Construct validity, responsiveness and minimal important difference of the cumulated ambulation score in older adults with hip fracture in sub-acute rehabilitation facility.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the construct validity, responsiveness and minimal important difference of the cumulated ambulation score in patients with hip fracture in sub-acute rehabilitation facility. DESIGN: Observational, prospective, monocenter, cohort study. SETTING: Rehabilitation Institute. PARTICIPANTS: 456 older adults with hip fracture (≥65 years) admitted for inpatient rehabilitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulated ambulation score, functional independence measure and functional ambulation category were collected at admission and discharge. Construct validity and responsiveness were assessed through hypothesis testing and minimal important difference was determined using the anchor-based method; floor and ceiling effects were also assessed. RESULTS: The cumulated ambulation score showed strong correlations with the functional independence measure and functional ambulation category scores at both admission and discharge, satisfying all the hypotheses for construct validity. The effect size of cumulated ambulation score was 1.63. Changes in cumulated ambulation score had a moderate-to-strong correlation with changes of other instruments and were able to discriminate patients improved from those not-improved, and patients classified as independent ambulators from those dependent. A ceiling effect was found only at discharge. The estimated minimal important difference was 2 points. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulated ambulation score showed high levels of construct validity and responsiveness according to the hypothesis testing. A two points improvement at the end of rehabilitation was found to be clinically important in people with hip fracture in the sub-acute phase. The ceiling effect found at discharge suggested the limitation of the scale in assessing people with a partially recovered autonomy in performing postural changes and gait.

Effects of soft tissue mobilisation on subacute adherent linear scars: a single-group intervention study.

OBJECTIVE: Scar adherence due to a pathological healing process can cause physical and psychological disturbance. Soft tissue mobilisation (STM) techniques are widely used to treat and prevent scar adherence, but little is known on their effects. We aimed to analyse the effect of STM in patients with subacute post-surgical scar adhesions affecting the extremities. METHOD: A single-group quasi-experimental study was conducted on consecutive patients undergoing post-surgery limb rehabilitation. Patients with a baseline Adhesion Severity (AS) index of <0.5 at the worst scar point, as measured by the Adheremeter, were eligible. All patients who completed a minimum of five manual treatment sessions were included. The primary outcome was the AS index and the secondary outcome was the Italian version of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scales (POSAS-I). RESULTS: A cohort of 19 patients underwent an average of eight STM sessions over a period of one month. The AS index value increased from a median of 0.12 at baseline (interquartile range (IQR): 0.05-0.25) to 0.41 post-treatment (IQR: 0.26-0.63; median change: 0.24; IQR: 0.16-0.40; p<0.001). A large effect size was observed for both AS and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (OSAS-I) (Cohen r=0.6), with a large probability of superiority (PS) (87% and 86%, respectively). A moderate effect was observed for the Patient Scar Assessment Scale (PSAS-I) (Cohen=0.4; PS=71%). Pre-post treatment changes exceeded the minimal detectable changes for the AS and OSAS-I in 68% of subjects, and for PSAS-I in 21% of subjects. CONCLUSION: STM manual techniques may produce a large effect on the mobility of adherent subacute post-surgical scars.

Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Parkinson's Disease: A Speed-Matched Comparative Analysis with Healthy Subjects.

This study aimed to investigate and compare the vertical Ground Reaction Forces (vGRFs) of patients with Parkinson's Disease (PwPD) and healthy subjects (HS) when the confounding effect of walking speed was absent. Therefore, eighteen PwPD and eighteen age- and linear walking speed-matched HS were recruited. Using plantar pressure insoles, participants walked along linear and curvilinear paths at self-selected speeds. Interestingly, PwPD exhibited similar walking speed to HS during curvilinear trajectories (p = 0.48) and similar vGRF during both linear and curvilinear paths. In both groups, vGRF at initial contact and terminal stance was higher during linear walking, while vGRF at mid-stance was higher in curvilinear trajectories. Similarly, the time to peak vGRF at each phase showed no significant group differences. The vGRF timing variability was different between the two groups, particularly at terminal stance (p < 0.001). In conclusion, PwPD and HS showed similar modifications in vGRF and a similar reduction in gait speed during curvilinear paths when matched for linear walking speed. This emphasized the importance of considering walking speed when assessing gait dynamics in PwPD. This study also suggests the possibility of the variability of specific temporal measures in differentiating the gait patterns of PwPD versus those of HS, even in the early stages of the disease.

