Usefulness of longitudinal systolic strain and delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance in depicting risk of supraventricular arrythmias in patients with acute myocarditis and preserved left ventricular function.

BACKGROUND: Myocarditis have variable clinical presentation, evolution and prognosis. Aim of our study was to evaluate the value of speckle tracking echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in the short-term prediction of supraventricular arrhythmias (SVA) in patients with acute myocarditis. METHODS: Seventy patients (mean age 31±14 years old) with acute myocarditis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were enrolled. Longitudinal systolic strain (LS) of the left ventricle (LV), mechanical dispersion (MD) and CMR with quantitative measurement of delayed enhancement (DE) were performed in a subset of 43 patients. Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to identify predictors of SVA RESULTS: Only LS measured at sup-epicardial, mid-wall and sub-endocardial level of the apical 4-chamber view was significantly lower in patients with SVA, while MD was marginally prolonged in this setting. A value of LS > - 16.1% measured at LV mid-wall in the apical 4-chamber view (ROC-AUC .75, Sensitivity 63%, Specificity 85%) was the most accurate measure to identify patients with SVA. DE mass was also helpful with a ROC-AUC .76; a DE-Mass > 18.9 gr. had a Sensitivity 63% and a Specificity 77%, to identify patients at risk of SVA. CONCLUSIONS: Both DE mass and LS were associated with higher risk of SVA in patients with acute myocarditis and preserved LVEF. However, LS measured at the mid-wall level and limited to LV segments included in the apical 4-chamber view was the most accurate measure and did not show interaction with DE mass.

Cardiovascular Death Risk in Recovered Mid-Range Ejection Fraction Heart Failure: Insights From Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure with midrange ejection fraction (HFmrEF) represents a heterogeneous category where phenotype, as well as prognostic assessment, remains debated. The present study explores a specific HFmrEF subset, namely those who recovered from a reduced EF (rec-HFmrEF) and, particularly, it focuses on the possible additive prognostic role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed data from 4535 patients with HFrEF and 1176 patients with rec-HFmrEF from the Metabolic Exercise combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes database. The end point was cardiovascular death at 5 years. The median follow-up was 1343 days (25th-75th range 627-2403 days). Cardiovascular death occurred in 552 HFrEF and 61 rec-HFmrEF patients. The multivariate analysis confirmed an independent role of the MECKI score's variables in HFrEF (C-index = 0.744) whereas, in the rec-HFmrEF group, only age and peak oxygen uptake (pVO2) remained associated to the end point (C-index = 0.745). A peak oxygen uptake of ≤55% of predicted and a ventilatory efficiency of ≥31 resulted as the most accurate cut-off values in the outcome prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Present data support the cardiopulmonary exercise test and, particularly, the peak oxygen uptake, as a useful tool in the rec-HFmrEF prognostic assessment. A peak VO2 of ≤55% predicted and ventilatory efficiency of ≥31 might help to identify a high-risk rec-HFmrEF subgroup.

Hyperkalemia in heart failure: current treatment and new therapeutic perspectives.

Hyperkalemia in heart failure is a condition that can occur with relative frequency because it is related to pathophysiological aspects of the disease, and favored by drugs that form the basis of chronic cardiac failure therapy. Often, associated comorbidities, such as kidney failure or diabetes mellitus can further adversely affect potassium levels. Hyperkalemia can result in acute and even severe clinical manifestations that put patients at risk. On the other hand, the finding of hyperkalemia in a chronic context can lead to a reduction in dosages or to suspension of drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, and mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist, first line in the treatment of the disease, with negative effects in prognostic terms. Therapies for the correction of hyperkalemia have so far mainly concerned the treatment of acute clinical pictures. Newly developed molecules, such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, now open new prospectives in the long-term management of hyperkalemia, and allow us to glimpse the possibility of a better titration of the cardinal drugs for heart failure, with consequent positive effects on patient prognosis. The aim of this review is to focus on the problem of hyperkalemia in the setting of heart failure, with particular regard to its incidence, its prognostic role, and the underlining pathophysiological mechanisms. The review also provides an overview of therapeutic strategies for correcting hyperkalemia in acute and chronic conditions, with a focus on the new potassium binders that promise to improve management of heart failure.

Endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle: A case report of successful surgery.

AIMS: The case we report, shows a successful treatment of right ventricle endomyocardial fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgical therapy by endocardial decortication seems to be beneficial for many patients with advanced disease who are in functional-therapeutic class III or IV. The operative mortality rate is high, but successful surgery has a clear benefit on symptoms and seems to favourably affect survival as well.

