Effectiveness and Safety of Postoperative Hospital at Home for Surgical Patients: A Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a Hospital at Home (HaH) enabled early transfer pathways for surgical patients. BACKGROUND: HaH serves as a safe alternative to traditional hospitalization by providing acute care to patients in their homes through a comprehensive range of hospital-level interventions. To our knowledge, no studies have been published to date reporting a large cohort of early home-transferred patients after surgery through a HaH unit. METHODS: Cohort study enrolling every patient admitted to the HaH unit of a tertiary hospital who underwent any of 6 surgeries with a predefined early transfer pathway and fitting both general and surgery inclusion criteria (clinical and hemodynamic stability, uncomplicated surgery, presence of a caregiver, among others) from November 2021 to May 2023. Protocols were developed for each pathway between surgical services and HaH to deliver the usual postoperative care in the home setting. Discharge was decided according to protocol. An urgent escalation pathway was also established. RESULTS: During the study period, 325 patients were included: 141 were bariatric surgeries, 85 kidney transplants, 45 thoracic surgeries, 37 cystectomies, 10 appendicectomies, and 7 ventral hernia repairs. The overall escalation of care during HaH occurred in 7.3% of patients and 30-day readmissions in 7%. Most adverse events were managed at home and the overall mortality was zero. The total mean length of stay was 8 days (interquartile range 2-14), and patients with HaH were transferred home 3 days (interquartile range 1-6) earlier than the usual pathway; a total of 1551 bed-days were saved. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of early home transfer pathways for surgical patients through HaH is feasible and effective, with favorable safety outcomes.

Antibody-mediated rejection diagnosed in early protocol biopsies in high immunological risk kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Renal transplant recipients with donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies are at an increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Early protocolized renal biopsies may serve as a strategy to improve diagnosis in this patient population. METHODS: We evaluated 155 highly sensitized renal transplant recipients with cPRA class I + II > 90% pre-transplant from 2015 to 2022. Patients with protocol biopsies within the first two weeks post-transplant were included. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients were included in the study. Of these, 13 (10.6%) were diagnosed with very early antibody-mediated rejection (veABMR) within the first two weeks post-transplant. This corresponds to 52% (13/25 patients) of all ABMR cases reported during the follow-up of this population. The graft survival rates at one and three years were significantly lower in patients with veABMR (p < 0.001) compared to patients without rejection in the early protocol biopsy. In terms of severity, the veABMR cohort exhibited a hazard ratio (HR) of 10.33 (95% CI 3.23-33.06; p < 0.001) for graft failure. The presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) class II on the day of transplantation and a higher percentage of eplet mismatch (EpMM), particularly EpMM DQA1, correlated with the development of veABMR. CONCLUSION: Early protocol biopsies play a pivotal role in the early detection of veABMR in high-risk immunological patients. Patients with veABMR face significant risks of graft loss, despite early treatment of rejection.

Early kinetics of donor-derived cell-free DNA after transplantation predicts renal graft recovery and long-term function.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) upon transplantation is one of the most impactful events that the kidney graft suffers during its life. Its clinical manifestation in the recipient, delayed graft function (DGF), has serious prognostic consequences. However, the different definitions of DGF are subject to physicians' choices and centers' policies, and a more objective tool to quantify IRI is needed. Here, we propose the use of donor-derived cell-free DNA (ddcfDNA) for this scope. METHODS: ddcfDNA was assessed in 61 kidney transplant recipients of either living or deceased donors at 24 h, and 7, 14 and 30 days after transplantation using the AlloSeq cfDNA Kit (CareDx, San Francisco, CA, USA). Patients were followed-up for 6 months and 7-year graft survival was estimated through the complete and functional iBox tool. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour ddcfDNA was associated with functional DGF [7.20% (2.35%-15.50%) in patients with functional DGF versus 2.70% (1.55%-4.05%) in patients without it, P = .023] and 6-month estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.311, P = .023). At Day 7 after transplantation, ddcfDNA was associated with dialysis duration in DGF patients (r = 0.612, P = .005) and worse 7-year iBox-estimated graft survival probability (ß -0.42, P = .001) at multivariable analysis. Patients with early normalization of ddcfDNA (<0.5% at 1 week) had improved functional iBox-estimated probability of graft survival (79.5 ± 16.8%) in comparison with patients with 7-day ddcfDNA ≥0.5% (67.7 ± 24.1%) (P = .047). CONCLUSIONS: ddcfDNA early kinetics after transplantation reflect recovery from IRI and are associated with short-, medium- and long-term graft outcome. This may provide a more objective estimate of IRI severity in comparison with the clinical-based definitions of DGF.