Rasch Validation of the Mini-BESTest in People With Parkinson Disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Mini-BESTest is a balance measure with robust psychometric properties widely used in people with Parkinson disease. The aim of this study was to examine-with advanced psychometric techniques-some key properties of the Mini-BESTest (including unidimensionality, functioning of rating categories, internal construct validity, reliability indexes) in a consecutive sample of individuals with Parkinson disease admitted for balance rehabilitation. METHODS: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis (partial credit model) were performed on 193 individual raw scores of the Mini-BESTest items. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis fit indices and principal component analysis of the residuals confirmed the scale's unidimensionality. At Rasch analysis, the 3-level rating scale demonstrated appropriate functioning. All items fitted the Rasch model. Item response dependence was negligible. No differential item functioning was found across gender and age groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed and extended the evidence (demonstrated in different populations) on the general psychometric soundness of the Mini-BESTest, even when tested with rigorous statistical methods. In addition, 2 forms were created: (i) to transform raw scores into linear estimates of dynamic balance; and (ii) to compare the individual's item responses with those expected by the Rasch model (thus providing an aid for tailored interventions) and manage missing responses. Further independent studies using advanced psychometric techniques are warranted, also in people with balance disturbances of different etiology. Our study further increases the confidence in using the Mini-BESTest to assess dynamic balance in people with Parkinson disease and provides some useful additional clinical aids for interpreting the results and calculating more precise change scores.See the Supplementary Video, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A384.

Addition of aerobic training to conventional rehabilitation after hip fracture: a randomized, controlled, pilot feasibility study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility and safety of aerobic training with an arm crank ergometer and its effectiveness in improving functional capacity and gait in patients with recent hip fracture. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded pilot study, with intention-to-treat analysis. SETTING: Inpatients, rehabilitation department. SUBJECTS: 40 patients with hip fracture surgically treated. INTERVENTIONS: Training group performed aerobic exercise with an arm crank ergometer (15 sessions, 30 minutes/day) at an intensity of 64% to 76% of maximum heart rate, in addition to conventional inpatient rehabilitation. MAIN MEASURES: Primary outcome was the feasibility (including eligibility rate, recruitment rate, number of drop-outs and adverse events, adherence). Secondary measures were the Timed Up and Go test, ability to walk independently, muscle torque of knee extensors of fractured and non-fractured leg, Functional Independence Measure. RESULTS: Mostly due to pre-existing disability and fracture type, only 40/301 (13%) patients were eligible (age 84.6 ± 7.6 years, 75% female); all agreed to participate and 90% completed the trial, without adverse events. Adherence to aerobic exercise was good, with high attendance at sessions (93%), a strong compliance to exercise duration (95%) but lower compliance to the prescribed intensity (73%). After the program, more patients were able to walk independently in the training group (n = 18) compared to control (n = 13) (P < 0.05). Also the muscle torque of fractured leg knee extensors was higher in the training group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Aerobic training in addition to conventional rehabilitation after a hip fracture is feasible and safe and it was effective in improving gait performance and strength of fractured leg. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04025866.

[The relationship between physical exercise and gut microbiota in the human being: a systematic review]. / Relazione tra esercizio fisico e microbiota intestinale nell'essere umano: revisione sistematica.

