Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Randomized Controlled Trials Infrequently Report on the Social Determinants of Health Factors of Their Patient Cohorts.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in orthopaedic sports medicine-related journals reporting on the social determinants of health (SDOH) of their patient cohorts, including factors receiving less attention, such as education level, employment status, insurance status, and socioeconomic status. METHODS: The PubMed/MEDLINE database was used to search for RCTs between 2020 and 2022 from 3 high-impact orthopaedic sports medicine-related journals: American Journal of Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, and Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. The following information was extracted from each article: age, sex/gender, body mass index, year published, corresponding author country, and self-reported SDOH factors (race, ethnicity, education level, employment status, insurance status, and socioeconomic status). RESULTS: A total of 189 articles were analyzed. Articles originated from 34 different countries, with the United States (n = 66) producing the greatest number of articles. Overall, age (n = 186; 98.4%) and sex/gender (n = 184; 97.4%) were the factors most commonly reported, followed by body mass index (n = 112; 59.3%), race (n = 17; 9.0%), ethnicity (n = 10; 5.3%), employment status (n = 9; 4.8%), insurance status (n = 7; 3.7%), and education level (n = 5; 2.6%). Socioeconomic status was not reported in any of the articles analyzed. Articles from the United States report on SDOH factors more frequently than international articles, most notably race (24.2% vs 0.8%, respectively) and ethnicity (15.2% and 0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RCTs from 3 high-impact orthopaedic sports medicine journals infrequently report on SDOH. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Better understanding patient SDOH factors in RCTs is important to help orthopaedic surgeons and other practitioners best apply study results to their patients, as well as help researchers and our field ensure that research is being done transparently with relevance to as many patients as possible.

Disparities Associated With Total Joint Arthroplasty Transfusion Rates.

BACKGROUND: Infections, readmissions, and mortalities after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) are serious complications, and transfusions have been associated with increased complication rates following TJA. Certain populations, including women, Black patients, patients who have public insurance and older adults have higher risks of transfusion. Recently, there has been a decline in transfusion rates and a greater emphasis on equity in medicine. This study examined whether disparities in transfusion rates still exist and what variables influence rates over time. METHODS: We used a health care system database to identify 5,435 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and 2,105 total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients from 2013 to 2021. Transfusion rates were 2.9 and 3.1% in the TKA and THA arthroplasty groups, respectively. White race represented 67.1 and 69.8% of the TKA and THA groups, respectively. Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to predict transfusion rates within 5 days of surgery and adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: Transfusion rates declined over time. However, Black patients had a higher rate of transfusion than White patients despite similar hemoglobin levels, 5.1 versus 1.8% (P < .001) in the TKA group and 4.1 versus 2.7% (P = .103) in the THA group. Following adjustment, the biggest factor associated with a higher transfusion risk in the TKA group was being Black (adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.55 to 3.13). CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion rates for TJA patients are declining; however, Black patients continued to receive transfusions at higher rates in patients receiving TKA.

Improved Pain and Function With Triamcinolone Acetonide Extended-Release and Cryoneurolysis for Knee Osteoarthritis: Use of a New Real-World Registry.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) affects 19% of American adults aged more than 45 years and costs $27+ billion annually. A wide range of nonoperative treatment options are available. This study compared 6 treatments: cryoneurolysis with deep genicular nerve block (Cryo-Deep/Both), cryoneurolysis with superficial nerve block (Cryo-Superficial), intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IA-HA) injections, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug injections (IA-NSAIDs), IA-corticosteroids (IA-CS) injections, or IA-triamcinolone extended release (IA-TA-ER) injections over 4 months for: (1) pain severity and analgesic use; and (2) physical function (from Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement). METHODS: Patients who had unilateral knee OA and received nonoperative intervention were enrolled in the Innovations in Genicular Outcomes Research registry, a novel, multicenter real-world registry, between September 2021 and February 2024. A total of 480 patients were enrolled. Both pain and functional outcomes were assessed at baseline, weekly, and monthly, which were analyzed by overall trend, magnitude changes pretreatment to post-treatment, and distribution-based minimally clinically important difference (MCID) score. Multivariate linear regressions with adjustments for 7 confounding factors were used to compare follow-up outcomes among 6 treatment groups. RESULTS: Use of IA-TA-ER injections was associated with the lowest pain, greatest pain reduction, and highest prevalence of patients achieving MCID relative to other treatments (P < .001). Deep/Both-Cryo and IA-CS were associated with a higher prevalence of achieving MCID than IA-HA, IA-NSAIDs, and Cryo-Superficial (P ≤ .001). Use of IA-TA-ER was also associated with the greatest functional score, improvement from baseline, and highest prevalence of patients achieving MCID than other treatments (P ≤ .003). CONCLUSIONS: The IA-TA-ER appears to outperform other treatments in terms of pain relief and functional improvement for up to 4 months following treatment. In addition, outcomes in the novel cryoneurolysis and conventional IA-CS were similar to one another and better than those in IA-HA and IA-NSAIDs.