Impact of robotic-assisted kidney transplantation on post-transplant infections: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the incidence, epidemiology, clinical characteristics and risk factors of infections in living donor kidney transplant recipients using robotic-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) and open approach. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study from January 2016 to December 2019. For the risk factor analysis, a matched case-control study (1:1 ratio) was performed (robotic vs open). Control subjects were matched for living donor and time of transplantation. The data included de novo immunosuppressive regimen, delayed graft function, urological complications, acute allograft rejection and incidence, clinical features, microbiological findings and outcomes of infections. RESULTS: Ninety-four RAKT and 84 controls were included. There were no differences between groups in terms of age, gender, BMI, median days of hospitalization, immunosuppressive regimen, need for surgical urologic procedures post-transplantation, presence of urinary leak or acute allograft rejection. Thirty-five percent of all recipients analyzed presented an infection, mostly asymptomatic bacteriuria (49%), symptomatic urinary tract infection (31%) and surgical site infection (10%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent isolated microorganism in 67%, followed by E. coli (20%), Enterococcus faecalis (17%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%). Eight percent of the microorganisms were multidrug resistant. The open kidney transplantation group presented more infections compared to RAKT (43 vs 27%, p = 0.04). After multivariate analysis, need for surgical urologic procedure post-transplantation (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.1-35), BMI ≥ 30 (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.5-9) and acute allograft rejection (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.2-8.5) were associated with infection, whereas RAKT (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) and the use of JJ catheter (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17-0.72) were protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Infection is a frequent event in patients receiving a living donor kidney transplant. Acute allograft rejection, need for surgical urologic procedure post-transplantation and BMI were associated with infection, whereas robotic surgery was a protective factor in living donor kidney transplantation.

European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT)-TLJ 3.0 Consensus on Histopathological Analysis of Pre-Implantation Donor Kidney Biopsy: Redefining the Role in the Process of Graft Assessment.

The ESOT TLJ 3.0. consensus conference brought together leading experts in transplantation to develop evidence-based guidance on the standardization and clinical utility of pre-implantation kidney biopsy in the assessment of grafts from Expanded Criteria Donors (ECD). Seven themes were selected and underwent in-depth analysis after formulation of PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison, outcomes) questions. After literature search, the statements for each key question were produced, rated according the GRADE approach [Quality of evidence: High (A), Moderate (B), Low (C); Strength of Recommendation: Strong (1), Weak (2)]. The statements were subsequently presented in-person at the Prague kick-off meeting, discussed and voted. After two rounds of discussion and voting, all 7 statements reached an overall agreement of 100% on the following issues: needle core/wedge/punch technique representatively [B,1], frozen/paraffin embedded section reliability [B,2], experienced/non-experienced on-call renal pathologist reproducibility/accuracy of the histological report [A,1], glomerulosclerosis/other parameters reproducibility [C,2], digital pathology/light microscopy in the measurement of histological variables [A,1], special stainings/Haematoxylin and Eosin alone comparison [A,1], glomerulosclerosis reliability versus other histological parameters to predict the graft survival, graft function, primary non-function [B,1]. This methodology has allowed to reach a full consensus among European experts on important technical topics regarding pre-implantation biopsy in the ECD graft assessment.

Extracorporeal Photopheresis Improves Graft Survival in a Full-Mismatch Rat Model of Kidney Transplantation.

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an immunomodulatory therapy based on the infusion of autologous cellular products exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) in the presence of a photosensitizer. The study evaluates the ECP efficacy as induction therapy in a full-mismatch kidney transplant rat model. Dark Agouti to Lewis (DA-L) kidney transplant model has been established. ECP product was obtained from Lewis rat recipients after DA kidney graft transplantation (LewDA). Leukocytes of those LewDA rats were exposed to 8-methoxy psoralen, and illuminated with UV-A. The ECP doses assessed were 10 × 106 and 100 × 106 cells/time point. Lewis recipients received seven ECP infusions. DA-L model was characterized by the appearance of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and kidney function deterioration from day three after kidney transplant. The dysfunction progressed rapidly until graft loss (6.1 ± 0.5 days). Tacrolimus at 0.25 mg/kg prolonged rat survival until 11.4 ± 0.7 days (p = 0.0004). In this context, the application of leukocytes from LewDA sensitized rats accelerated the rejection (8.7 ± 0.45, p = 0.0012), whereas ECP product at high dose extended kidney graft survival until 26.3 ± 7.3 days, reducing class I and II DSA in surviving rats. ECP treatment increases kidney graft survival in full-mismatch rat model of acute rejection and is a suitable immunomodulatory therapy to be explored in kidney transplantation.