BACKGROUND: the relationship between physical exercise and gut microbiota has opened new therapeutic frontiers for many inflammatory diseases. However, there is still a lot of uncertainty about how to administer exercise. OBJECTIVES: to review the literature to bridge this gap and examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and microbiota. DESIGN: systematic review. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: studies involving humans who undergoing exercise programmes of any lengths, intensities, and types were included. The research was carried out through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: the primary outcome was change in gut microbiota composition (α and ß-diversity), while the secondary outcome was the CRF level. RESULTS: the 15 studies included (all with PEDro scale <=5) used aerobic training alone or combined with resistance exercises. In general, exercise has shown positive effects on the microbiota, influencing the faecal count of some bacterial phyla (in particular Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria), with a weak tendency towards proportionality in relation to training duration and intensity. However, the evidence supporting the exercise effects on the gut microbiota and the relationship with CRF are of low quality. CONCLUSIONS: despite the weak evidence in favour of the effects of the practice of physical exercise on the intestinal microbiota, there are still many aspects that need to be explored. In particular, future studies shall have higher quality and methodological rigour, standardize the methods for outcome assessment, and determine type and thresholds of interventions intensity and duration.

Relationship between nerve conduction studies and the Functional Dexterity Test in workers with carpal tunnel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Dexterity impairments caused by carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) make working and daily activities challenging. We aimed to investigate: i) the relationship between dexterity and nerve conduction studies (NCS) in workers with classic symptoms presentation; ii) the ability of the Functional Dexterity Test (FDT) to discriminate different levels of CTS severity as classified by NCS; iii) the diagnostic accuracy of a clinical battery composed of the FDT, Phalen's test and Tinel's sign. METHODS: In a convenience sample of individuals diagnosed with CTS, we correlated FDT net scores with the NCS-based classification by means of Spearman's (rho) test. Discriminative ability of the FDT was assessed by ANOVA, and a ROC curve determined cutoff thresholds. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs) were used to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical battery. RESULTS: Data from 180 hands were collected. The FDT was significantly correlated (rho = 0.25, p <  0.001) with NCS. The FDT was able to discriminate subjects with severe/extreme NCS findings, and two thresholds (0.29-0.36) were identified. Adding the FDT to the provocative tests improved the overall diagnostic accuracy (specificity: 0.97, CI95% 0.83-0.99; LR+: 14.49, CI95% 2.09-100.53). CONCLUSIONS: Sensorimotor impairments related to CTS can affect hand dexterity. The FDT discriminated patients with severe NCS involvement. Positive results on the clinical battery (Phalen, Tinel, and FDT) could help to confirm the CTS diagnosis, showing a very high specificity and LR+. On the contrary, the low sensitivity is not able to rule out CTS in individuals with negative results.

Relationship between work fatigue and manual dexterity in dental professionals: observational study.

BACKGROUND: Neuro-muscular fatigue (ANM) in the upper limbs can cause impaired coordination and dexterity. The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether ANM induced by a working day produced a reduction in digital dexterity in a population of dental health workers (OSD). Secondary objective was to investigate whether there were relationships between any reductions in dexterity and independent socio-demographic variables (gender, age and profession). METHODS: A cohort of OSD was assessed before and at the end of a working day of at least 7 hours using the Functional Dexterity Test (FDT). The effects of ANM (time), of the tested limb (dominance), and of their interaction on dexterity were investigated using two-way ANOVA. A multiple linear regression model was applied to explore the relationship between dexterity performance and independent variables. RESULTS: A total of 50 OSDs were included. The net time of the FDT at the end of the day was always higher than in the morning. The ANOVA showed a significant difference for time (p <0.001) and side (p <0.001), but an effect from the interaction between the two factors was not identified (p = 0.428). The worsening of manual dexterity appears to be weakly correlated with age on both sides, and with the profession in the dominant limb. CONCLUSION: The ANM appears to have negatively affected the dexterity of both hands in the sample examined. The results of this study may be useful for planning the OSD's work agenda more carefully.

