ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aims of this study were to establish the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria, and to assess the association of MS with other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1610 patients with type 2 DM. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), uric acid, fibrinogen, creatinine, and albumin/creatinine ratios were measured. The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) was calculated using the UKPDS Risk Engine. Seventy percent of the diabetic population met the criteria for MS; central obesity and hypertension were the most common criteria. Subjects with MS had higher levels of HbA1c, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, uric acid, and fibrinogen compared to patients without MS. Similarly, microalbuminuria and a high triglyceride (Tg)/HDL-C ratio (a marker of small LDL-C) occurred more frequently in patients with MS. When patients with no history of CHD events were considered, mean CHD risk was greater in those with, than those without, MS. CONCLUSIONS: MS is highly prevalent in type 2 DM and is commonly associated with non-traditional CV risk factors. The diagnosis of MS seems to confer additional CHD risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Coronary Disease/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Aged , Atherosclerosis/complications , Atherosclerosis/epidemiology , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Coronary Disease/blood , Coronary Disease/epidemiology , Creatinine/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Female , Fibrinogen/metabolism , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Humans , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Serum Albumin/metabolism , Uric Acid/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We designed this study to assess the potential effects of physical activity and dietary habits on glucose tolerance during pregnancy. METHODS: This is an observational study involving 268 women who underwent a 50-g oral glucose challenge test (GCT) at 27±6.9 week of gestation. Plasma glucose level at 1-h GCT ≥ 140 mg/dl was used to define abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT). Physical activity was evaluated using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while for dietary habits we used a food frequency questionnaire linked to a computerised program. RESULTS: One hundred five women had AGT (AGT+) and 163 had normal glucose tolerance (AGT−). There was no difference between the two groups in demographic and clinical data, with the exception of pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain both higher in AGT+ women. Also, all parameters referring to physical activity energy and diet (Kcal and diet components) were not statistically different between the two groups. After a multivariate analysis, only pre-pregnancy BMI (F-value 9.264, p=0.002) remained an independent predictor of 1-h plasma glucose. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that high pre-pregnancy BMI confers a substantially high risk of AGT, independently of lifestyle during pregnancy.