Associations of Liver Stiffness Measured by Ultrasound Shear-Wave Elastography With Portal Hypertension and Circulatory Failure in Individuals With Fontan Circulation.

BACKGROUND. The Fontan operation palliates single-ventricle congenital heart disease but causes hepatic congestion with associated progressive hepatic fibrosis. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between liver stiffness measured using ultrasound (US) shear-wave elastography (SWE) in patients with Fontan palliation and the occurrence of portal hypertension and Fontan circulatory failure during follow-up. METHODS. This retrospective study included 119 individuals 10 years old or older (median age, 19.1 years; 61 female patients, 58 male patients) with Fontan circulation who underwent liver US with 2D SWE from January 1, 2015, to January 1, 2022, and had 1 year or more of clinical follow-up (unless experiencing earlier outcome-related events). Median liver stiffness from the initial US examination was documented. Varices, ascites, splenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia (VAST) scores (range, 0-4) were determined as a marker of portal hypertension on initial US examination and 1 year or more of follow-up imaging (US, CT, or MRI). Composite clinical outcome for Fontan circulatory failure (death, mechanical circulatory support, cardiac transplant, or unexpected Fontan circulation-related hospitalization) was assessed. Analysis included the Wilcoxon rank sum test, logistic regression analysis with stepwise variable selection, and ROC analysis. RESULTS. Median initial liver stiffness was 2.22 m/s. Median initial VAST score was 0 (IQR, 0-1); median follow-up VAST score was 1 (IQR, 0-2) (p = .004). Fontan circulatory failure occurred in 37 of 119 (31%) patients (median follow-up, 3.4 years). Initial liver stiffness was higher in patients with a follow-up VAST score of 1 or greater (2.37 m/s) than in those with a follow-up VAST score of 0 (2.08 m/s) (p = .005), and initial liver stiffness was higher in patients with (2.43 m/s) than without (2.10 m/s) Fontan circulatory failure during follow-up (p < .001). Initial liver stiffness was the only significant independent predictor of Fontan circulatory failure (OR = 3.76; p < .001); age, sex, Fontan operation type, dominant ventricular morphology, and initial VAST score were not independent predictors. Initial liver stiffness had an AUC of 0.70 (sensitivity, 79%; specificity, 57%; threshold, > 2.11 m/s) for predicting a follow-up VAST score of 1 or greater and an AUC of 0.74 (sensitivity, 84%; specificity, 52%; threshold, > 2.12 m/s) for predicting Fontan circulatory failure. CONCLUSION. In patients with Fontan circulation, increased initial liver stiffness was associated with portal hypertension and circulatory failure during follow-up, although it had moderate performance in predicting these outcomes. CLINICAL IMPACT. US SWE may play a role in post-Fontan surveillance, supporting tailored medical and surgical care.

Abusive spinal injury: imaging and updates.

Child physical abuse has significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. There is growing evidence that abusive spinal injury has been under-recognized, changing historical perceptions that these injuries are relatively uncommon. Increased utilization of MRI has been pivotal in recognizing that most abusive spinal injuries involve the soft tissues and ligaments or manifest as intrathecal blood products, which are often undetectable by radiography or CT. Detecting spinal injury in the work-up of non-accidental trauma improves management for abused children and their siblings (defined as siblings or other household members). This review highlights key points in the imaging literature of abusive spinal injury, describes typical patterns of injury, and addresses appropriate imaging practice for work-up.

Neurocutaneous melanocytosis, hemimegalencephaly and large ovarian cyst in a newborn.

We report a case of a newborn girl with neurocutaneous melanocytosis, hemimegalencephaly and a large ovarian cyst. She also had melanocyte deposition in the filum terminale. The ultrasound and the magnetic resonance imaging findings are discussed.

Wilms tumor: preoperative risk factors identified for intraoperative tumor spill.