Proposal of a new conceptual gait model for patients with Parkinson's disease based on factor analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gait impairment is a risk factor for falls in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Gait can be conveniently assessed by electronic walkways, but there is need to select which spatiotemporal gait variables are useful for assessing gait in PD. Existing models for gait variables developed in healthy subjects and patients with PD show some methodological shortcomings in their validation through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and were never confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The aims of this study were (1) to create a new model of gait for PD through EFA, (2) to analyze the factorial structure of our new model and compare it with existing models through CFA. RESULTS: From the 37 variables initially considered in 250 patients with PD, 10 did not show good-to-excellent reliability and were eliminated, while further 19 were eliminated after correlation matrix and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure. The remaining eight variables underwent EFA and three factors emerged: pace/rhythm, variability, and asymmetry. Structural validity of our new model was then examined with CFA, using the structural equation modeling. After some modifications, suggested by the Modification Indices, we obtained a final model that showed an excellent fit. In contrast, when the structure of previous models of gait was analyzed, no model achieved convergence with our sample of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our model for spatiotemporal gait variables of patients with PD is the first to be developed through an accurate EFA and confirmed by CFA. It contains eight gait variables divided into three factors and shows an excellent fit. Reasons for the non-convergence of other models could be their inclusion of highly inter-correlated or low-reliability variables or could be possibly due to the fact that they did not use more recent methods for determining the number of factors to extract.

Correction to: Proposal of a new conceptual gait model for patients with Parkinson's disease based on factor analysis.

It was highlighted that the original article [1] had an omission in the Abstract. This Correction article shows the omitted sentence: "This article [1] was awarded the SIAMOC Best Methodological Paper 2018".

Global epigenetic analysis of BDNF Val66Met mice hippocampus reveals changes in dendrite and spine remodeling genes.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin highly expressed in the hippocampus, plays crucial roles in cognition, neuroplasticity, synaptic function, and dendritic remodeling. The common human Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and in the outcome of pro-adaptive and therapeutic treatments. Altered gene-expression profile has been previously shown in BDNF Val66Met knock-in mice, which recapitulate the phenotypic hallmarks of individuals carrying the BDNF Met allele. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in the knock-in mouse model on two hippocampal epigenetic marks for transcriptional repression and activation, respectively: trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) and acetylation of histone H3 (AcH3), using a genome-wide approach. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing of immunoprecipitated DNA (ChIP-Seq) was carried out with specific antibodies for H3K27me3 and AcH3. Our results revealed broad alteration of H3K27me3 and AcH3 marks association profiles in BDNFMet/Met , compared to BDNFVal/Val mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed changes in several biological functions and related pathways, affected by the presence of the polymorphism. In particular, a number of networks of functional interaction contained BDNF as central node. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed epigenetically related significant changes in the expression of five genes: Dvl1, Nos3, Reln, Lypd6, and Sh3gl2. The first three are involved in dendrite and spine remodeling, morphological features altered in BDNFMet/Met mice. This work in homozygous knock-in mice shows that the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism induces an array of histone H3 epigenetic modifications, in turn altering the expression of select genes crucial for structural and functional neuronal features.

Expression and Dendritic Trafficking of BDNF-6 Splice Variant are Impaired in Knock-In Mice Carrying Human BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism.

BACKGROUND: The human Val66Met polymorphism in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key factor in neuroplasticity, synaptic function, and cognition, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. BDNF is encoded by multiple transcripts with distinct regulation and localization, but the impact of the Val66Met polymorphism on BDNF regulation remains unclear. METHODS: In BDNF Val66Met knock-in mice, which recapitulate the phenotypic hallmarks of individuals carrying the BDNF(Met) allele, we measured expression levels, epigenetic changes at promoters, and dendritic trafficking of distinct BDNF transcripts using quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: BDNF-4 and BDNF-6 transcripts were reduced in BDNF(Met/Met) mice, compared with BDNF(Val/Val) mice. ChIP for acetyl-histone H3, a marker of active gene transcription, and trimethyl-histone-H3-Lys27 (H3K27me3), a marker of gene repression, showed higher H3K27me3 binding to exon 5, 6, and 8 promoters in BDNF(Met/Met). The H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is involved in epigenetic regulation of BDNF expression, because in neuroblastoma cells BDNF expression was increased both by short interference RNA for EZH2 and incubation with 3-deazaneplanocin A, an inhibitor of EZH2. In situ hybridization for BDNF-2, BDNF-4, and BDNF-6 after pilocarpine treatment showed that BDNF-6 transcript was virtually absent from distal dendrites of the CA1 and CA3 regions in BDNF(Met/Met) mice, while no changes were found for BDNF-2 and BDNF-4. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired BDNF expression and dendritic targeting in BDNF(Met/Met) mice may contribute to reduced regulated secretion of BDNF at synapses, and may be a specific correlate of pathology in individuals carrying the Met allele.