Cryoneurolysis Associated With Improved Pain, Function, and Sleep in Patients Following total Knee Arthroplasty: Use of a New Real-World Registry.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is performed on approximately 790,000 patients annually in the United States and is projected to increase to 1.5 million by 2050. This study aimed at assessing the use of preoperative cryoneurolysis on patients undergoing TKA by analyzing: (1) pain severity; (2) opioid use; (3) functional status; and (4) sleep disturbance (SD) over 6 months following discharge. METHODS: Patients enrolled in the Innovations in Genicular Outcomes Registry between September 2021 and February 2024 were followed for 6 months. Our analyses included patients undergoing unilateral primary TKA with no preoperative opioid prescription, who either received cryoneurolysis, or did not. Baseline patient demographics were collected before TKA and tabulated. Pain management was assessed via the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form instrument for pain severity. SD was measured using the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system questionnaire. Each outcome measure was assessed prior to TKA, weekly, and at monthly follow-up. Data were analyzed by a generalized linear mixed-effect regression model to compare cryoneurolysis versus control patients, with a P < .05 as significant. RESULTS: There were 80 patients who were treated with preoperative cryoneurolysis, while 60 control patients did not have treatment. Patients receiving cryoneurolysis experienced significantly lower pain severity and SD over the 6-month follow-up than control patients (P = .046). Cryoneurolysis was also associated with a trend toward greater functional improvement that did not reach statistical significance (P = .061). Further, patients who underwent cryoneurolysis were 72% less likely than control group patients to take opioids over 6 months following discharge (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative cryoneurolysis therapy in opioid-naive patients undergoing TKA is associated with improved pain, decreased opioid use, and improved SD for 6 months postoperatively. Cryoneurolysis, a nonopioid pain relief modality administered preoperatively, demonstrated substantial benefits in patients who underwent TKA.

Differential analysis of the impact of lesions' location on clinical and radiological outcomes after the implantation of a novel aragonite-based scaffold to treat knee cartilage defects.

PURPOSE: There is limited comparative evidence on patient outcomes following cartilage repair in various knee compartments. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and imaging outcomes after treating cartilage defects in femoral condyles and trochlea with either an aragonite-based scaffold or surgical standard of care (SSoC, i.e., debridement/microfractures) in a large multicentre randomized controlled trial. METHODS: 247 patients with up to three knee joint surface lesions (ICRS grade IIIa or above) in the femoral condyles, trochlea or both ("mixed"), were enrolled and randomized to surgery with either a cell-free aragonite scaffold or SSoC. Patients were followed for up to 48 months by analysing subjective scores (KOOS and IKDC), radiological outcomes (defect filling on MRI), as well as treatment failure rates and adverse events. A differential analysis of outcomes for condylar, trochlear and mixed lesions was performed. RESULTS: The scaffold group significantly outperformed the SSoC group regardless of lesion location with statistically significantly better KOOS Overall scores at 24 months (all p ≤ 0.0009) and 48 months (all p ≤ 0.02). Similar results were observed for KOOS subscales and IKDC scores. For KOOS responder rates, superiority of the implant group was demonstrated at 24, 36, and 48 months (all p ≤ 0.004). Higher defect filling on MRI for implants was observed for all locations. Lower treatment failure rates for the implant were observed in condylar and mixed lesions. CONCLUSION: The aragonite-based scaffold was safe and effective regardless of the defect location, providing superior clinical and radiological outcomes compared to SSoC up to four years follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I - Randomized controlled trial.

