Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis of Corneal Donor Characteristics at the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics Eye Bank (2013-2021).

BACKGROUND: Corneal transplantation success depends on good practices in tissue selection and preservation. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the time from the donor's death to the end of processing and corneal cellularity provided by the Eye Bank. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 839 donor records (2013-2021) from the Eye Bank of the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, totaling 1445 corneas. Donors were classified based on cellularity (≤2000 and >2000 cells/mm2) and laterality. The dependent variable was cellularity in the right eye (RE) and left eye (LE), categorized into ≤2000 and >2000 cells/mm2 groups. Independent variables included sex, age, cause of death, and Δ-death. The statistical software SPSS 26.0 (IBM SPSS, Inc, Armonk, NY, United States) was used, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Among 839 donors, most were male (58.2%) and ≥60 years old (36.5%). Brain death (BD) was the primary cause of death (66.2%). A time from the donor's death to the end of processing interval of ≥10 hours occurred in 35.6% of cases. Cellularity >2000 cells/mm2 was similar for the RE (94.5%) and LE (93.9%). Age showed statistical significance (P < 0.001) in both eyes, with cellularity decreasing for donors ≥60 years. In BD cases, higher cellularity was observed in the LE (P < 0.001; 70.8%). A time from the donor's death to the end of processing interval and cellularity comparison showed relevance for the LE (P = 0.03) but no association for the RE. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal cellularity decreased with increasing donor age. Significant differences in Δ-death were associated with cellularity, BD, and right and left cornea.

The Effect of Sedating Agents on Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy Findings.

OBJECTIVE: Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) has gained interest for upper airway evaluation in patients with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and different drugs have been used to induce sedation. Nevertheless, all drugs have presented specific advantages and disadvantages with differential effects on respiratory physiology. This study evaluated and compared the effects of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine on DISE findings, O2 nadir, and bispectral index (BIS) in the same sample of patients. STUDY DESIGN: Case series prospective study. METHODS: Consecutive patients who elected to undergo surgery for OSA treatment and were intolerant to conservative therapies underwent DISE with propofol, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam between July 2015 and July 2016. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were analyzed, and 43 (82.7%) were men. Agreement among drugs for both degree and patterns of obstruction was excellent at all sites (velum, oropharynx, and epiglottis) except for the tongue base. Dexmedetomidine had the least complete collapse sites and highest O2 nadir and was the only drug for which apnea severity and obstruction levels (upper, lower, or combined) were correlated. The variability among drug treatments for the BIS index was considerable, and propofol had the lowest variability and average value. CONCLUSION: Drug selection had a relevant influence in DISE findings. Compared with dexmedetomidine, midazolam and propofol presented higher incidence of tongue base collapse, lower O2 levels, and lower BIS index values. Propofol resulted in an O2 nadir that most resembled that observed during polysomnography. The BIS index variability differed among drugs, and its use was considered relevant for sedation orientation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:506-513, 2019.

Nocturnal Hypoxemia is Associated With Low Testosterone Levels in Overweight Males and Older Men With Normal Weight.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The relationship among obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), body mass index (BMI), and testosterone levels has long been suggested. Obese men have shown a negative correlation between testosterone level and sleep apnea severity. Yet, little is known about the association between testosterone levels and sleep apnea in men who are not obese. This study evaluated the association between the total testosterone (TT) level and OSA in patients who are not obese. METHODS: A retrospective review of 523 records of patients in whom OSA was diagnosed from 2013-2016 was performed. The study included men with a BMI < 30 kg/m2 and with TT levels measured in a blood sample collected the morning after a sleep study. RESULTS: In all, 153 nonobese men met inclusion criteria, of whom 47 (30.7%) had testosterone levels below the reference values; 44 of these individuals (93.6%) were overweight (P = .029). Reduced testosterone levels showed significant correlations with the oxygen desaturation index, the lowest oxygen saturation < 80% (O2 nadir < 80%), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration, after adjusting for BMI. Among patients with normal weight, only 3 who had O2 nadir < 80% and were older than 50 years presented with a reduced TT level. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of nonobese men with OSA, we demonstrated that hypoxemia (O2 nadir < 80%) and overweight are associated with reduced testosterone levels. This association was only observed among normal-weight individuals older than 50 years.