Patterns of ascending aortic dilatation and predictors of surgical replacement of the aorta: A comparison of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve patients over eight years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of thoracic aorta growth and early cardiac surgery in patients with bicuspid aortic valve are undefined. Our aim was to identify predictors of ascending aorta dilatation and cardiac surgery in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). METHODS: Forty-one patients with BAV were compared with 165 patients with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). All patients had LV EF > 50%, normal LV dimensions, and similar degree of aortic root or ascending aorta dilatation at enrollment. Patients with more than mild aortic stenosis or regurgitation were excluded. A CT-scan was available on 76% of the population, and an echocardiogram was repeated every year for a median time of 4 years (range: 2 to 8 years). Patterns of aortic expansion in BAV and TAV groups were analyzed by a mixed-effects longitudinal linear model. In the time-to-event analysis, the primary end point was elective or emergent surgery for aorta replacement. RESULTS: BAV patients were younger, while the TAV group had greater LV wall thickness, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia than BAV patients. Growth rate was 0.46 ±â€¯0.04 mm/year, similar in BAV and TAV groups (p = 0.70). Predictors of cardiac surgery were aorta dimensions at baseline (HR 1.23, p = 0.01), severe aortic regurgitation developed during follow-up (HR 3.49, p 0.04), family history of aortic aneurysm (HR 4.16, p 1.73), and history of STEMI (HR 3.64, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Classic baseline risk factors were more commonly observed in TAV aortopathy compared with BAV aortopathy. However, it is reassuring that, though diagnosed with aneurysm on average 10 years earlier and in the absence of arterial hypertension, BAV patients had a relatively low growth rate, similar to patients with a tricuspid valve. Irrespective of aortic valve morphology, patients with a family history of aortic aneurysm, history of coronary artery disease, and those who developed severe aortic regurgitation at follow-up, had the highest chances of being referred for surgery.

NT-ProBNP and hsTnI: A Multistate Survival Analysis in Outpatients with Reduced Left-Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has a well-known epidemic relevance in western countries. It affects up to 1-2% of patients > 60 years and reaches a prevalence of 12% in octogenarian patients. The role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitive troponin I (hsTnI) in risk stratifying HFrEF patients has been established; at present, evidence is exclusively based on one-time assessments, and the prognostic usefulness of serial biochemical assessments in this population still remains to be determined. We prospectively recruited 226 patients with chronic HFrEF, who were all referred to the Outpatient Clinic of our institution from November 2011 through September 2014. Recruited patients underwent full clinical evaluation with complete history taking and physical examination as well as ECG, biochemical assessment, and standard 2D and Doppler flow echocardiography at the first visit, and then again at each visit during the follow-up, repeated every 6 months. During the follow-up period, cardiovascular (CV) death, which occurred in 16 patients, was not statistically correlated with gender (p = 0.088) or age (p = 0.1636); however, baseline serum levels of NT-proBNP, which were 3 times higher in deceased patients, were significantly related to this clinical event (p = 0.001). We found that NT-proBNP represents a strong and independent predictor of CV outcome; serum levels of hsTnI, which are significantly related to an increased risk of hospitalization, cannot properly predict the relative risk of CV mortality. Our study validates, eventually, the multimarker strategy, which reflects the complexity of the HF pathophysiology.

Pathoanatomic Findings and Treatment During Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Surgery: The Role of Mitral Valve.

BACKGROUND: To assess the role of the mitral valve apparatus (leaflets, chordae and papillary muscles, (PM)) in left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, and results of the surgical treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS: Twenty-eight consecutive patients (58±11years, 53% female) undergoing HOCM surgery from 2007 to 2016 at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. Endpoints included the involvement of the mitral valve in LVOT obstruction, mortality, and changes in clinical and echocardiographic characteristics after HOCM surgery. RESULTS: Secondary chordae tendineae tractioning the anterior mitral leaflet to the interventricular septum, and systolic anterior motion were detected in 78% of the patients. Anomalous, hypertrophied, and fused PM with muscularis trabeculae hypertrophy were found in 50%, 25%, and 35% of the patients, respectively. Four patients had posterior leaflet redundancy. Secondary chordae (92%), PM, and muscularis trabeculae resection (71%), and PM splitting and elongation (28%) were added variably to septal myectomy (100%). Nine procedures (32%) on mitral valve leaflets were performed, involving six posterior and three anterior mitral leaflets. Long-term follow-up was 4±2.8years. There was no hospital mortality, and NYHA was reduced from 3±0.5 to 1±0.7 (p<0.0001), the LVOT gradient from 88±35 to 20±18mmHg (p<0.0001), mitral valve regurgitation from grade 3±1 to 1±0.7 (p<0.0001), and septum thickness from 18±3 to 14±2mm (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The mitral valve apparatus contributes with all its components variably to LVOT dynamic obstruction thus surgical correction in addition to extended myectomy is recommended to achieve the best outcome.