Innovation for Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Entrepreneurship and innovation are cornerstones of the economy and move healthcare forward. Most physicians have little experience or knowledge in developing and commercializing novel concepts and ideas. It is important to focus on structured thinking concepts, fundraising, intellectual property, FDA regulations, and initial incorporation and teambuilding strategies. There are various aspects of creating ideas and moving them from notes scribbled on a napkin to a product or service, which can then be integrated into the economic fabric of the healthcare system. Surgeon founders and innovators can then share key aspects any surgeon should consider when becoming an entrepreneur.

Lack of Demographic Information in Total Hip Arthroplasty/Total Knee Arthroplasty Randomized Controlled Trial Publications.

BACKGROUND: The impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) has been documented in orthopaedic literature. However, there is a lack of data on the inclusion of these variables in orthopaedic studies. Our aim was to investigate how many total hip arthroplasties and total knee arthroplasties randomized controlled trials report SDOH variables such as race, ethnicity, insurance, income, and education within the manuscript. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted on a PubMed search for randomized controlled trials published from 2017 to 2019 in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Journal of Arthroplasty, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, and Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. Data collected included publication year, type of surgery, and the inclusion of race, ethnicity, insurance, income, and education. RESULTS: Of the 72 manuscripts included in the study, 5.6% of the manuscripts mentioned race, 4.2% included race within the demographic table, and 1.4% included ethnicity in the demographic table. Overall, only 5 studies discussed any one of the variables studied and none included any SDOH variables in their multivariable regressions. There were no statistically significant differences on inclusion across journal year (P value = .78), journal name (P value = 1.00), or surgery type (P value = .555). CONCLUSION: Our findings identify a major shortcoming in the inclusion of SDOH variables in total knee arthroplasty/total hip arthroplasty publications. Their exclusion may be indirectly perpetuating disparities if research that does not use representative patient samples is used in creating health policies and national standards. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.

Disparities in Elective and Nonelective Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have shown disparities in utilization of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, little is known about patient population differences associated with elective and nonelective surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore factors that influence primary utilization and revision risk of THA based on surgery indication. METHODS: Data were obtained from 7,543 patients who had a primary THA from 2014 to 2020 in a database, which consists of multiple health partner systems in Louisiana and Texas. Of these patients, 602 patients (8%) underwent nonelective THA. THA was classified as "elective" or "nonelective" if the patient had a diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis or femoral neck fracture, respectively. RESULTS: After multivariable logistic regression, nonelective THA was associated with alcohol dependence, lower body mass index (BMI), women, and increased age and number of comorbid conditions. No racial or ethnic differences were observed for the utilization of primary THA. Of the 262 patients who underwent revision surgery, patients who underwent THA for nonelective etiologies had an increased odds of revision within 3 years of primary THA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.06-2.58, P-value = .025). After multivariable logistic regression, patients who had tobacco usage (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.04-1.78, P-value = .024), alcohol dependence (aOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.45-4.15, P-value = .001), and public insurance (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.18-3.70, P-value = .026) had an increased risk of reoperation. CONCLUSION: Demographic and social factors impact the utilization of elective and nonelective primary THA and subsequent revision surgery. Orthopaedic surgeons should focus on preoperative counseling for tobacco and alcohol cessation as these are modifiable risk factors to directly decrease reoperation risk.