Pregnancy, maternal exposure to analgesic medicines, and leukemia in Brazilian children below 2 years of age.

Childhood leukemia etiology, and mainly the interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors, remains largely unexplored. This national hospital-based case-control study was carried out in Brazil among children aged 0-23 months who were recruited at cancer and general hospitals in 13 states. Maternal medicine intake during pregnancy, including analgesic intake, was assessed by face-to-face interviews with the mothers of 231 leukemia patients and 411 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to ascertain crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between maternal analgesic use during pregnancy and early age leukemia. Acetaminophen use during the first trimester of pregnancy showed an OR=0.39 (95% CI 0.17-0.93) for acute lymphocytic leukemia and an OR=0.37 (95% CI 0.16-0.88) for use in the second trimester. For acute myeloid leukemia, an OR=0.11 (95% CI 0.02-0.97) was found following acetaminophen use in the second trimester. For acute lymphocytic leukemia, the exclusive use of dipyrone during preconception showed an OR=1.63 (95% CI 1.06-2.53) and dipyrone intake during lactation showed an OR=2.00 (95% CI 1.18-3.39). These results suggest that acetaminophen use during pregnancy may protect against development of early age leukemia in the offspring, whereas dipyrone use may act as a risk factor for such an outcome.

Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Early Age Leukemia Risk in Brazil.

Objectives. To investigate the association between the maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and early age leukemia (EAL) in offspring. Methods. Datasets were analyzed from a case-control study carried out in Brazil during 1999-2007. Data were obtained by maternal interviews using a standardized questionnaire. The present study included 675 children (193 acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), 59 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 423 controls). Unconditional logistic regression was performed, and adjusted odds ratios (adj. OR) on the association between alcohol consumption and EAL were ascertained. Results. Alcohol consumption was reported by 43% of ALL and 39% of AML case mothers and 35.5% of controls'. Beer consumption before and during pregnancy was associated with ALL in crude analysis (OR = 1.54, 95% CI, 1.08-2.19), although in adjusted analysis no statistical significance was found. For weekly intake of ≤1 glass (adj. OR = 1.30, 95% CI, 0.71-2.36) and ≥1 glass/week (adj. OR = 1.47, 95% CI, 0.88-2.46) a potential dose-response was observed (P trend < 0.03). Conclusion. This study failed to support the hypothesis of an increased risk of EAL associated with maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, neither with the interaction with tobacco nor with alcohol consumption.

Familial history of cancer and leukemia in children younger than 2 years of age in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of a familial history of cancer (FHC) to the development of leukemia in children below 2 years of age. This is a national hospital-based case-control study of children 0-24 months of age recruited from 15 Brazilian hospitals from several regions providing oncological care and local general hospitals. Participants' FHC antecedents were obtained through face-to-face interviews with the mothers of cases and controls using a standardized questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to determine crude and adjusted (adj.) odds ratios (OR), and the respective 95% confidence intervals (CI), of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after adjustment for selected variables. FHC antecedents were obtained from 178 ALL, 51 AML, and 428 controls. FHC in second-degree relatives (grandparents, uncles, cousins) showed an adj. OR=1.66 (95% CI 1.12-2.45) for ALL. Antecedents of two or more relatives with cancer showed a statistically significant two-fold higher risk of either ALL or AML. Paternal, and joint paternal and maternal antecedents of cancer also showed statistically significant higher adj. OR, respectively: 1.80 and 1.89 for ALL, and 2.34 and 3.23 for AML. Hematological malignancies among second-degree relatives showed an adj. OR=3.48 (95% CI 1.72-7.09) for ALL. According to the anatomic site, antecedents of leukemia/lymphoma among case relatives, compared with the control ones, showed an OR=2.98 (95% CI 1.52-5.82) for ALL, whereas stomach cancer antecedents showed an OR=3.55 (95% CI 1.02-12.39) for AML. The observed results support the hypothesis that FHC antecedents are associated with leukemogenesis in children below 2 years of age.