Peripheral Artery Disease and Continuous Flow Left Ventricle Assist Device: An Engaging Complement Analysis May Help to Guide Treatment.

Use of continuous flow left ventricle assist device (CF-LVAD) in advanced heart failure (HF) patients results in clinically relevant improvements in survival, functional capacity, and quality of life. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) can occur in patients with CF-LVAD due to the high rate of concomitance between risk factors for atherosclerosis and HF. Diagnosis of PAD can be difficult in the specific setting of a patient supported by this kind of device because of the marked alteration in waveform morphology and velocity created by the artificial physiology of an LVAD. We report the case of a 53-year-old man with HF secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy supported by the HeartWare HVAD as bridge to transplant, who after the implant developed symptoms suggestive of PAD. We describe additional computational flow analysis for the study of PAD-related hemodynamic disturbances induced by a CF-LVAD. Flow simulations enhance the information of clinical image data, and may have an application in clinical investigations of the risk of hemodynamic disturbances induced by LVAD implantation.

Risk Factors Associated With Peripheral Neuropathy in Heart Failure Patients Candidates for Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral neuropathy can affect patients with heart failure, though its prevalence is unknown. After heart transplantation, it can influence the postoperative course and quality of life, but screening for neuromuscular disease is not routinely performed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with neuropathy in a population of patients with heart failure who are candidates for heart transplantation. STUDY DESIGN: Data regarding patients' clinical history, including recent hospitalizations, were collected. All patients underwent a complete neurological examination and a neurophysiological protocol including nerve conduction studies and concentric needle electromyography. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were included in the study, and neuropathy was diagnosed in 10 (31.3%). Neuropathy was associated with the number of admissions ( P = .023; odds ratio [OR]: 1.96) and the total number of days of hospitalization in the year prior to inclusion in the study ( P = .010; OR: 1.03). The majority of hospitalizations occurred in the step-down unit (85%), with acute heart failure the leading cause of admission (42%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that neuropathy is frequent in patients with advanced heart failure and that hospitalization for cardiac care, also in the absence of intensive care, is a marker of high risk of neurologic damage. These data can help physicians in selecting and managing candidates for transplantation and can guide decisions on the best immunosuppressive regimen or rehabilitation strategy.

Galectin-3 and the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Canrenone in Mild Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in collagen deposition and inflammation and is a prognostic biomarker in heart failure (HF).Methods and Results:Gal-3 and other markers of fibrosis or cardiac stress were measured serially in 413 patients with mild HF randomized to the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist canrenone or placebo to evaluate treatment effect and association with clinical outcome. Gal-3 increased slightly over 6 months in both arms of the study and was associated with clinical endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: Although Gal-3 showed prognostic value, the effect of canrenone on clinical outcomes was unaffected by baseline concentrations of biomarkers of fibrosis or cardiac stress.

Occurrence of neuropathies in patients with severe heart failure before and after heart transplantation.

Neuropathies may affect heart reinnervation and functional outcome after heart transplantation (HT). In this study, neurological evaluations, standard nerve conduction studies, and electromyography were performed in 32 HT candidates without a previous history of neuromuscular disorder. Ten patients underwent HT and were revaluated 3 months later. We found that before HT 10 (31.3%) patients had sensorimotor polyneuropathy (18.8%) or sensory polyneuropathy (12.5%). After HT, the percentage of patients with a neuromuscular disorder increased to 70%, most of them showing new or worsening neuropathies or neuromyopathies. The most sensitive abnormality that indicated neuromuscular involvement after HT was a reduction of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the deep peroneal nerve. In conclusion, neuromuscular disorders are common in HT candidates, and they further increase in occurrence after HT. A reduction of the deep peroneal nerve CMAP amplitude after HT may help to identify patients who need a more detailed neurophysiological evaluation. The diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders before and after HT may contribute to the development of more accurate therapeutic and rehabilitative strategies for these patients.

Exercise Performance Is a Prognostic Indicator in Elderly Patients With Chronic Heart Failure--Application of Metabolic Exercise Cardiac Kidney Indexes Score.