PURPOSE: We identified preoperative parameters associated with increased risk of intraoperative Wilms tumor spill. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed an institutional database of patients diagnosed with Wilms tumor between 2000 and 2008. Inclusion criteria consisted of available abdominal computerized tomogram and pathological stage I to IV disease. Patient characteristics and neoadjuvant chemotherapy use were noted. After blinding, a radiologist reviewed preoperative computerized tomogram parameters, calculating tumor volume and assigning a preoperative radiological stage. RESULTS: Of 67 patients diagnosed with Wilms tumor 41 (22 males, 19 females) met inclusion criteria, while 26 had incomplete imaging for analysis. Comparison of patients with and without intraoperative tumor spill demonstrated no significant differences in age (3.8 vs 3.6 years), sex (3 males and 3 females vs 19 males and 16 females), body weight or tumor capsule thickness. Preoperative radiological staging was unable to predict pathological stage I to III disease. Six intraoperative tumor spills (15%) were identified (left in 4, right in 2), of which 3 were stage III disease and 3 stage IV. Without neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients with tumors greater than 1,000 cc had an increased risk of spill (2 of 2 [100%] vs 4 of 33 [12%], p = 0.03). Of 9 patients with stage IV disease 0% (0 of 4) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy experienced tumor spill, while lack of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a 60% (3 of 5 patients, 1 male and 2 females) risk of stage IV spill (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: The sole significant tumor spill risk factor identifiable preoperatively was tumor volume greater than 1,000 cc. However, spill occurred at volumes less than 400 cc. Although not statistically significant, neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage IV disease trended toward diminishing spill risk. Patients with Wilms tumors greater than 1,000 cc may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy with less tumor spill, while stage IV tumors warrant further study in this regard.

A child with atypically subtle clinical presentation of acute arterial ischaemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery.

Arterial ischaemic stroke in the paediatric population is considered a rare disease, and its diagnosis is often delayed due to the subtlety and variability of clinical symptoms, especially in younger patients. The clinical presentation and imaging features of ischaemic stroke in the paediatric population are variable depending on the underlying cause, affected artery and patient's age. Literally, acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery shows significant clinical signs and symptoms, and riotous imaging findings due to the size of the territory. Here, we present a case of a 15-year-old boy who unusually had subtle and intermittent clinical symptoms in spite of a complete acute occlusion in his right middle cerebral artery.

Non-infantile variant of desmoplastic ganglioglioma: Conventional and advanced MR imaging characteristics.

Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma is a paediatric brain tumor that is commonly seen in the infantile age group. Literature on the non-infantile variant of this low-grade supratentorial neoplasm is very scarce, except for a few case reports. Herein, we report a case of desmoplastic non-infantile ganglioglioma occurring at the age of 6 years and describe its conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging characteristics.

Un trastorno poco frecuente del ciclo de la urea en un recién nacido: deficiencia de N-acetilglutamato sintasa / A rare urea cycle disorder in a neonate: N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency

Los trastornos del ciclo de la urea (TCU) son enfermedades hereditarias con un posible desenlace desfavorable por hiperamoniemia grave. Se informa de una bebé con deficiencia de N-acetilglutamato sintasa (NAGS), quien tenía succión débil e hipotonicidad. Al examinarla, se observó hepatomegalia. El hemograma, los análisis y la gasometría eran normales, y las proteínas de la fase aguda, negativas. En los análisis, no se observaron cetonas en sangre, pero sí concentraciones elevadas de amoníaco. Las pruebas metabólicas no fueron concluyentes. Se inició el tratamiento de emergencia inmediatamente y recibió el alta el día 15 después del ingreso. Se confirmó deficiencia de NAGS mediante análisis de ADN. La paciente no tiene restricciones alimentarias ni toma medicamentos, excepto N-carbamil glutamato (NCG). La deficiencia de NAGS es el único TCU que puede tratarse específica y eficazmente con NCG. La detección temprana permite iniciar un tratamiento temprano y evitar los efectos devastadores de la hiperamoniemia

Urea cycle disorders (UCD), are genetically inherited diseases that may have a poor outcome due to to profound hyperammonemia. We report the case of a baby girl diagnosed as N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency.The patient was evaluated due to diminished sucking and hypotonicity. Physical examination showed hepatomegaly. Complete blood count, biochemical values and blood gas analyses were normal, acute phase reactants were negative. Further laboratory analyses showed no ketones in blood and highly elevated ammonia. Metabolic tests were inconclusive. Emergency treatment was initiated immediately and she was discharged on the 15th day of admission. NAGS deficiency was confirmed by DNA-analysis. She is now without any dietary restriction or other medication, except N-carbamylglutamate (NCG).NAGS deficiency is the only UCD which can be specifically and effectively treated by NCG. Early recognition of disease will lead to early treatment that may prohibit devastating effects of hyperammonemia