In utero pesticide exposure and leukemia in Brazilian children < 2 years of age.

BACKGROUND: An association between pesticide exposure and cancer has been suggested. Infant leukemia is a rare neoplasm and its association with maternal pesticide exposure has been poorly explored. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between pesticide exposure during pregnancy and leukemia in children < 2 years of age. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was carried out in 13 Brazilian states during 1999-2007. Mothers of 252 cases and those of 423 controls were interviewed. Information on pesticide exposures 3 months before pregnancy, throughout pregnancy, and during breastfeeding was obtained. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for associations between pesticide exposures and leukemia. RESULTS: Associations with ever use of pesticides during pregnancy were observed for acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) (aOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.86) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (aOR = 5.01; 95% CI: 1.97, 12.7) in children 0-11 months of age, and with ALL (aOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05, 5.23) at 12-23 months of age. According to reported maternal exposure to permethrin, higher risk estimates were verified for children 0-11 months of age (aOR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.17, 5.25 for ALL; and aOR = 7.28; 95% CI: 2.60, 20.38 for AML). Maternal pesticide exposure related to agricultural activities showed an aOR of 5.25 (95% CI: 1.83, 15.08) for ALL, and an aOR of 7.56 (95% CI: 1.83, 31.23) for AML. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that pesticide exposure during pregnancy may be involved in the etiology of acute leukemia in children < 2 years of age.

Pregnancy, maternal exposure to hair dyes and hair straightening cosmetics, and early age leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between maternal exposure to hair dyes and hair straightening cosmetics (HDSC) during pregnancy and leukemia at an early age (<2yr., EAL). METHODS: A multicenter hospital-based case-control study was carried out in 13 states in Brazil between 1999 and 2007. Mothers of 176 ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) and 55 AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cases and 419 controls were enrolled and interviewed. Data on maternal exposure to HDSC occurring 3months before pregnancy, during pregnancy and during breastfeeding were obtained. Data were also gathered on paternal exposure to HDSC before pregnancy. Unconditional logistic regression was performed and odds ratios (OR) on the association between HDSC use and EAL were obtained after adjustment for hormonal intake during pregnancy, maternal age, education, birth weight, and the child skin color. RESULTS: An adjusted OR of 1.78 (95% C.I. 1.13-2.81) was observed between maternal exposure to HDSC in the first trimester of pregnancy and ALL. Regarding AML, an adjusted OR of 2.43 (95% C.I. 1.13-5.22) was found for maternal exposure to HDSC during breastfeeding. No association between maternal exposure to HDSC during pregnancy and ALL or AML was observed in children with MLL (Mixed Lineage Leukemia) gene rearrangement. CONCLUSIONS: Results in this study seem to support the hypothesis that maternal exposure to HDSC during pregnancy may be involved in the etiology of leukemia in children under 2years of age.

