ABSTRACT
Circulatory antigens transit through the small intestine via the fenestrated capillaries in the lamina propria prior to entering into the draining lymphatics. But whether or how this process controls mucosal immune responses remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) of the lamina propria can sample and process both circulatory and luminal antigens. Surprisingly, antigen cross-presentation by resident CX3CR1(+) DCs induced differentiation of precursor cells into CD8(+) T cells that expressed interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-13, and IL-9 and could migrate into adjacent compartments. We conclude that lamina propria CX3CR1(+) DCs facilitate the surveillance of circulatory antigens and act as a conduit for the processing of self- and intestinally absorbed antigens, leading to the induction of CD8(+) T cells, that partake in the control of T cell activation during mucosal immune responses.
Subject(s)
Antigen Presentation/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Intestinal Mucosa/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Animals , Antigens/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology , CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1 , Cell Differentiation/immunology , Cross-Priming/immunology , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Enteritis/immunology , Enteritis/prevention & control , Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology , Intestinal Mucosa/cytology , Intestine, Small/immunology , Mice , Receptors, Chemokine/immunology , Receptors, Chemokine/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The commensal microbiota is believed to have an important role in regulating immune responsiveness and preventing intestinal inflammation. Intestinal microbes produce signals that regulate inflammation via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, but the mechanisms of this process are poorly understood. We investigated the role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in this signaling pathway using a mouse model of colitis. METHODS: Clinical, histopathologic, and functional parameters of intestinal inflammation were evaluated in TLR4(-/-), IL-10(-/-), and TLR4(-/-) x IL-10(-/-) mice that were free of specific pathogens and in TLR4(-/-) x IL-10(-/-) mice following eradication and reintroduction of Helicobacter hepaticus. Regulatory T-cell (Treg) function was evaluated by crossing each of the lines with transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein under control of the endogenous regulatory elements of Foxp3. Apoptotic cells in the colonic lamina propria were detected by a TUNEL assay. RESULTS: TLR4-mediated signals have 2 interrelated roles in promoting inflammation in TLR4(-/-) x IL-10(-/-) mice. In the absence of TLR4-mediated signals, secretion of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines is dysregulated. Tregs (Foxp3(+)) that secrete interferon-gamma and IL-17 accumulate in the colonic lamina propria of TLR4(-/-) x IL-10(-/-) mice and do not prevent inflammation. Aberrant control of epithelial cell turnover results in the persistence of antigen-presenting cells that contain apoptotic epithelial fragments in the colonic lamina propria of Helicobacter-infected TLR4(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: In mice that lack both IL-10- and TLR4-mediated signals, aberrant regulatory T-cell function and dysregulated control of epithelial homeostasis combine to exacerbate intestinal inflammation.
Subject(s)
Colitis/immunology , Epithelial Cells/immunology , Helicobacter Infections/microbiology , Helicobacter hepaticus/immunology , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Interleukin-10/deficiency , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis , Colitis/microbiology , Colitis/pathology , Colitis/prevention & control , Disease Models, Animal , Epithelial Cells/microbiology , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics , Genes, Reporter , Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics , Helicobacter Infections/immunology , Helicobacter Infections/pathology , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-10/genetics , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Rectal Prolapse/immunology , Rectal Prolapse/microbiology , Spleen/immunology , Spleen/microbiology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/microbiology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th1 Cells/microbiology , Time Factors , Toll-Like Receptor 4/deficiency , Toll-Like Receptor 4/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We developed a series of dendritic cell autoimmune modulators (DCAMs) based on small molecule Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the inhibition of intestinal inflammation and oral delivery. METHODS: DCAMs were administered orally during and after induction of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Dendritic cell recruitment and inflammatory responses were determined in the mucosal immune system during acute intestinal inflammatory responses and mucosal recovery. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were utilized to define the mechanisms by which DCAMs can modify responses to microbial signals. RESULTS: Oral doses of DCAMs prevented severe weight loss and mucosal inflammation associated with DSS colitis in mice. The presence of DCAMs increased the number of CD11c(+) PDCA1(+) dendritic cells, induced interleukin (IL)-10 expression, and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in the mucosal immune system. Surprisingly, DCAMs regulated innate immune responses in macrophages resulting in the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and the induction of IL-10 expression during Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling. CONCLUSIONS: We identified two new imidazoacridinone derivatives that protect mice from severe colitis and promote mucosal recovery by enhancing protective cytokine production while inhibiting proinflammatory stimuli during microbial recognition. These compounds are promising candidates for further development into potent orally available drugs for the prevention of colitis and promotion of mucosal recovery.