ABSTRACT
The prevalence of relevant oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinoma varies in our region and data on clinical outcomes is scarce. The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence of KRAS, BRAF and EGFR mutations and ALK translocations in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, and to depict the clinical outcome according to treatment strategies. Patients with adequate tumor biopsy sampling were included. KRAS, BRAF and EGFR mutations were studied by Sanger sequencing. ALK translocations were studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IH) with antibodies against ALK with clones D5F3 and 5A4. Informed consent was signed by 118 patients and 84 (72%) with complete molecular analysis were included. KRAS mutations were detected in 16 samples (19%), EGFR in 11 (13%), 9 of them conferring sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors, and BRAF mutations in 1 (1%). ALK translocations were detected in 3 samples (4%). Median follow-up was 42.4 [interquartile range (IQR): 27.0-64.2] months. Globally, median overall survival was 10.3 [IQR: 5.6-20.2] months. Median survival was 10.8 [IQR: 6.0-20.3] months in the group of patients without detectable molecular alteration, 9.6 [IQR: 3.7-16.1] months in KRAS mutant population (HR: 1.08; p = 0.82) and 32.5 [IQR: 19.6-38.4] months in patients with ALK translocations or sensitizing EGFR mutated tumors treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (HR: 0.27; p = 0.03). In conclusion, the prevalence of molecular alterations and outcomes in our population is similar to that reported in other studies in Western countries.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Mutation , Adenocarcinoma/mortality , Aged , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase/genetics , Argentina/epidemiology , Biopsy , Female , Genes, erbB-1/genetics , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Lung Neoplasms/mortality , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Protein Transport/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
Lung carcinoma is the main cause of cancer death worldwide. Adenocarcinoma molecular biomarkers have been discovered, and targeted therapies have been developed with encouraging results. The epidermal growth factor receptor gene is one of these biomarkers. Exons 18 to 21 should be studied in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma, who are candidates for treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The objective was to compare the performance of the determination in large and small samples in daily practice conditions, trying to adjust to published consensus guidelines. A retrospective observational study of 141 cases was carried out, with exons 19 and 21 sequencing. Sample size (small vs. large), including number of satisfactory polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, deletions, and mutations, were evaluated. In small biopsies, sample type, fragment number, and percentage of tumor per sample were analyzed. The results shown 114/141 (80.8) cases that met selection criteria; 60/114 (53%) were large (surgical) and 54/114 (47%) were small samples (19/54 endoscopic, 17/54 fine needle aspiration clots, 4/54 lymph nodes, 14/54 core and other). All large samples were satisfactory PCR, 56/60 (93%) satisfactory sequencing, and 12/56 (21%) had deletions in exon 19. Small samples were satisfactory PCRs in 50/54 (93%) cases, and satisfactory sequencing in 35/50 (65%), 8/35 (23%) showed alterations in exon 19, and 1/35 (3%) in exon 21. In conclusion, the proportion of samples unfit for the study of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutational status increased from 7% in large samples to 35% in small ones. Nineteen small samples were inconclusive, with cell blocks predominating, 10/19 (53%).
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Exons , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Mutation , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Adult , Aged , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , ErbB Receptors/genetics , ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Female , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The prevalence of relevant oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinoma varies in our region and data on clinical outcomes is scarce. The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence of KRAS, BRAF and EGFR mutations and ALK translocations in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, and to depict the clinical outcome according to treatment strategies. Patients with adequate tumor biopsy sampling were included. KRAS, BRAF and EGFR mutations were studied by Sanger sequencing. ALK translocations were studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IH) with antibodies against ALK with clones D5F3 and 5A4. Informed consent was signed by 118 patients and 84 (72%) with complete molecular analysis were included. KRAS mutations were detected in 16 samples (19%), EGFR in 11 (13%), 9 of them conferring sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors, and BRAF mutations in 1 (1%). ALK translocations were detected in 3 samples (4%). Median follow-up was 42.4 [interquartile range (IQR): 27.0-64.2] months. Globally, median overall survival was 10.3 [IQR: 5.6-20.2] months. Median survival was 10.8 [IQR: 6.0-20.3] months in the group of patients without detectable molecular alteration, 9.6 [IQR: 3.7-16.1] months in KRAS mutant population (HR: 1.08; p = 0.82) and 32.5 [IQR: 19.6-38.4] months in patients with ALK translocations or sensitizing EGFR mutated tumors treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (HR: 0.27; p = 0.03). In conclusion, the prevalence of molecular alterations and outcomes in our population is similar to that reported in other studies in Western countries.