Pregnancy, maternal tobacco smoking, and early age leukemia in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but hypothesis on the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood leukemia remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between maternal exposure to tobacco smoking during pregnancy and early age (<2 year) leukemia (EAL). METHODS: A hospital-based multicenter case-control study aiming to explore EAL risk factors was carried out in Brazil during 1999-2007. Data were collected by direct interview with the biological mothers using a standardized questionnaire. The present study included 675 children (193 acute lymphoid leukemia - ALL, 59 AML and 423 controls), being the latter age frequency matched and paired by area of residence with the cases. Unconditional logistic regression was performed, and odds ratios (OR) on the association between tobacco smoking (3 months before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and 3 months after delivery) and EAL were ascertained after adjustment for selected variables (maternal age at birth and education, birth weight, infant skin color, and oral contraceptives use during pregnancy). RESULTS: Smoking was reported by 17.5% of case mothers and 20.6% of controls. Among women who reported to have smoked 20 or more cigarettes during the index pregnancy, an adjusted OR = 5.28 (95% CI 1.40-19.95) for ALL was observed. Heavy smoking during breastfeeding yielded an adjusted risk estimate for ALL, OR = 7.78 (95% CI 1.33-45.5). No dose-response effect was observed according to smoking exposure during pregnancy and EAL. An association between secondhand smoking during pregnancy or breastfeeding was not observed. CONCLUSION: An association between maternal smoking and EAL in the offspring was restricted to women who have reported an intense exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Trends in childhood leukemia mortality over a 25-year period.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in childhood leukemia mortality in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 1980 and 2006. METHOD: Gender-stratified leukemia mortality data for children aged < 15 years from 1980 to 2006 were retrieved from the Brazilian Mortality Information System for the state of Rio de Janeiro. Data were stratified by place of death (city of Rio de Janeiro proper, the state capital; Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region, excluding the capital; and rest of the state). Leukemia deaths were defined according to death certificate ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding (for deaths occurring in 1980-1995 and 1996-2006, respectively). Leukemia mortality rates were calculated by age and calendar year and age-adjusted to a standard world population. Polynomial linear regression with a 5% significance level was used to evaluate mortality trends in the study regions. RESULTS: The three studied regions revealed similar trends, with a continuous downward pattern; the most substantial decline was detected in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (city proper). In all studied areas, leukemia mortality was highest among males. CONCLUSION: A downward trend in childhood leukemia mortality was detected throughout the state of Rio de Janeiro. The most pronounced reduction occurred in the state capital.

In Utero Pesticide Exposure and Leukemia in Brazilian Children < 2 Years of Age

Background: An association between pesticide exposure and cancer has been suggested. Infant leukemia is a rare neoplasm and its association with maternal pesticide exposure has been poorly explored. Objectives: We investigated the association between pesticide exposure during pregnancy and leukemia in children < 2 years of age. Methods: A hospital-based case–control study was carried out in 13 Brazilian states during 1999–2007. Mothers of 252 cases and those of 423 controls were interviewed. Information on pesticide exposures 3 months before pregnancy, throughout pregnancy, and during breastfeeding was obtained. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for associations between pesticide exposures and leukemia.Results: Associations with ever use of pesticides during pregnancy were observed for acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) (aOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.86) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (aOR = 5.01; 95% CI: 1.97, 12.7) in children 0–11 months of age, and with ALL (aOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05, 5.23) at 12–23 months of age. According to reported maternal exposure to permethrin, higher risk estimates were verified for children 0–11 months of age (aOR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.17, 5.25 for ALL; and aOR = 7.28; 95% CI: 2.60, 20.38 for AML). Maternal pesticide exposure related to agricultural activities showed an aOR of 5.25 (95% CI: 1.83, 15.08) for ALL, and an aOR of 7.56 (95% CI: 1.83, 31.23) for AML. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that pesticide exposure during pregnancy may be involved in the etiology of acute leukemia in children < 2 years of age

Tendência de mortalidade por câncer colorretal em cinco capitais brasileiras de 1980 a 2009 / Trends of colorectal cancer mortality in five Brazilian capitals from 1980 to 2009

Apesar do câncer colorretal (CCR) ser a terceira neoplasia mais incidente no Brasil e sua incidência estar aumentando nos últimos anos, não há dados recentes na literatura a respeito do comportamento da mortalidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a tendência de mortalidade do CCR em 5 capitais brasileiras no período de 1980?2009. Foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade por CCR de indivíduos maiores de 50 anos de ambos os sexos e residentes nas 5 capitais brasileiras (Goiânia, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo), obtidos diretamente no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas para cada capital estudada e em seguida foram padronizadas utilizando-se a população mundial. Para a análise da tendência, optou-se pelos modelos de regressão linear polinomial, sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. A análise da mortalidade por CCR nas cinco capitais brasileiras apresentou uma tendência crescente e constante ao longo do período analisado, com significância estatística em quatro capitais, exceto para Recife.

Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer in Brazil and its incidence has been increasingover the last years, there are no recent reports in the literature regarding the mortality trends. This work aimed to analyze trends in CRC mortality in 5 Brazilian capitals from 1980 to 2009. The data on colorectal cancer mortality of individuals over 50 years old of both gender living in five Brazilian cities (Goiania, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo) used, were obtained directly from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM). Mortality rates were calculated for each city and were then standardized using the world's population. For trend analysis, polynomial regression models were used, and a level of 5% was considered significant. Analysis of colorectal cancer mortality in five Brazilian capitals showed an increasing and constant trend over the period (1980­2009), with statistical significance in four capitals, except for Recife.

Exposições ambientais e leucemias na infância no Brasil: uma análise exploratória de sua associação / Exposiciones ambientales y leucemias en la infancia en Brasil: un análisis exploratorio de su asociación / /Environmental exposure and childhood leukemia in Brazil: an exploratory analysis of their association

O presente estudo objetiva explorar as relações inaparentes que diversos fatores relativos às exposições ambientais e características individuais existentes em nosso meio possam ter no processo de desenvolvimento da leucemia na infância. A partir de um banco de dados clínicos e epidemiológicos obtido com estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar sobre fatores de risco para leucemias na infância, foi realizada análise multivariada exploratória por meio do emprego de análise de componentes principais e análise fatorial. Os resultados encontrados são sugestivos quanto à contribuição conjunta das exposições ambientais, e não apenas individualizadas, no desenvolvimento das leucemias na infância, sendo apoiados pelas evidências na literatura de que o processo de carcinogênese, em geral, e o da leucemogênese, em particular, resultem de efeitos de múltiplas mutações relacionadas a exposições ambientais conjuntas.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar las relaciones no aparentes que diversos factores relacionados con exposiciones ambientales, y características individuales existentes en nuestro medio, pueden llegar a tener en el proceso de desarrollo de la leucemia en la infancia. A partir de un banco de datos clínicos y epidemiológicos, obtenido con un estudio de control de casos de base hospitalaria sobre factores de riesgo para leucemias en la infancia, se realizó un análisis multivariado exploratorio, mediante el empleo de un análisis de componentes principales y análisis factorial. Los resultados encontrados son sugestivos en lo que se refiere a la contribución conjunta de las exposiciones ambientales, y no sólo individualizadas, en el desarrollo de las leucemias en la infancia. Siendo apoyados por evidencias en la literatura especializada de que el proceso de carcinogénesis, en general, y/o de la leucemogénesis en particular, resultan de efectos de múltiples mutaciones relacionadas a exposiciones ambientales conjuntas.

This study aims to explore the unapparent relations that several factors related to environmental exposure and individual characteristics existing in our environment may have with the process of developing childhood leukemia. From a database obtained from a clinical and epidemiological hospital-based, case-control study on risk factors for childhood leukemia, an exploratory multivariate analysis was performed using principal component analysis and factor analysis. The results indicate the joint contribution of not just individual but environmental exposure in the development of leukemia in childhood, and are supported by evidence in the literature that the process of carcinogenesis in general and of leukemogenesis in particular, result from effects of multiple mutations related to joint environmental exposure.

Tendência de mortalidade por leucemia infantil num período de 25 anos / Trends in childhood leukemia mortality over a 25-year period