Severity of Chronic Venous Insufficiency on Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: More than 700,000 people in the United States undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) each year. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) affects 5% to 30% of adults, sometimes resulting in leg ulceration. These CVI cases in TKAs have been associated with worse outcomes; however, we found no study differentiating CVI severity. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed TKA outcomes at one institution from 2011 to 2021 using patient-specific codes. Analyses included short-term complications (< 90 days postoperative), long-term complications (< 2 years), and CVI status (yes/no; simple/complex/unclassified). Complex CVI consisted of pain, ulceration, inflammation, and/or other complications. Revisions within 2 years and readmissions within 90 days post-TKA were assessed. Composite complications included short-term and long-term complications, revisions, and readmissions. Multivariable logistic regressions predicted complication (any/long/short) as a function of CVI status (yes/no; simple/complex) and potential confounding variables. Of 7,665 patients, 741 (9.7%) had CVI. Among CVI patients, 247 (33.3%) had simple CVI, 233 (31.4%) had complex CVI, and 261 (35.2%) had unclassified CVI. RESULTS: There was no difference in CVI versus control in composite complications (P = .722), short-term complications (P = .786), long-term complications (P = .15), revisions (P = .964), or readmissions (P = .438) postadjustment. Composite complication rates were 14.0% without CVI, 16.7% with complex CVI, and 9.3% with simple CVI. Complication rates differed between simple and complex CVI (P = .035). CONCLUSION: Overall, CVI did not affect postoperative complications versus control. Patients who have complex CVI are at higher risk for post-TKA complications compared to those who have simple CVI.

Safety of Cryoneurolysis as a Preoperative Treatment for Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA).

Cryoneurolysis is a minimally invasive procedure that utilizes extreme cold temperature to achieve thermal neurolysis of peripheral sensory nerves. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of cryoneurolysis as a preoperative treatment for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and assess the incidence of major and minor wound complications associated with the procedure. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 357 patients who underwent cryoanalgesia within two weeks of their scheduled TKA. The study found that cryoneurolysis as a preoperative treatment for TKA did not demonstrate an increased incidence of major complications, including acute periprosthetic joint infections, skin necrosis, or permanent treatment site nerve damage/neuroma compared to published rates of infection. Complications were minimal, with only three cases of infection and five cases of superficial cellulitis observed; however, none were directly attributable to the cryoneurolysis procedure. These findings are encouraging and suggest that cryoneurolysis is a relatively safe adjunct procedure with a similar risk of major or minor complications when used as a preoperative treatment for TKA.

Patient Characteristics Independently Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis Symptom Severity at Initial Orthopedic Consultation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify patient and disease characteristics associated with the symptomatic severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA) at the time of initial knee OA diagnosis by an orthopedist. METHODS: This medical records review included patients initially diagnosed with knee OA during 2016 to 2017 by a single orthopedic surgeon in a university-based tertiary care setting. All variables were assessed at first OA diagnosis. Main outcomes were subscales of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Pain, other Symptoms, knee-related quality of life, and function in daily living. Multivariable regression analyses examined the following predictors of main outcomes: sex, race, age, insurance type, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, and radiographic OA severity (Kellgren-Lawrence grade). RESULTS: Of the 559 patients included in the study, most were African American (52.1%), female (71.7%), and had severe radiographic OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grade, 4; 68.7%). Female sex, African American racial/ethnic group, Medicaid insurance, younger age, and severe radiographic OA were independently statistically significantly associated with worse symptoms, pain, and function (p < 0.05 for all). Body mass index and Charlson comorbidity index were not statistically significant predictors of any outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified disparities in the perception of knee OA problems at initial orthopedist diagnosis based on sex, age, race, insurance, and radiographic OA severity. Because most of these variables are also associated with more rapid progression of OA, identifying their biopsychosocial underpinnings may help determine which interventions are most likely to redress these disparities and delay progression to end-stage knee OA.

Resource evaluation framework for total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: This article describes a framework for evaluating efficiency of OR procedures incorporating time measurement, personnel activity, and resource utilization using traditional industrial engineering tools of time study and work sampling. METHODS: The framework measures time using time studies of OR procedures and work sampling of personnel activities, ultimately classified as value-added or non-value-added. Statistical methods ensure that the collected samples meet adequate levels of confidence and accuracy. Resource utilization is captured through documentation of instrument trays used, defects in instruments, and trash weight and classification at the conclusion of surgeries. FINDINGS: A case study comprising 12 observations of total knee arthroplasty surgeries illustrates the use of the framework. The framework allows researchers to compare time, personnel, and resource utilization simultaneously within the OR setting. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The framework provides a holistic evaluation of methods, instrumentation and resources, and staffing levels and allows researchers to identify areas for efficiency improvement. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The methods presented in this article are rooted in traditional industrial engineering work measurement methods but are applied to a healthcare setting in order to efficiently identify areas for improvement including time, personnel, and processes in operating rooms.