Synaptoproteomic analysis of a rat gene-environment model of depression reveals involvement of energy metabolism and cellular remodeling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Major depression is a severe mental illness that causes heavy social and economic burdens worldwide. A number of studies have shown that interaction between individual genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors, such as stress, is crucial in psychiatric pathophysiology. In particular, the experience of stressful events in childhood, such as neglect, abuse, or parental loss, was found to increase the risk for development of depression in adult life. Here, to reproduce the gene x environment interaction, we employed an animal model that combines genetic vulnerability with early-life stress. METHODS: The Flinders Sensitive Line rats (FSL), a validated genetic animal model of depression, and the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats, their controls, were subjected to a standard protocol of maternal separation (MS) from postnatal days 2 to 14. A basal comparison between the two lines for the outcome of the environmental manipulation was performed at postnatal day 73, when the rats were into adulthood. We carried out a global proteomic analysis of purified synaptic terminals (synaptosomes), in order to study a subcellular compartment enriched in proteins involved in synaptic function. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analysis were used to analyze proteins and related functional networks that were modulated by genetic susceptibility (FSL vs. FRL) or by exposure to early-life stress (FRL + MS vs. FRL and FSL + MS vs. FSL) RESULTS: We found that, at a synaptic level, mainly proteins and molecular pathways related to energy metabolism and cellular remodeling were dysregulated. CONCLUSIONS: The present results, in line with previous works, suggest that dysfunction of energy metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics at a synaptic level could be features of stress-related pathologies, in particular major depression.

Minimal clinically important difference of the functional independence measure in older adults with hip fracture.

PURPOSE: To investigate the responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) from a clinician's perspective in hip-fractured elderly undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of 701 hip-fractured elderly admitted to our rehabilitation institute were retrospectively collected. Ten a priori hypotheses were formulated. RESULTS: The effect size of the FIM scores after treatment were large (total = 1.38, motor = 1.78). Moderate correlations were found between the change total score of FIM and Barthel Index (BI, rs = 0.51), Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC, rs = 0.52) and a checklist regarding participants' independence in transfers (rs = 0.59). The area under the receiving operating characteristics were 0.82, 0.81, and 0.85 when BI, FAC and checklist were used as anchors, respectively. Based on these findings, the FIM showed high responsiveness (9/10 hypotheses met). Triangulation of findings showed that MCIDs of 22 and 21 points were the most appropriate for the FIM total and motor score, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The FIM scale is appropriate for assessing independence and functional recovery in hip-fractured elderly. Improvements of 22 and 21 points at the total and motor FIM were identified as indicators of minimal clinical change in those admitted to a rehabilitation facility with an FIM total score between 40 and 80.

This study provides evidence of the high responsiveness of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total score and of its motor subscore, while the cognitive subscore is not responsive to change among older adults with hip fractures hospitalized for rehabilitation.After a rehabilitative program, a change of at least 22 points in the FIM total score is clinically important in older adults with hip fractures.This change scores will be useful for researchers and clinicians in order to determine a possible clinically meaningful improvement in independence as a response to rehabilitation after a hip fracture.

Which model best assesses gait in healthy elderly? A confirmatory factor analysis of existing conceptual gait models.

