RPD-unaffected macular areas.