Exome sequencing reveals a novel COL2A1 mutation implicated in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

Mutations in the COMP, COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, MATN3, and SLC26A2 genes cause approximately 70% of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) cases. The genetic changes involved in the etiology of the remaining cases are still unknown, suggesting that other genes contribute to MED development. Our goal was to identify a mutation causing an autosomal dominant form of MED in a large multigenerational family. Initially, we excluded all genes known to be associated with autosomal dominant MED by using microsatellite and SNP markers. Follow-up with whole-exome sequencing analysis revealed a mutation c.2032G>A (p.Gly678Arg) in the COL2A1 gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_001844.4), which co-segregated with the disease phenotype in this family, manifested by severe hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. One of the affected family members had a double-layered patella, which is frequently seen in patients with autosomal recessive MED caused by DTDST mutations and sporadically in the dominant form of MED caused by COL9A2 defect.

Trauma induced heterotopic ossification patient serum alters mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in adipose stem cells.

Post-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of ectopic bone in non-osseous structures following injury. The precise mechanism for bone development following trauma is unknown; however, early onset of HO may involve the production of pro-osteogenic serum factors. Here we evaluated serum from a cohort of civilian and military patients post trauma to determine early induction gene signatures in orthopaedic trauma induced HO. To test this, human adipose derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) were stimulated with human serum from patients who developed HO following trauma and evaluated for a gene panel with qPCR. Pathway gene analysis ontology revealed that hASCs stimulated with serum from patients who developed HO had altered gene expression in the activator protein 1 (AP1) and AP1 transcriptional targets pathways. Notably, there was a significant repression in FOS gene expression in hASCs treated with serum from individuals with HO. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was activated in hASCs following serum exposure from individuals with HO. Serum from both military and civilian patients with trauma induced HO had elevated downstream genes associated with the MAPK pathways. Stimulation of hASCs with known regulators of osteogenesis (BMP2, IL6, Forskolin, and WNT3A) failed to recapitulate the gene signature observed in hASCs following serum stimulation, suggesting non-canonical mechanisms for gene regulation in trauma induced HO. These findings provide new insight for the development of HO and support ongoing work linking the systemic response to injury with wound specific outcomes.

2017 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: This collaboration between the American College of Rheumatology and the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons developed an evidence-based guideline for the perioperative management of antirheumatic drug therapy for adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) undergoing elective total hip (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: A panel of rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons specializing in hip and knee arthroplasty, and methodologists was convened to construct the key clinical questions to be answered in the guideline. A multi-step systematic literature review was then conducted, from which evidence was synthesized for continuing versus withholding antirheumatic drug therapy and for optimal glucocorticoid management in the perioperative period. A Patient Panel was convened to determine patient values and preferences, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations, using a group consensus process through a convened Voting Panel of rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons. The strength of the recommendation reflects the degree of certainty that benefits outweigh harms of the intervention, or vice versa, considering the quality of available evidence and the variability in patient values and preferences. RESULTS: The guideline addresses the perioperative use of antirheumatic drug therapy including traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biologic agents, tofacitinib, and glucocorticoids in adults with RA, SpA, JIA, or SLE who are undergoing elective THA or TKA. It provides recommendations regarding when to continue, when to withhold, and when to restart these medications, and the optimal perioperative dosing of glucocorticoids. The guideline includes 7 recommendations, all of which are conditional and based on low- or moderate-quality evidence. CONCLUSION: This guideline should help decision-making by clinicians and patients regarding perioperative antirheumatic medication management at the time of elective THA or TKA. These conditional recommendations reflect the paucity of high-quality direct randomized controlled trial data.

Overview of Total Knee Arthroplasty and Modern Pain Control Strategies.

Perioperative pain management of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains a challenge for physicians and anesthesiologists. Reducing postoperative pain is an essential component of patient satisfaction, functional outcomes, and hospital length of stay. Multimodal pain management regimens have been demonstrated to be superior to monotherapy in achieving adequate pain control, as well as an effective method of limiting side effects of analgesics. In the present investigation, we present literature published over the last year relating to new advancements in perioperative pain management for TKA. While it is widely accepted that methods including peripheral nerve blocks and local anesthetic injections are essential to pain protocols, there is still conflicting evidence over what modalities provide superior relief. The incorporation of cryoneurolysis preoperatively is a new modality which has been incorporated and has been shown to improve pain control in patients undergoing TKA.