La prevalencia de alteraciones en oncogenes en adenocarcinoma de pulmón varía en nuestra región. El objetivo fue describir la prevalencia de mutaciones en KRAS, BRAF y EGFR y las translocaciones de ALK en pacientes con adenocarcinoma de pulmón y estudiar la supervivencia de acuerdo a subtipos moleculares. Se incluyeron pacientes con biopsias adecuadas para el estudio. Se evaluó el estado mutacional de KRAS, BRAF y EGFR por secuenciación con la técnica de Sanger. Las translocaciones de ALK se estudiaron por hibridación in situ por fluorescencia (FISH) e inmunohistoquimica (IHQ) contra ALK (clones D5F3 y 5A4). De 118 pacientes evaluados, se incluyeron 84 (72%) con análisis molecular completo. Se detectaron mutaciones de KRAS en 16 muestras (19%), EGFR en 11 (13%), y BRAF en 1 muestra (1%). Se detectaron rearreglos de ALK en 3 muestras (4%). La mediana de seguimiento de los pacientes fue de 42.4 [rango intercuatilo (RIC): 27.0-64.2] meses. Globalmente, la mediana de supervivencia en la población fue 10.3 [RIC: 5.6-20.2] meses y fue de 10.8 [RIC: 6.0 20.3] meses en pacientes sin alteraciones moleculares detectables. La mediana de supervivencia de los pacientes con mutación en KRAS fue de 9.6 [RIC: 3.7-16.1] meses (HR: 1.08; p = 0.82) y 32.5 [RIC: 19.6-38.4] meses en el grupo con rearreglos de ALK o mutaciones en EGFR tratados con inhibidores de tirosina quinasa (HR: 0.27; p = 0.03). En conclusión, la prevalencia de alteraciones moleculares en nuestra población fue similar a otros países occidentales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Mutation , Argentina/epidemiology , Biopsy , Immunohistochemistry , Adenocarcinoma/mortality , Prospective Studies , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Statistics, Nonparametric , Genes, erbB-1/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/mortalityABSTRACT
El tratamiento de la Leucemia Mieloide Crónica (LMC) con Imatinib puede fracasar por mutaciones en el dominio tirosina quinasa o amplificación del gen BCR/ABL. Otros mecanismos de refractariedad pueden deberse a los genes de resistencia múltiple a drogas (MDR). Objetivo: Investigar en la línea celular K562 (LMC resistente al Imatinib), la expresión del gen MDRl y los efectos de su inhibición con Ciclosporina A (CyA). Métodos: Se sintetizó ADNc por retrotranscripción del ARN total y se amplificaron por RT-PCR los genes BCR/ABL y MDRl con primers específicos. Se verificó la expresión de la glicoproteína P-gp (producto del gen MDRl) por inmunohistoquímica con 2 anticuerpos monoclonales (C494 y C2l9). Las células K562 fueron enfrentadas (24hs) con Imatinib (2uM), CyA (3ug/ml), Imatinib+Cy A. Se evaluaron apoptosis con naranja de acridina/bromuro de etidio (microscopía de fluorescencia) y función farmacorresistente de P-gp con Rhodamina-l23 (citometría de flujo). Resultados: La expresión del gen MDRl se confirmó tanto por RT-PCRcomo por inmunhistoquímica. La prueba funcional con Rhodamina-l23 indicó que la P-gp fue inhibida por CyA o hipotermia. El tratamiento con Imatinib+Cy A triplicó el porcentaje de apoptosis comparado con Imatinib solo. Conclusión: El gen MDRl jugaría un rol adicional en la resistencia al Imatinib. La Cy A u otros inhibido res de la P-gp, facilitaría la acción del Imatinib, induciendo mayor porcentaje de apoptosis en células BCR/ ABL positivas.