Preemptive simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation has survival benefit to patients.

Several organ allocation protocols give priority to wait-listed simultaneous kidney-pancreas (SPK) transplant recipients to mitigate the higher cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes mellitus on dialysis. The available information regarding the impact of preemptive simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation on recipient and graft outcomes is nonetheless controversial. To help resolve this, we explored the influence of preemptive simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplants on patient and graft survival through a retrospective analysis of the OPTN/UNOS database, encompassing 9690 simultaneous transplant recipients between 2000 and 2017. Statistical analysis was performed applying a propensity score analysis to minimize bias. Of these patients, 1796 (19%) were transplanted preemptively. At ten years, recipient survival was significantly superior in the preemptive group when compared to the non-preemptive group (78.9% vs 71.8%). Dialysis at simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation was an independent significant risk for patient survival (hazard ratio 1.66 [95% confidence interval 1.32-2.09]), especially if the dialysis duration was 12 months or longer. Preemptive transplantation was also associated with significant superior kidney graft survival compared to those on dialysis (death-censored: 84.3% vs 75.4%, respectively; estimated half-life of 38.57 [38.33 -38.81] vs 22.35 [22.17 - 22.53] years, respectively). No differences were observed between both groups neither for pancreas graft survival nor for post-transplant surgical complications. Thus, our results sustain the relevance of early referral for pancreas transplantation and the importance of pancreas allocation priority in reducing patient mortality after simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation.

Antiphospholipase A2 receptor antibody-positive membranous nephropathy in the kidney donor: Lessons from a serendipitous transplantation.

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is an autoimmune disease limited to the kidney that is characterized by the presence of circulating PLAR2 antibodies in 70% of the cases and usually positivity for PLA2R and IgG4 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. We report the first documented case of PMN (PLA2R positive) in a deceased kidney donor, transplanted to two different recipients and their clinical and immunological evolution through serial biopsies. Recipient A's first allograft biopsy (Day 26) was compatible with a MN with both positive PLA2R and IgG4 subepithelial deposits in IHC. The donor's preimplantation kidney biopsies were retrieved and reexamined, revealing MN, with high intensity for PLA2R and IgG4 in IHC. Recipient B's protocol allograft biopsy, performed later at 3 months, also revealed histology compatible with MN but without the presence of PLA2R nor IgG4 in IHC. At 1-year follow-up, both recipients maintain graft function. Serial protocol biopsies were performed in both patients showing disappearance of IgG4 in recipient A but the persistence of PLA2R in IHC. We can conclude that, given the reversal of PMN changes in the grafts, it could be considered to transplant a patient from an asymptomatic deceased donor with PMN as long as he maintains unaltered renal function.

Cardiovascular calcifications in kidney transplant recipients.

Vascular and valvular calcifications are highly prevalent in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, which represent the leading cause of long-term mortality in these patients. However, cardiovascular calcification has been traditionally considered as a condition mostly associated with advanced chronic kidney disease stages and dialysis, and comparatively fewer studies have assessed its impact after kidney transplantation. Despite partial or complete resolution of uraemia-associated metabolic derangements, KTRs are still exposed to several pro-calcifying stimuli that favour the progression of pre-existing vascular calcifications or their de novo development. Traditional risk factors, bone mineral disorders, inflammation, immunosuppressive drugs and deficiency of calcification inhibitors may all play a role, and strategies to correct or minimize their effects are urgently needed. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of established and putative mediators involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular calcification in kidney transplantation, and to describe the clinical and radiological features of these forms. We also discuss current evidence on preventive strategies to delay the progression of cardiovascular calcifications in KTRs, as well as novel therapeutic candidates to potentially prevent their long-term deleterious effects.

Immune Profiling of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells at Pancreas Acute Rejection Episodes in Kidney-Pancreas Transplant Recipients.