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência de mortalidade por leucemias na infância, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, durante o período de 1980 a 2006. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade por leucemia em menores de 15 anos do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde para os anos de 1980 a 2006, segundo o sexo, dos residentes de três áreas: município do Rio de Janeiro (capital), região metropolitana (exceto capital) e interior do estado. Foram considerados como óbitos por leucemia aqueles cuja causa básica havia sido codificada de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças, revisão 9 (CID-9), no período de 1980 a 1995, e segundo a CID-10 no período de 1996 a 2006. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas por faixa etária e ano de óbito, sendo, em seguida, ajustadas pela população mundial. Para análise de tendência, optou-se pelos modelos de regressão linear polinomial. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: As análises de tendência nas três localidades apresentaram perfis semelhantes, com um padrão decrescente e constante. Entretanto, a capital apresentou a maior queda em suas taxas. Analisando a tendência das taxas de mortalidade por leucemia infantil segundo o sexo, foi observado que, no sexo masculino, a incidência foi maior quando comparada ao sexo feminino nas três localidades analisadas. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observada uma tendência de declínio da mortalidade por leucemias na infância no estado do Rio de Janeiro, sendo mais acentuada na capital do que na região metropolitana e no interior do estado.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in childhood leukemia mortality in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 1980 and 2006. METHOD: Gender-stratified leukemia mortality data for children aged < 15 years from 1980 to 2006 were retrieved from the Brazilian Mortality Information System for the state of Rio de Janeiro. Data were stratified by place of death (city of Rio de Janeiro proper, the state capital; Rio de Jane iro Metropolitan Region, excluding the capital; and rest of the state). Leukemia deaths were defined according to death certificate ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding (for deaths occurring in 1980-1995 and 1996-2006, respectively). Leukemia mortality rates were calculated by age and calendar year and age-adjusted to a standard world population. Polynomial linear regression with a 5 percent significance level was used to evaluate mortality trends in the study regions. RESULTS: The three studied regions revealed similar trends, with a continuous downward pattern; the most substantial decline was detected in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (city proper). In all studied areas, leukemia mortality was highest among males. CONCLUSION: A downward trend in childhood leukemia mortality was detected throughout the state of Rio de Janeiro. The most pronounced reduction occurred in the state capital.

História familiar de câncer, exposição materna a medicamentos e o desenvolvimento de leucemia em menores de 2 anos / Family history of cancer, maternal exposure to drugs and the development of leukemia in children under 2 years

O objetivo foi avaliar a contribuição do histórico familiar de câncer e do uso de medicamentos materno no desenvolvimento de leucemia aguda em crianças menores de dois anos deidade. Determinar a magnitude de associação entre os antecedentes de história familiar de câncer de acordo com o grau de parentesco (primeiro ou segundo grau) e o desenvolvimento de leucemias em menores de dois anos de idade. Determinar a magnitude de associação entre consumo materno de analgésicos (dipirona, paracetamol e aspirina) no período pré-gestacional, gestacional (primeiro, segundo e terceiro trimestre) e no período de lactação e o desenvolvimento de leucemias agudas em menores de dois anos de idade. Determinar a magnitude de associação entre a exposição materna a vitaminas e suplementos minerais no período pré-gestacional, gestacional (primeiro, segundo e terceiro trimestre) e no período de lactação e o desenvolvimento de leucemias agudas em menores de dois anos de idade.

Exposições ambientais e padrões de distribuição de leucemias na infância / Environmental exposures and distribution patterns of leukemia in childhood

Objetivos: Analisar a tendência de mortalidade por leucemias na infância no Estado do Rio de Janeiro durante o período de 1980 a 2006. Método: Foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade por leucemia em menores 15 anos do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde para os anos de 1980 a 2006, segundo sexo, dos residentes de três áreas: Município do Rio de Janeiro, Região Metropolitana (exceto município do Rio de Janeiro) e Interior do Estado. Foram considerados como óbitos por leucemia aqueles cuja causa básica havia sido codificada de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doença (CID) 9, no período 1980-95; segundo CID 10, no período 1996-2006. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas por faixa etária e ano de óbito, sendo em seguida ajustadas pela população mundial. Para análise de tendência, optou-se pelos modelos de regressão linear polinomial. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 5por cento. Resultados: As análises de tendência nas três localidades apresentaram perfis semelhantes, com um padrão decrescente e constante. Entretanto, o município do Rio de Janeiro apresentou a maior queda em suas taxas. Analisando a tendência das taxas de mortalidade por leucemia infantil segundo sexo, foi observado que no sexo masculino, a incidência foi maior quando comparada ao sexo feminino nas três localidades analisadas.Conclusão: Foi observada uma tendência de declínio da mortalidade por leucemias na infância no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sendo esta mais acentuada na capital, do que na região metropolitana e no interior do Estado.