BACKGROUND: Various conceptual gait models have been created with exploratory factor analysis to assess gait performance in healthy individuals or patients with orthopaedic or neurological diseases. However, a direct comparison between these models, to determine which is best for assessing gait in healthy elderly subjects, has never been performed. Confirmatory factor analysis is a statistical technique which allows to compare the structure of these models and to evaluate their validity and reliability. RESEARCH QUESTION: Which of the current models for evaluating gait shows the best construct, convergent and discriminant validity and reliability when replicated in a sample of healthy elderly subjects? METHODS: 92 healthy elderly subjects (aged 73.3 ± 6.8 years) were enrolled. Participants were instructed to walk on a baropodometric walkway; gait variables were then extracted and analyzed according to 8 different gait models (published between 2007 and 2019). Correlation between variables of each model were investigated. The number of factors to include for each model was assessed with different criteria of principal component analysis. The construct validity of the gait models was assessed in terms of goodness of fit indexes through confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity and reliability of the models were also assessed. RESULTS: Of the models considered, only our model previously created for patients with Parkinson's Disease reached convergence, with an excellent fit in all indexes (χ2 = 18.34, df = 13, p = 0.15, RMSEA = 0.06 (95%CI = 0.00-0.13), CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.05). The model showed an acceptable convergent validity. The three factors resulted to be mutually independent (correlations among factors <0.85) and reliable. Most of the other seven considered models presented a high number (12.5-65%) of highly inter-related variables and more factors than necessary. SIGNIFICANCE: Future studies can use our gait model as a framework for clinical practice or research.

Effects of Aerobic Training in Patients with Subacute COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial.

Many clinical practice recommendations indicate rehabilitation as essential for patients with sequelae of severe or critical COVID-19 and suggest the prompt initiation of a multicomponent rehabilitation program focused on aerobic and endurance training. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding aerobic exercise are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the addition of aerobic training to standard rehabilitation in subjects with subacute COVID-19. Participants were 32/214 patients with the sequelae of severe or critical COVID-19 in the acute phase who were eligible and agreed to participate in the study (eligibility = 15%, recruitment = 100%). After randomization and assessment with functional and strength tests, all the participants underwent an inpatient-tailored rehabilitation program (50 min/day, 5 days/week, 10 sessions); in addition, the experimental group performed a low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (30 min/day, 10 sessions). No dropouts or severe adverse events were reported, with an attendance rate of 95.6%. Most of the secondary outcomes significantly improved in both groups, but the improvement in the Functional Independence Measure and Cumulated Ambulation Score-Italian version was significantly greater in the experimental group (at least, p < 0.05). This RCT showed that aerobic exercise is feasible and safe in subacute COVID-19. Moreover, it appears to be beneficial and useful in improving patients' independence and mobility.

The Coronavirus Footprint on Dual-Task Performance in Post-Acute Patients after Severe COVID-19: A Future Challenge for Rehabilitation.

Recent studies suggest that also the non-critical form of COVID-19 infection may be associated with executive function impairments. However, it is not clear if they result from cognitive impairments or by COVID-19 infection per se. We aimed to investigate if patients in the post-acute stage of severe COVID-19 (PwCOVID), without manifest cognitive deficits, reveal impairments in performing dual-task (DT) activities compared to healthy controls (HS). We assessed balance in 31 PwCOVID vs. 30 age-matched HS by stabilometry and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test with/without a cognitive DT. The DT cost (DTC), TUG test time and sway oscillations were recorded; correct cognitive responses (CCR) were calculated to evaluate cognitive performance. Results show a significant difference in overall DT performance between PwCOVID and HS in both stabilometry (p < 0.01) and the TUG test (p < 0.0005), although with similar DTCs. The main difference in the DTs between groups emerged in the CCR (effect size > 0.8). Substantially, PwCOVID gave priority to the motor task, leaving out the cognitive one, while HS performed both tasks simultaneously. Our findings suggest that PwCOVID, even without a manifest cognitive impairment, may present a deficit in executive function during DTs. These results encourage the use of DTs and CCR in PwCOVID.

Balance performance in patients with post-acute COVID-19 compared to patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy subjects.