Profiling of circulating immune cells provides valuable insight to the pathophysiology of acute rejection in organ transplantation. Herein we characterized the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. We conducted a retrospective analysis in a biopsy-matched cohort (n = 67) and compared patients with biopsy proven acute rejection (BPAR; 41%) to those without rejection (No-AR). We observed that CD3+ T cells, both CD8+ and CD4+, as well as CD19+ B cells were increased in patients with BPAR, particularly in biopsies performed in the early post-transplant period (<3 months). During this period immune subsets presented a good discriminative ability (CD4+ AUC 0.79; CD8+ AUC 0.80; B cells AUC 0.86; p < 0.05) and outperformed lipase (AUC 0.62; p = 0.12) for the diagnosis of acute rejection. We further evaluated whether this could be explained by differences in frequencies prior to transplantation. Patients presenting with early post-transplant rejection (<3 months) had a significant increase in T-cell frequencies pre-transplant, both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells (p < 0.01), which were associated with a significant inferior rejection-free graft survival. T cell frequencies in peripheral blood correlated with pancreas acute rejection episodes, and variations prior to transplantation were associated with pancreas early acute rejection.

Medical Aspects of mTOR Inhibition in Kidney Transplantation.

The advances in transplant immunosuppression have reduced substantially the incidence of kidney graft rejection. In recent years, the focus has moved from preventing rejection to preventing the long-term consequences of long-standing immunosuppression, including nephrotoxicity induced by calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), as well as infectious and neoplastic complications. Since the appearance in the late 1990s of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi), these unmet needs in immunosuppression management could be addressed thanks to their benefits (reduced rate of viral infections and cancer). However, management of side effects can be troublesome and hands-on experience is needed. Here, we review all the available information about them. Thanks to all the basic, translational and clinical research achieved in the last twenty years, we now use mTORi as de novo immunosuppression in association with CNI. Another possibility is represented by the conversion of either CNI or mycophenolate (MPA) to an mTORi later on after transplantation in low-risk kidney transplant recipients.

Cellular and humoral response after MRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients.

According to preliminary data, seroconversion after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination might be unsatisfactory in Kidney Transplant Recipients (KTRs). However, it is unknown if seronegative patients develop at least a cellular response that could offer a certain grade of protection against SARS-CoV-2. To answer this question, we prospectively studied 148 recipients of either kidney (133) or kidney-pancreas (15) grafts with assessment of IgM/IgG spike (S) antibodies and ELISpot against the nucleocapside (N) and the S protein at baseline and 2 weeks after receiving the second dose of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. At baseline, 31 patients (20.9%) had either IgM/IgG or ELISpot positivity and were considered to be SARS-CoV-2-pre-immunized, while 117 (79.1%) patients had no signs of either cellular or humoral response and were considered SARS-CoV-2-naïve. After vaccination, naïve patients who developed either humoral or cellular response were finally 65.0%, of which 29.9% developed either IgG or IgM and 35.0% S-ELISpot positivity. Factors associated with vaccine unresponsiveness were diabetes and treatment with antithymocytes globulins during the last year. Side effects were consistent with that of the pivotal trial and no DSAs developed after vaccination. In conclusion, mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits either cellular or humoral response in almost two thirds of KTRs.

Kidney Transplantation in Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease: A Report of 6 Cases.

Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD) usually leads to kidney failure. Treatment of patients with a bortezomib-based regimen followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) has been increasingly used, with improvements in the response rates and allograft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. The objective of this report was to analyze the outcomes of 6 patients who underwent kidney transplantation in our institution after treatment of MIDD between 2010 and 2019. Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease was initially treated with bortezomib-based therapy followed by high-dose melphalan and autologous SCT with complete hematologic response, although all patients remained on dialysis. During a median follow-up of 20.5 months from kidney transplant (54 months from SCT), 1 patient experienced hematologic relapse and 2 had hematologic progression (one of them with MIDD relapse in the allograft) requiring treatment. The patient with organ relapse received daratumumab monotherapy, achieving complete hematologic response but with graft failure. The other 5 patients had functional grafts with median serum creatinine 1.68 mg/dL. These results support that, in patients with MIDD and sustained complete hematologic response, a kidney transplant can be considered. The optimal approach to treatment of hematologic relapse or recurrence of MIDD after kidney transplant remains to be determined.