BACKGROUND: In patients with chronic heart failure (HF) the Metabolic Exercise Cardiac Kidney Indexes (MECKI) score, is a predictor of cardiovascular death and urgent heart transplantation. We investigated the relationship between age, exercise tolerance and the prognostic value of the MECKI score. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed data from 3,794 patients with chronic systolic HF. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death and urgent heart transplantation. Older patients had higher prevalence of comorbidities and lower exercise performance compared with younger subjects (peak V̇O2, 925 vs. 1,351 L/min; P<0.0001; V̇E/V̇CO2slope, 33.2 vs. 28.3; P>0.0001). The rate of the primary endpoint was 19% in the highest age quartile and 14% in the lowest quartile. At multivariable analysis, the independent predictors of the primary endpoint were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), eGFR, peak V̇O2, serum Na(+)and the use of ß-blockers in patients aged ≥70 years, and LVEF, eGFR and peak V̇O2in younger subjects. The MECKI risk score increased across age subgroups, but on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis its prognostic power was similar in both patients aged ≥70 and <70 years. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with HF are a high-risk population with lower exercise performance. The MECKI score increased according to age and maintained its prognostic value also in older patients.

Systemic or Endoventricular Thrombolysis to Treat HeartWare Left Ventricle Assist Device Thrombosis: A Clinical Dilemma.

Endoventricular thrombolytic procedure (ETP) has been used to treat continuous-flow left ventricle assist device (CF-LVAD) thrombosis. The study aims to investigate the occurrence of complications after ETP. Data were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed in a series of patients who underwent CF-LVAD followed by ETP. Since November 2010, 20 patients underwent HeartWare CF-LVAD implantation at our institute. Four patients (20%) developed pump thrombosis and underwent a total of nine ETPs with tissue plasminogen activator infused into the left ventricle. The mean age was 60.2 ± 9 years. ETP was performed via either the femoral (n = 6) or radial artery (n = 3). Five ETPs (55.5%) were complicated by left and right radial artery occlusion, two by groin hematomas, and one by femoral artery false aneurysm. ETP carries a strong risk of vascular access complications that, in CF-LVAD patients, may add to the already complex clinical profile and economic burden; thus, a less invasive treatment is advisable whenever required.

Prognosis of myocarditis stratified by initial clinical presentation: Does "intermediate" risk still play a role?

Background/aims: Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease with diverse clinical presentations. It is known that low-risk patients have a good prognosis compared to high-risk patients. There are few data regarding the prognosis of intermediate-risk patients. This study aimed to analyze the long-term outcomes of patients with acute myocarditis with different risk profiles at presentation, focusing on the intermediate risk one. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was conducted, enrolling patients who met the diagnostic criteria for clinically suspected myocarditis with acute presentation. Patients were stratified into high, intermediate and low risk, according to the classification proposed by Sinagra and his team. Cardiovascular adverse events (AEs) were assessed after a median follow-up of 19 months. Echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters predictive of adverse events have been reported. Results: We enrolled 127 patients (mean age 30 ± 13 years; 103 men, 24 women). High-risk patients had a higher frequency of adverse events (80 %) compared to other groups (16 %-16 %, p < 0.0001). An association was observed between the number of segments with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) at baseline CMR and the occurrence of adverse events (p < 0.0037). The sum of segments with LGE was statistically correlated with lower left ventricular GLS (p < 0.009). The number of segments with LGE that most accurately identified the occurrence of adverse events was 2.5 [AUC 0.5; p = 0.24]. Conclusions: Our study confirms the higher incidence of AE in the high group; the prognosis of patients at intermediate risk is not very different from those at low risk. It can be hypothesized that the extent of LGE at baseline is the main predictor of adverse events in patients at intermediate risk.

The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of classical cholesterol-lowering drugs to mitigate the adverse impacts of dyslipidaemia on atherosclerosis, many patients still face a substantial residual risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). This risk is partially attributed to non-traditional pathophysiological pathways. Latest evidence suggests that sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are beneficial for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or established CVD by reducing morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms of this benefit have not been clearly elucidated. It has been hypothesized that one possible mechanism could be the attenuation of subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) progression. AIM: The objective of this narrative review is to examine the present evidence concerning the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on markers of SA. RESULTS: The current evidence on the efficacy of SGLT2 on SA, endothelial function and arterial stiffness remains controversial. Findings from observational and randomized studies are quite heterogeneous; however, they converge that the antiatherosclerotic activity of SGLT2 inhibitors is not strong enough to be widely used for prevention of atherosclerosis progression in patients with or without T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and the possible beneficial impact of SGLT2i on primary and secondary CVD prevention through attenuation of premature atherosclerosis progression.

Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Exercise Capacity in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and the Role of Percentage of Delayed Enhancement Measured by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Predicting Therapeutic Response: A Multicentre Study.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of sacubitril/valsartan therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), investigating a possible correlation with the degree of myocardial fibrosis, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. Methods: A total of 134 outpatients with HFrEF were enrolled. Results: After a mean follow-up of 13.3 ± 6.6 months, an improvement in ejection fraction and a reduction in E/A ratio, inferior vena cava size and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were observed. At follow-up, we observed an increase in VO2 peak of 16% (p<0.0001) and in O2 pulse of 13% (p=0.0002) as well as an improvement in ventilatory response associated with a 7% reduction in the VE/VCO2 slope (p=0.0001). An 8% increase in the ΔVO2/Δ work ratio and an 18% increase in exercise tolerance were also observed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main predictors of events during follow-up were VE/VCO2 slope >34 (OR 3.98; 95% CI [1.59-10.54]; p=0.0028); ventilatory oscillatory pattern (OR 4.65; 95% CI [1.55-16.13]; p=0.0052); and haemoglobin level (OR 0.35; 95% CI [0.21-0.55]; p<0.0001). In patients who had cardiac magnetic resonance, when delayed enhancement >4.6% was detected, a lower response after sacubitril/valsartan therapy was observed as expressed by improvement in ΔVO2 peak, O2 pulse, LVEF and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. No significant differences were observed in ΔVO2/Δ work and VE/VCO2 slope. Conclusion:Sacubitril/valsartan improves cardiopulmonary functional capacity in HFrEF patients. The presence of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance is a predictor of response to therapy.

Sexual Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Cardiovascular Patients: The Mediating Role of Anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the most important problems for public health. Research indicates that elderly patients consider sexual satisfaction as a fundamental aspect of their quality of life and a better sexual function is related to higher general wellbeing. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of anxiety and depression in the relationship between quality of life and sexual satisfaction in cardiovascular (CVD) patients. METHODS: The sample comprised 128 adult patients, males and females, hospitalized in a Cardiology Rehabilitation clinical center. To collect data, the following were used: a demographic information sheet, the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) to evaluate cardiac function, cardiovascular diagnosis type, the HADS scale to evaluate anxiety and depression states, a test for sexual satisfaction evaluation (SAS) and the SF-36 survey to measure quality of life. RESULTS: The results indicated that only SF-36 physical health is indirectly related to SAS through its relationship with anxiety. CONCLUSION: A mediating model was proposed to explore the underlying association between sexual satisfaction and quality of life. We recommend investigating perceived general health and sexuality as clinical indicators for therapeutic decisions and risk evaluation for the management of cardiovascular diseases.

[Cardiac contractility modulation therapy: molecular mechanisms and rationale for clinical application in heart failure with systolic and diastolic dysfunction]. / Terapia di modulazione della contrattilità cardiaca: basi molecolari e razionale per l'impiego in modelli di insufficienza cardiaca sistolica e diastolica.

This review illustrates the pathophysiological aspects and available scientific evidence on molecular mechanisms about cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) therapy. The main advances in understanding the effect of this electrical therapy at cellular level in the heart are critically discussed in light of the data from clinical trials supporting the use of CCM therapy in patients with heart failure across a wide range of left ventricular ejection fraction values. This electrical therapy triggers a physiological cellular response leading to an improvement of cardiac performance and reverse ventricular remodeling, with no increase in oxygen consumption. The present review deals with the new potential applications of CCM for patients with chronic heart failure and paves the way for the development of a longitudinal Italian registry of patients implanted with this cardiac device.

Bridging the gap in the symptomatic heart failure patient journey: insights from the Italian scenario.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis for heart failure (HF) patients remains poor, with a high mortality rate, and a marked reduction in quality of life (QOL) and functional status. This study aims to explore the ongoing needs of HF management and the epidemiology of patients followed by Italian HF clinics, with a specific focus on cardiac contractility modulation (CCM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from patients admitted to 14 HF outpatients clinics over 4 weeks were collected and compared to the results of a survey open to physicians involved in HF management operating in Italian centers. RESULTS: One hundred and five physicians took part in the survey. Despite 94% of patients receive a regular follow-up every 3-6 months, available therapies are considered insufficient in 30% of cases. Physicians reported a lack of treatment options for 23% of symptomatic patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF) and for 66% of those without reduced EF. Approximately 3% of HF population (two patients per month per HF clinic) meets the criteria for immediate CCM treatment, which is considered a useful option by 15% of survey respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Despite this relatively small percentage, considering total HF population, CCM could potentially benefit numerous HF patients, particularly the elderly, by reducing hospitalizations, improving functional capacity and QOL.