COVID-19 leaves important sequelae in patients, not only in those who had the experience of a critical illness but also in patients with severe form. Understanding the impairments allows us to target rehabilitation to patients' real needs; balance impairments are an assumed sequela of COVID-19, but no study has specifically evaluated balance performance in these patients. Their performance was compared to that of patients with a pulmonary disease that leads to systemic diseases, such as patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PwAECOPD), and of healthy subjects. A total of 75 subjects were assessed: 25 patients with COVID-19 (PwCOVID) with a severe form in the acute phase, 25 PwAECOPD and 25 healthy subjects sex- and age-matched. A stabilometric platform was used to evaluate static balance, both with eyes open and closed, while the dynamic balance was assessed with the Mini-BESTest and the Timed Up and Go test. When compared to healthy subjects, results showed that PwCOVID had worse performance in both static (P < 0.005) and dynamic (P < 0.0001) balance, with a large effect size in all measures (>0.8). Moreover, PwCOVID showed similar results to those of PwAECOPD. In conclusion, PwCOVID showed a balance deficit in both dynamic and static conditions. Therefore, as for PwAECOPD, they should require not only respiratory rehabilitation but also balance and mobility physiotherapy to prevent today's PwCOVID from becoming tomorrow's fallers.

Correlation between fall risk increasing drugs (FRIDs) and fall events at a rehabilitation hospital.

Background and aim Falls and fall-related injuries are a major public health issue which needs global attention due to its clinical and socioeconomic impact. Important risk factors for falls are polypharmacy and the assumption of so-called Fall Risk Increasing Drugs (FRIDs). Aims of our study were to investigate the associations between falls and the use of medications among inpatients by conducting a retrospective case-control study in a rehabilitation hospital in Northern Italy in 2018. Methods A Conditional Logistic Regression was performed to analyze the impact that 13 types of FRIDs individually and the number of administrated FRIDs had on the risk of falling. A second regression model was obtained adjusting the case-control matching for CIRS, Morse and Barthel scores. Results We identified 148 cases and 444 controls. 3 types of FRIDs were significantly correlated (p < 0,05) with an increased risk of falling: Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Diuretics. Antidepressants were the only type of FRID significantly correlated (p=0,008) even in the model adjusted for CIRS, Morse and Barthel scores. The unadjusted model showed that the addition of one type of FRID to therapy was significantly associated with the fall event (p<0.05). Conclusion Assumption of drugs, in particular antidepressant and polypharmacy, can play a role in hospital falling. The fall risk assessment tools available, suffer from low specificity and sensitivity and do not assess these risk factors. A holistic approach with a multidimensional evaluation of the patient through screening tools, functional assessment tools and a full medical evaluation should be pursued to improve prediction.

A pathophysiological model of gait captures the details of the impairment of pace/rhythm, variability and asymmetry in Parkinsonian patients at distinct stages of the disease.

Locomotion in people with Parkinson' disease (pwPD) worsens with the progression of disease, affecting independence and quality of life. At present, clinical practice guidelines recommend a basic evaluation of gait, even though the variables (gait speed, cadence, step length) may not be satisfactory for assessing the evolution of locomotion over the course of the disease. Collecting variables into factors of a conceptual model enhances the clinical assessment of disease severity. Our aim is to evaluate if factors highlight gait differences between pwPD and healthy subjects (HS) and do it at earlier stages of disease compared to single variables. Gait characteristics of 298 pwPD and 84 HS able to walk without assistance were assessed using a baropodometric walkway (GAITRite®). According to the structure of a model previously validated in pwPD, eight spatiotemporal variables were grouped in three factors: pace/rhythm, variability and asymmetry. The model, created from the combination of three factor scores, proved to outperform the single variables or the factors in discriminating pwPD from HS. When considering the pwPD split into the different Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stages, the spatiotemporal variables, factor scores and the model showed that multiple impairments of gait appear at H&Y stage 2.5, with the greatest difference from HS at stage 4. A contrasting behavior was found for the asymmetry variables and factor, which showed differences from the HS already in the early stages of PD. Our findings support the use of factor scores and of the model with respect to the single variables in gait staging in PD.