Bone Mineral Disease After Kidney Transplantation.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) after kidney transplantation is a mix of pre-existing disorders and new alterations. The final consequences are reflected fundamentally as abnormal mineral metabolism (hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia) and bone alterations [high or low bone turnover disease (as fibrous osteitis or adynamic bone disease), an eventual compromise of bone mineralization, decrease bone mineral density and bone fractures]. The major cause of post-transplantation hypercalcemia is the persistence of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, and treatment options include calcimimetics or parathyroidectomy. On turn, hypophosphatemia is caused by both the persistence of high blood levels of PTH and/or high blood levels of FGF23, with its correction being very difficult to achieve. The most frequent bone morphology alteration is low bone turnover disease, while high-turnover osteopathy decreases in frequency after transplantation. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of these abnormalities have not been fully clarified, the available evidence suggests that there are a number of factors that play a very important role, such as immunosuppressive treatment, persistently high levels of PTH, vitamin D deficiency and hypophosphatemia. Fracture risk is four-fold higher in transplanted patients compared to general population. The most relevant risk factors for fracture in the kidney transplant population are diabetes mellitus, female sex, advanced age (especially > 65 years), dialysis vintage, high PTH levels and low phosphate levels, osteoporosis, pre-transplant stress fracture and high doses or prolonged steroids therapy. Treatment alternatives for CKD-MBD after transplantation include minimization of corticosteroids, use of calcium and vitamin D supplements, antiresorptives (bisphosphonates or Denosumab) and osteoformers (synthetic parathyroid hormone). As both mineral metabolism and bone disorders lead to increased morbidity and mortality, the presence of these changes after transplantation has to be prevented (if possible), minimized, diagnosed, and treated as soon as possible.

Hospital at home for the management of COVID-19: preliminary experience with 63 patients.

Alternatives to conventional hospitalization are needed to increase health systems resilience in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we describe the characteristics and outcomes of 63 patients admitted to a single HaH during the peak of COVID-19 in Barcelona. Our results suggest that HaH seems to be a safe and efficacious alternative to conventional hospitalization for accurately selected patients with COVID-19.

The impact of functional delayed graft function in the modern era of kidney transplantation - A retrospective study.

The dialysis-based definition of Delayed Graft Function (dDGF) is not necessarily objective as it depends on the individual physician's decision. The functional definition of DGF (fDGF, the failure of serum creatinine to decrease by at least 10% daily on 3 consecutive days during the first week post-transplant), may be more sensitive to reflect recovery after the ischemia-reperfusion injury. We retrospectively analyzed both definitions in 253 deceased donor kidney transplant recipients for predicting death-censored graft failure as primary outcome, using eGFR < 25 ml/min/1.73 m2 as a surrogate end-point for graft failure. Secondary outcome was a composite outcome that included graft failure as above and also patient's death. Median follow-up was 3.22 [2.38-4.21] years. Seventy-nine patients developed dDGF (31.2%) and 127 developed fDGF (50.2%). Sixty-three patients fulfilled criteria for both definitions (24.9%). At multivariable analysis, the two definitions were significantly associated with the primary [HR (95%CI) 2.07 (1.09-3.94), P = 0.026 for fDGF and HR (95%CI) 2.41 (1.33-4.37), P = 0.004 for dDGF] and the secondary composite outcome [HR (95%CI) 1.58 (1.01-2.51), P = 0.047 for fDGF and HR (95%CI) 1.67 (1.05-2.66), P = 0.028 for dDGF]. Patients who met criteria for both definitions had the worst prognosis, with a three-year estimates (95%CI) of survival from the primary and secondary outcomes of 2.31 (2.02-2.59) and 2.20 (1.91-2.49) years for fDGF+/dDGF+, in comparison with the other groups (P < 0.01 for trend). fDGF provides supplementary information about graft outcomes on top of the dDGF definition in a modern series of kidney transplantation.

Modeling patients as decision making units: evaluating the efficiency of kidney transplantation through data envelopment analysis.

The main applications of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to medicine focus on evaluating the efficiency of different health structures, hospitals and departments within them. The evolution of patients after undergoing a medical procedure or their response to a given treatment are not generally studied through this programming technique. In addition to the difficulty inherent to the collection of this type of data, the use of a technique that is mainly applied to evaluate the efficiency of decision making units representing industrial and production structures to analyze the evolution of human patients may seem inappropriate. In the current paper, we illustrate how this is not actually the case and implement a decision engineering approach to model kidney transplantation patients as decision making units. As such, patients undergo three different phases, each composed by specific as well as interrelated variables, determining the potential success of the transplantation process. DEA is applied to a set of 12 input and 6 output variables - retrieved over a 10-year period - describing the evolution of 485 patients undergoing kidney transplantation from living donors. The resulting analysis allows us to classify the set of patients in terms of the efficiency of the transplantation process and identify the specific characteristics across which potential improvements could be defined on a per patient basis.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients: A multicentric cohort study.