Does Marital Status Impact Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty?

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research on the relationship between marital status and patient outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent TKA by a single surgeon at a university-based orthopedic practice. Data abstracted included age, gender, marital status, body mass index, length of hospital stay, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and Oxford Knee Score (OKS). The WOMAC and OKS were administered at the preoperative visit and at approximately 10, 30, 90, and 180 days after TKA. Multivariate analyses with patient-reported outcomes as repeated measures, marital status, day of assessment; and the interaction of marital status and day of assessment as fixed effects; and age, gender, body mass index, and length of hospital stay as covariates were conducted as well as analyses in which preoperative patient-reported outcomes were treated as fixed effects. RESULTS: Of 422 patients who underwent TKA during the study period, complete data were available for 249, of whom 124 were married and 125 unmarried. Married patients had significantly higher WOMAC scores than unmarried patients at all postoperative assessments, even after controlling for preoperative scores. Although married patients also had significantly higher postoperative OKS scores than their unmarried peers, differences between groups were attenuated after adjusting for preoperative OKS scores. CONCLUSION: This study found that married patients have better overall outcomes after TKA but yielded conflicting results as to whether the positive effects of marriage are specific to the postoperative period.

Knee osteoarthritis: disease burden, available treatments, and emerging options.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition that affects nearly 528 million people worldwide, including 23% of the global population aged ⩾40, and is characterized by progressive damage to articular cartilage, which often leads to substantial pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility for affected patients. Pain related to OA is a barrier to maintaining physical activity and a leading cause of disability, accounting for 2.4% of all years lived with disability globally, reducing the ability to work in 66% of US patients with OA and increasing absenteeism in 21% of US patients with OA. The joint most commonly involved in OA is the knee, which is affected in about 60%-85% of all OA cases. The aging population and longer life expectancy, coupled with earlier and younger diagnoses, translate into a growing cohort of symptomatic patients in need of alternatives to surgery. Despite the large number of patients with knee OA (OAK) worldwide, the high degree of variability in patient presentation can lead to challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Multiple society guidelines recommend therapies for OAK, but departures from guidelines by healthcare professionals in clinical settings reflect a discordance between evidence-based treatment algorithms and routine clinical practice. Furthermore, disease-modifying pharmacotherapies are limited, and treatment for OAK often focuses solely on symptom relief, rather than underlying causes. In this narrative review, we summarize the patient journey, analyze current disease burden and nonsurgical therapy recommendations for OAK, and highlight emerging and promising therapies-such as cryoneurolysis, long-acting corticosteroids, and gene therapies-for this debilitating condition.

Optimal Duration of Physical Therapy Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Aims & Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with engagement and completion of physical therapy (PT) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and examine the relationship between number of PT sessions attended and outcomes during the first 12 weeks after surgery. Methods: Patients underwent unilateral primary TKA by a single surgeon and were advised to complete 17 PT sessions over 6 weeks at a hospital-affiliated facility. Analyses examined predictors of PT engagement (attendance of ≥2 sessions) and completion (attendance of 17 ± 1 sessions) within 6 weeks and associations between number of PT sessions attended and changes in range of motion (ROM) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) values. Results: Patients living <40 km were more likely to be engaged in PT than those living ≥40 km from the clinic (P < .0001). Among patients who completed PT within 6 weeks, 95.0%, 85.1%, and 56.4% achieved flexion of, respectively, ≥90°, ≥100°, and ≥110°. Among engaged patients, the active flexion thresholds of ≥90°, ≥100°, and ≥110° were achieved by, respectively, 94.4%, 82.5%, and 58.1% by 6 weeks and by 96.7%, 92.1%, and 84.2% by 12 weeks. Improvement in KOOS Symptoms (P = .029), Function in daily living (P = .030) and quality of life (P = .031) linearly decreased as number of PT sessions increased. Conclusions: These results raise the question of whether patients who meet satisfactory outcomes before completing 6 weeks of prescribed PT and those who attend more PT sessions than prescribed may be over-utilizing healthcare resources without additional benefit.