Kidney transplant recipients might be at higher risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, risk factors for relevant outcomes remain uncertain in this population. This is a multicentric kidney transplant cohort including 104 hospitalized patients between March 4 and April 17, 2020. Risk factors for death and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were investigated, and clinical and laboratory data were analyzed. The mean age was 60 years. Forty-seven patients (54.8%) developed ARDS. Obesity was associated to ARDS development (OR 2.63; P = .04). Significant age differences were not found among patients developing and not developing ARDS (61.3 vs 57.8 years, P = .16). Seventy-six (73%) patients were discharged, and 28 (27%) died. Death was more common among the elderly (55 and 70.8 years, P < .001) and those with preexisting pulmonary disease (OR 2.89, P = .009). At admission, higher baseline lactate dehydrogenase (257 vs 358 IU/mL, P = .001) or ARDS conferred higher risk of death (HR 2.09, P = .044). In our cohort, ARDS was equally present among young and old kidney recipients. However, the elderly might be at higher risk of death, along with those showing higher baseline LDH at admission.

Kidney Graft Outcomes in High Immunological Risk Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplants.

Recipients of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantations (SLKTs) have a lower risk of rejection compared with recipients of kidney transplants alone. However, there is disagreement about the impact of pretransplant anti-human leukocyte antigen sensitization on patient and kidney graft survival in the long term. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the recipient immunological risk and comorbidities in renal graft outcomes on SLKT. We reviewed the SLKTs performed in our center from May 1993 until September 2017. Patient and graft survival were analyzed according to the immunological risk, comorbidities, liver and kidney rejection episodes, immunosuppression, and infections. A total of 20 recipients of SLKT were considered in the high immunological risk (HIR) group, and 68 recipients were included in the low immunological risk (LIR) control group. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection, second renal transplant, and time on dialysis prior to transplantation were significantly higher in the HIR group. The incidence of acute kidney rejection was higher in the HIR group (P<0.01). However, death-censored kidney graft survival as well as the estimated glomerular filtration rate at follow-up were not different between the 2 groups. Comorbidities, but not the immunological risk, impact negatively on patient survival. Despite the higher incidence of rejection in the HIR SLKT group, longterm renal function and graft survival were similar to the LIR group.

Successful use of nonantigen-specific immunoadsorption with antihuman Ig-columns in kidney graft antibody-mediated rejection.

INTRODUCTION: Nonantigen-specific immunoadsorption (IA) has proven to be effective in acute antibody-mediated rejection (aAMR). However, there is a lack of solid studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of IA with antihuman Ig-columns in aAMR. For chronic-active AMR (cAMR), no studies have evaluated the efficacy of nonantingen-specific IA with antihuman Ig-columns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of nonantigen-specific IA with antihuman Ig-columns in the treatment of both aAMR and cAMR in kidney transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In retrospective and observational study, kidney graft and recipient survival rates were assessed after treatment of aAMR and cAMR with nonantigen-specific IA with Ig-Flex columns (Therasorb) between January 2012 and May 2018. Protocols included nonantigen-specific IA, rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rescue plasma exchange, if necessary. RESULTS: The study included 14 patients with AMR (acute in 9, chronic active in 5). For aAMR, mean follow-up was 13 ± 6 months, and patient and graft survival were, respectively, of 100% and 83%, with a mean increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 7.98 ± 12.96, 10.18 ± 16.71, and 11.43 ± 13.85 mL/min/1.72 m2 (P > .05) at 3, 12 months after treatment, and at the end of follow-up, respectively. For cAMR, mean follow-up was 14 ± 8 months, and patient and graft survival were, respectively, of 100% and 60%, with an average increase in eGFR of 4.30 ± 7.86, 5.64 ± 10.47, and 14.5 ± 7.86 mL/min/m2 (P > .05) at 3, 12 months after IA treatment, and at the end of the follow-up, respectively, although 40% did not respond and required chronic hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Nonantigen-specific IA with Ig-Flex columns was safe and effective for aAMR treatment in kidney transplantation. In cAMR, IA with Ig-Flex columns was associated with a satisfactory kidney graft survival, suggesting that IA could potentially offer some benefits supporting its indication in cAMR.